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Results for “SOCIAL CONDITIONS”

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PubMed1993

[Hepatitis C virus infections among persons attending special clinics dealing with problems related to social conditions].

We have studied the prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies among 526 persons who attended an HIV diagnostic and counselling clinic and a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases in Oslo, Norway, during a 4-month period in early 1990. Possible risk factors for contracting hepatitis C virus infection were analysed and compared with results of the anti-hepatitis C virus test. The over-all prevalence rate of positive anti-hepatitis C virus tests was 7%. The prevalence rate was highest, 70%, among intravenous drug users (26/37). When intravenous drug users were excluded, only 2% of the remaining 484 persons had antibodies to hepatitis C virus. Among persons with no history of intravenous drug use, a positive correlation was found among women between the presence of hepatitis C virus antibodies and previous gonorrhoea. Male homosexual activity did not correlate with the presence of hepatitis C virus infection. Neither the number of heterosexual partners, nor sex with intravenous drug users, correlated with the presence of hepatitis C virus antibodies. Thus, according to our study the overwhelming risk factor for contracting hepatitis C virus infection was intravenous drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis haematobium among school children in respect of family social conditions in a village in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.

A probability sample (n = 2000) of primary and preparatory school children (6-15 years old) in a rural area, in the eastern part of Nile Delta, Egypt, were examined for S. haematobium eggs using the sedimentation technique. A sub-sample, consisting of all children whose urine samples were positive, was subjected to short interview and urine examination for egg counting using the modern monofilament polyamide (Nytrel) filters. The overall prevalence of S. haematobium was 5.5% with significant (P < 0.05) difference between males (7.9%) and females (3.1%). The sample mean egg count was 163 eggs/10 ml urine, while those of males and females were 625 and 52, respectively (P < 0.001). The age category 9-12 years old had the highest prevalence rate and mean egg count. Also, these patients had highest frequency distributions in the severe grade of infection intensity. Significant relationships were detected between fathers' occupation and mothers' education on one hand and mean egg counts and intensity grade of infection on the other hand.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The effects of social experience on the behavioral response to unexpected touch in crayfish.

Crayfish fight and form a dominance hierarchy characterized by a pattern of repeated agonistic interactions between animals with a consistent outcome of winner and loser. Once a dominance hierarchy is established, dominant animals display an elevated posture with both claws held laterally and forward, whereas subordinate animals display a more prone posture with both claws extended forward and down. Dominant animals behave aggressively towards the subordinate opponent, often approaching and attacking, whereas subordinate animals behave submissively by tailflipping and retreating. To evaluate whether the differences in social behavior are accompanied by differences in responses to non-social stimuli, we exposed socially naïve and experienced crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) to an unexpected touch in different social conditions. Socially naïve animals turned to confront the source of a unilateral touch with raised claws and elevated posture. Dominant animals also turned to face the stimulus source with raised claws and elevated posture, both when tested alone and in the presence of a subordinate opponent. Subordinate animals displayed this orienting response only while separated from their dominant partners. When paired with their dominant partners, subordinates avoided the stimulus source by walking rapidly forwards or backwards. When the subordinate animals were later tested again, first while semi-separated from the dominant and later while fully separated, they displayed a mixed pattern of avoidance and orienting responses. These results indicate that the behavioral responses of subordinate crayfish to touch depend on their social status, their current social conditions and their recent social history.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Song isolation is associated with maintaining high spine frequencies on zebra finch 1MAN neurons.

Male zebra finches normally learn much of their song during the second month after hatching. This is a period of rapid change throughout the brain. We studied anatomical consequences of manipulating exposure to song. We investigated neurons of lateral MAN (1MAN), a nucleus implicated in song learning (Bottjer et al., 1984), in male and female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) at 55 days posthatch. Birds were raised either under normal colony conditions (social) or in colonies in which adult males were removed when the young hatched (song deprived). Brains were stained with the Golgi-Cox method. Fine morphological details of spiny 1MAN neurons were recorded with a 3D semiautomated computer system. Several features of the spiny 1MAN neurons differ between sexes. Males have neurons with larger somata, more primary dendrites and thicker dendrites, than neurons from females. These features as well as dendritic length and other branching characteristics do not differ between treatment groups. There is a large difference in dendritic spine frequencies between the social and the song-deprived groups. Social, song-experienced males have spine frequencies 41% lower than song-deprived males. In females, spine frequencies are as high as in the song-deprived males and do not differ between the song-deprived and social conditions. Developmental overproduction and subsequent pruning of neural connections have been observed in many areas of the central nervous system. We suggest that apparent pruning in 1MAN is modulated by experience: It takes place if the social experiences associated with auditory song learning have occurred. This finding is consistent with the synapse selection hypothesis of Changeux and Danchin Brain Research, 309, (1976) and with data found using an acoustic filial imprinting paradigm in the domestic chicken.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Deaf persons of asian american, Hispanic american, and african american backgrounds: a study of intraindividual diversity and identity.

This article explores the ways in which deaf college students who are members of minority racial groups think about and describe their identities. In-depth, semistructured interviews with 33 deaf students of Asian American, Hispanic American, and African American background were analyzed for themes regarding the self-reported identities of respondents. Results suggest that each person is a constellation of many parts, some of which are stronger than others but any of which can be drawn out in response to a particular set of circumstances, resulting in a contextual and interactive model of identity. Four factors are described as central to this "intraindividