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PubMed2001

Short stay carotid surgery for veterans: an emerging standard.

We have taken the short stay approach to carotid artery surgery to our VA setting over the past 5 to 6 years. Retrospectively, we reviewed the efficacy and safety of that approach in 201 consecutive carotid operations over the recent 4-year period (January 1, 1996-December 31, 1999). In 1996 we had already begun the transition to an algorithm to (1) utilize carotid color flow Doppler duplex exams for diagnosis, (2) same-day admission (SDA), (3) intensive care unit (ICU) only when deemed medically necessary, and (4) next-day discharge. Results of this approach have been a decrease in the utilization of diagnostic arteriograms and utilization of the ICU from 100% previous to the onset of this approach to 17 and 22%, respectively. SDA increased from 24 to 89%. Mean LOS decreased from 5.13+/-0.9 to 1.97+/-0.4 days. The percentage of patients completing the algorithm went from 15 to 72%. Stroke and/or death varied from 0 to 3.7% each year and was only 2.4% over the 4-year period. In conclusion, this approach to short stay carotid surgery in the veteran population has proven both efficacious and safe with results similar to those in university and community practices.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Nucleotide sequence and strand displacement amplification of the 70K protein gene from mycobacteria.

We isolated and determined the nucleotide sequence of the 70K gene from nine mycobacteria and from two related non-mycobacteria with the goal of obtaining a region of requisite specificity to serve as a mycobacterial genus-specific probe. Two different primer sets were then designed to amplify the 70K gene using strand displacement amplification. Using one of the primer sets, 10 different mycobacteria were readily detected with sensitivities of 100 molecules DNA, and with only cross-reactivity to two non-mycobacteria. The other set of primers that were tested amplified the same set of mycobacteria, but exhibited no crossreactivity with non-mycobacterial DNAs. By employing one of the primer sets, we were able to successfully amplify with high sensitivity three different target DNA sequences comprised of the 70K mycobacterial genus target, an IS 6110 (M. tuberculosis complex) target, and an internal amplification control using SDA. These results demonstrate the potential of the 70K gene to serve as a mycobacterial genus-specific probe, and demonstrate the first multiplex amplification by SDA of three DNA targets.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1989

Replication of sialodacryoadenitis virus in mouse L-2 cells.

Sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) is a naturally-occurring infection of the laboratory rat raused by the coronavirus, sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV). The study of SDAV has been limited because there is no widely available continuous cell line for the propagation of high titers of the virus. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to compare the ability of SDAV to replicate in the permanent cell lines, LBC, of rat origin, and the mouse cell lines. L-929 and L-2. Following 2 to 6 repeated passages of SDAV in LBC cells, the virus could be readily propagated in LBC and L-2 cells, but not in L-929 cells. Similarly, SDAV adapted to replicate directly in L-2 cells could be readily propagated in LBC, but not L-929 cells. In LBC and L-2 cells, cytopathic effect (CPE), viral antigen, viral particles, and virus infectivity could be demonstrated. Titers of up to 10(8.0) infectious viral particles/0.25 ml of culture fluid were obtained at 48 hours in L-2 cells. Titers in LBC cells were one to two logs lower. When susceptible rats were inoculated with eighth passage L-2 cell-adapted virus, they developed typical lesions of SDA. Virus could be recovered from infected tissues and propagated in L-2 cells on first passage. The ability to propagate SDAV to high titers in the widely available L-2 cell line should promote the study of this virus and facilitate its comparison with other murine coronaviruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Rapid data acquisition protocol in ECG-gated myocardial perfusion SPECT with Tc-99m-tetrofosmin.

Into 25 patients with heart disorders, 99mTc-tetrofosmin 555-740 MBq was injected intravenously at rest. After 40 minutes, ECG-gated myocardial perfusion SPECT was performed with a two detector gamma camera VERTEX (ADAC), setting up two detectors to form a 90-degree angle. Sixteen frames per R-R interval were acquired during a 180 degree rotation from the RAO 45 degrees to the LPO 45 degrees. A pair of data sets with standard (SDA) and rapid data acquisition (RDA) protocols was collected. In an SDA protocol, SPECT imaging was performed for 50 sec per step in 5 degree angular steps (total acquisition time; 15 minutes). An RDA protocol was conducted with 12 sec per step, 6 degree angular steps (acquisition time, 3 minutes). LVEF (%) and LVEDV (ml) quantitated automatically with a QGS program showed excellent correlations between two protocols with correlation coefficients of 0.980 (p < 0.01) and 0.983 (p < 0.01), respectively. Subsequently visual assessment of regional wall motion based on a four-point grading system was carried out with a 3-D cine LV display. High complete agreement was gained with 158 (90.3%) out of total 175 segments, so that assessment of the global and regional LV function with the RDA protocol demonstrated high reliability and feasibility.

Electrocardiography↗
PubMed1984

Structural analysis of the carbohydrate moieties of human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein.

Glycopeptides present in a pronase digest of human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein were fractionated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A25 in 0.1M acetic acid. The separated glycopeptides were characterised by 500-MHz 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy, in conjunction with sugar and amino acid analysis, and they were shown to be of the N-glycosylic, N-acetyllactosamine type. Each fraction consisted mainly of a tetra-antennary entity having various degrees of complexity, with lesser amounts of the triantennary structure, and even smaller amounts of the diantennary type. There was extensive heterogeneity in non-reducing terminal groups in each of the glycopeptides, whereas the peptide portions were similar. The extent to which any one of the galactose residues in the N-acetyllactosamine units was substituted, and the type of substitution, differed. The substituents were alpha-NeuAc-(2----6), alpha-NeuAc-(2----3), and alpha-NeuAc-(2----3)[beta-GalNAc-(1----4)]. The carbohydrate moieties of the glycoprotein were heterogeneous also because of an uneven distribution of the fucose residues, which were attached to GlcNAc residues, both that linked to asparagine and one or more of those present in the N-acetyllactosamine units. The alpha-NeuAc-(2----3)[beta-GalNAc-(1----4)]-beta-Gal-(1---- sequence forms, at least in part, the Sda immunodeterminant. The pKa of the carboxyl group of the sialic acid residue in this entity is lower than that for molecules lacking Gal-NAc in this position. Thus, the difference in the number of Sda determinants carried by the glycopeptides enabled the latter to be fractionated on DEAE-Sephadex.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1991

Microimplants of estradiol in the sexually dimorphic area of the hypothalamus activate ultrasonic vocal behavior in male Mongolian gerbils.

The hormonal control of ultrasonic vocal behavior in the male Mongolian gerbil was examined by comparing the behavioral effects of androgen with those of estrogen administered to the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (POA-AH) in castrates. By measuring radioactivity released from solid "floating" POA-AH microimplants (mean diameter, 141 microns) of testosterone (3H-T, mean weight, 880 ng) in Experiment 1, we found that the steroid had a concentration gradient which fell rapidly from the edge of the microimplant, suggesting restricted diffusion. Using floating microimplants in Experiment 2, we studied the effects of testosterone propionate (TP, 650 ng), estradiol-17 beta benzoate (EB, 439 ng), or cholesterol (C, 478 ng) on rates of a frequency modulated ultrasonic vocalization emitted during sexual interactions. The effects on the upsweep call were compared with those on sexual mounting. The upsweep rate remained significantly below precastration levels in C implanted males. EB reinstated upsweep calling within 5 days, 3 days earlier than TP microimplants. Mounting in EB implanted males was maintained at precastration levels, whereas TP implantation restored mounting to precastration levels only after 5 days. EB was effective in inducing ultrasonic vocalizations when placed in, or near, the sexually dimorphic area (SDA) in the medial preoptic area (POM). Our results indicate that brain mechanisms underlying both ultrasonic vocalizations and mounting are directly sensitive to estradiol (E2) in the male gerbil. We conclude that E2 affects mechanisms in the SDA associated with ultrasonic calling and suggest that T is likely to act via aromatization products in the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The impact of depressed pH and elevated aluminum concentrations on specific dynamic action in Somatochlora cingulata (de Selys).

Differences in oxygen consumption attributable to apparent specific dynamic action (SDA) were measured in relation to feeding level in the dragonfly naiad Somatochlora cingulata exposed to low pH and sublethal aluminum concentration plus low pH. The average increases in respiration among the treatments following feeding were 50-60% that of controls. The average treatment peak height ratios (post/prefeeding respiration rates) were proportionately reduced and not significantly different from the average controls indicating that the resting metabolism, rather than SDA, was reduced.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2005

Preliminary studies on continuous chromium(VI) biological removal from wastewater by anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge process.

The long-term continuous chromium(VI) removal from synthetic wastewater affected by influent hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and glucose concentrations were studied with an anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge process. It was observed that before activated sludge was acclimated, the chromium in the effluent increased immediately as the influent chromium increased. However, both Cr(VI) and total chromium (TCr) in the effluent significantly decreased after acclimation. In the acclimated activated sludge, the chromium removal efficiency was 100% Cr(VI) and 98.56% TCr at influent Cr(VI) levels of 20 mg/day, 100% Cr(VI) and 98.92% TCr at influent Cr(VI) levels of 40 mg/day, and 98.64% Cr(VI) and 97.16% TCr at influent Cr(VI) levels of 60 mg/day. The corresponding effluent Cr(VI) and TCr concentrations were 0 and 0.012 mg/l, 0 and 0.018 mg/l, and 0.034 mg/l and 0.071 mg/l, respectively. When the influent glucose increased from 1125 to 1500 mg/l at influent Cr(VI) dosage of 60 mg/day, the Cr(VI) and TCr removal efficiency with the acclimated activated sludge improved from 98.64% and 97.16% to 100% and 98.48%, respectively, and the chromium concentration in the effluent decreased from 0.034 mg/l of Cr(VI) and 0.071 mg/l of TCr to 0 (Cr(VI)) and 0.038 mg/l (TCr). The effluent COD and turbidity was around 40 mg/l and 0, respectively, after the activated sludge was acclimated. Further studies showed that after the activated sludge was acclimated, its specific dehydrogenases activity (SDA) and protein contents increased. The SDA and protein increased respectively 15% and 10% when influent Cr(VI) increased from 20 to 60 mg/day.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2006

Determination of sulfonamide compounds in sewage and river by mixed hemimicelles solid-phase extraction prior to liquid chromatography-spectrophotometry.

Mixed hemimicelles-based solid-phase extraction was investigated for the preconcentration of five sulfonamides from environmental water samples prior to HPLC-spectrophotometry determination in this paper. A comparative study on the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) coating gamma-alumina or octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTMABr) and OTMABr coating silica as sorbent materials were presented. The five analytes (sulfadiazine (SDA), sulfathiazole (STA), sulfapyridine (SPD), sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)) were quantitatively adsorbed on OTMABr-gamma-alumina and OTMABr-silica mixed hemimicelles, but OTMABr-gamma-alumina was not adopted because it worked at a high pH (around 10), instead, OTMABr-silica was selected to overcoming the pH restriction. The analytes retained on the cartridge were quantitatively desorbed with suitable amounts of methanol. Factors influencing the extraction efficiency, such as the amount of surfactant, pH of sample and breakthrough volume were discussed. The proposed method had been applied to determining the five sulfonamides in several environmental water samples and concentration factors of 300 and 600 for SDA and other four analytes were achieved, respectively. Detection limits obtained ranged between 0.15 and 0.35microg/L for this five sulfonamides under the optimized conditions. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by recovery measurements on spiked samples, and good recovery results (89-113%) with precision of 3-6% were achieved.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2005

A structure-activity relationship study of quinone compounds with trypanocidal activity.

A set of 25 quinone compounds with anti-trypanocidal activity was studied by using the density functional theory (DFT) method in order to calculate atomic and molecular properties to be correlated with the biological activity. The chemometric methods principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA), Kth nearest neighbor (KNN) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) were used to obtain possible relationships between the calculated descriptors and the biological activity studied and to predict the anti-trypanocidal activity of new quinone compounds from a prediction set. Four descriptors were responsible for the separation between the active and inactive compounds: T5 (torsion angle), QTS1 (sum of absolute values of the atomic charges), VOLS2 (volume of the substituent at region B) and HOMO-1 (energy of the molecular orbital below HOMO). These descriptors give information on the kind of interaction that occurs between the compounds and the biological receptor. The prediction study was done with a set of three new compounds by using the PCA, HCA, SDA, KNN and SIMCA methods and two of them were predicted as active against the Trypanosoma cruzi.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Optimization and design of oligonucleotide setup for strand displacement amplification.

Several advantages of strand displacement amplification (SDA) as an all-purpose DNA amplification reaction are due to it isothermal mechanism. The major problem of isothermal amplification mechanism is the accumulation of non-predictable byproduct especially for longer incubation time and low concentrations of initial template DNA. New theoretical strategies to tackle the difficulties regarding the specificity of the reaction are experimentally verified. Besides improving the reaction conditions, the stringency of primer hybridization can be distinctly improved by computer based sequence prediction algorithms based on the thermodynamic stability of DNA hybrid a described by the partition function of the hybridization reaction. An alternative SDA mechanism, with sequences developed by this means is also investigated.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Beta-adrenergic-mediated inhibition of feeding by mercaptoacetate in food-deprived rats.

This study investigated the effect of intraperitoneal (IP) injections of the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) inhibitor mercaptoacetate (MA, 45.6 mg/kg) on feeding in food-deprived rats. As previously, MA significantly stimulated feeding in ad libitum-fed rats. MA, however, reduced feeding in 18 and 36 h-fasted rats despite apparently antagonizing the fasting-induced increase in hepatic FAO. To test whether this anorectic effect involves beta-adrenergic stimulation, 36 h-fasted rats were IP injected with the nonspecific beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol (PROP, 0.5 mg/kg) just before MA injection. PROP attenuated MA's feeding-inhibitory effect, suggesting that MA anorexia is at least partially mediated by beta-adrenergic stimulation. Finally, we evaluated the role of subdiaphragmatic vagal afferent fibers in MA's feeding-inhibitory effect by testing the ability of MA to inhibit food intake in fasted rats after subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation (SDA). MA inhibited feeding similarly in SDA rats and sham-operated rats. These data demonstrate that subdiaphragmatic vagal afferents are not necessary for the feeding-inhibitory effect of peripheral MA. These results suggest that the FAO inhibitor MA elicits a feeding-inhibitory effect in fasted rats that is mediated by a different mechanism than its feeding-stimulatory effect.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2004

Eat and run: prioritization of oxygen delivery during elevated metabolic states.

The principal function of the cardiopulmonary system is the matching of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport to the metabolic requirements of different tissues. Increased oxygen demands (VO2), for example during physical activity, result in a rapid compensatory increase in cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow to the appropriate skeletal muscles. These cardiovascular changes are matched by suitable ventilatory increments. This matching of cardiopulmonary performance and metabolism during activity has been demonstrated in a number of different taxa, and is universal among vertebrates. In some animals, large increments in aerobic metabolism may also be associated with physiological states other than activity. In particular, VO2 may increase following feeding due to the energy requiring processes associated with prey handling, digestion and ensuing protein synthesis. This large increase in VO2 is termed "specific dynamic action" (SDA). In reptiles, the increase in VO2 during SDA may be 3-40-fold above resting values, peaking 24-36 h following ingestion, and remaining elevated for up to 7 days. In addition to the increased metabolic demands, digestion is associated with secretion of H+ into the stomach, resulting in a large metabolic alkalosis (alkaline tide) and a near doubling in plasma [HCO3-]. During digestion then, the cardiopulmonary system must meet the simultaneous challenges of an elevated oxygen demand and a pronounced metabolic alkalosis. This paper will compare and contrast the patterns of cardiopulmonary response to similar metabolic increments in these different physiological states (exercise and/or digestion) in a variety of reptiles, including the Burmese python, Python morulus, savannah monitor lizard, Varanus exanthematicus, and American alligator Alligator mississipiensis.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The B4 lectin from Vicia villosa seeds interacts with N-acetylgalactosamine residues on erythrocytes with blood group Cad specificity.

We have previously shown that the B4 lectin from Vicia villosa seeds interacts with N-acetylgalactosamine alpha-linked to serine or threonine in cell surface glycoproteins. In the present study, we show that the lectin also binds to Cad erythrocytes (0.44-2.78 X 10(6) sites/cell) with an association constant of 0.61-0.84 X 10(7)M-1. Variability in the number of B4 lectin binding sites in Cad erythrocytes from different individuals parallels reactivity of these erythrocytes with other N-acetylgalactosamine-binding lectins. Agglutination of Cad erythrocytes with B4 lectin is inhibited by urinary Tamm-Horsfall Sda-active glycoprotein. Since the Cad and Sda determinants share the terminal GalNAc beta 1.4----Gal sequence, our results indicate that Vicia villosa B4 lectin can also interact with terminal beta-linked N-acetylgalactosamine in closely-spaced oligosaccharide units of cell surface glycoproteins.

Acetylgalactosamine↗
PubMed1999

Timing of surgery with regard to the menstrual cycle in women with primary breast cancer.

There is sufficient evidence to support both the hormonal influence on the outcome of breast cancer surgery and the SDA hypothesis. The SDA model produces a paradigm shift in the understanding of the natural history of breast cancer. It offers opportunities to try modifying a tumor's biological potential for metastasis (e.g., by tamoxifen, progesterone, antiprotease, or angiostatin) in the neoadjuvant setting. It continues to support the beneficial effects of detection and surgery early in the natural history of disease. It would be worthwhile to plan a trial comparing standard practice (unplanned surgery as the patient enrolls) with surgery during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women. Another possibility, based on studies of circulating progesterone, would be to compare primary progesterone treatment (for 4 to 10 days before surgery) with standard practice. Such a trial of primary progesterone is already under way, conducted by the Indian Breast Group. More than 200 patients have enrolled so far. The details of the trial are available from Clinical Research Secretariat, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel, Mumbai, India (e mail: tmho3@bom2.vsnl.in).

Angiostatins↗
PubMed1988

Pars compacta of the sexually dimorphic area of the gerbil hypothalamus: postnatal ages at which development responds to testosterone.

The sexually dimorphic area (SDA) of the gerbil hypothalamus contains a dense cell group in males, the SDA pars compacta (SDApc), that is absent in females and that develops under the influence of testosterone. To determine how long SDApc development remains sensitive to testosterone and if it can be fully masculinized, female gerbils were injected with testosterone propionate on various days after birth. Control females and males received the vehicle. SDApc development was assessed when subjects were 2 weeks old. Exposing females to testosterone before they were 3 days old increased both the incidence and the size of the SDApc. Delaying exposure until 3 days after birth prevented these effects. In females that received testosterone daily for 5 days, starting on the day they were born, the incidence and size of the SDApc were the same as in males.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Autonomic response to change of posture among normal and mild-hypertensive adults: investigation by time-dependent spectral analysis.

In this study, we applied the time-dependent spectral analysis approach (SDA) to investigate the autonomic changes occurring during a transition from supine to standing position (CP), in normal and unmedicated mild hypertensive subjects. The SDA method enables an accurate follow-up of the instantaneous changes in autonomic activity, even during the unsteady phase of the transition, where sudden changes in heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) are observed. We were able to quantify the vagal withdrawal (reflected in the high frequency component of the time-dependent spectrum of HR fluctuations) in the immediate response to CP and the more slowly following sympathetic increase (reflected in the low frequency component of ABP). This general pattern was observed in both groups. In addition, our results identified an altered sympathetic response to CP in mild-hypertensives, as compared to normal adults. Their basal sympathetic activity is enhanced (higher mean HR and increased low frequency fluctuations in ABP) and their response to CP is reduced, as reflected only in the LF content of ABP fluctuations, relative to normals. No difference was observed in HR fluctuations, showing that there is no parasympathetically mediated alteration of the baroreflex control of HR in mild-hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Hpr (ScoC) and the phosphorelay couple cell cycle and sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.

Bacillus subtilis sporulation is a developmental process that culminates in the formation of a highly resistant and persistent endospore. Inhibiting DNA synthesis prior to the completion of the final round of DNA replication blocks sporulation at an early stage. Conditions that prevent compartmentalization of gene expression, i.e. inhibition of asymmetric septum formation or chromosome partitioning, also block sporulation at an early stage. Multiple mechanisms including a RecA-dependent, a RecA-independent, and the soj-spo0J operon have been implicated in signal transduction, connecting DNA replication and chromosome partitioning to the onset of sporulation in B. subtilis. We suggest that a single mechanism involving Hpr (ScoC) and Sda couple cell cycle signaling to sporulation initiation. We show that transcription of phosphorelay sensory chain genes is adversely affected by post-exponential perturbation of the cell cycle. DNA replication arrest by chemical treatments, such as hydroxyphenylazouracil, hydroxyurea, nalidixic acid, and through genetic means using dnaA1ts and dnaB19ts temperature-sensitive mutants caused substantial down-regulation of spo0F and kinA expression and elevated the expression of spo0A and spo0H (sigH). Despite the elevation in spo0A expression, Spo0A approximately P-dependent sinI expression was substantially down-regulated indicating that in vivo Spo0A approximately P levels may be diminished. Similar alterations in gene expression patterns were observed in an ftsA279ts mutant background, indicating that cytokinesis and sporulation may also be coupled by a similar mechanism. Loss of function mutation in hpr (scoC) restored sporulation in a dnaA1ts mutant, blocked the DNA replication arrest induction of spo0A expression and restored expression of spo0F, kinA and sinI. Moreover, hpr expression was up-regulated in response to DNA replication arrest. The increase in hpr expression required Sda. These results suggest a role for Hpr (ScoC) in mediating the coupling of cell cycle events to the onset of sporulation.

Bacillus subtilis↗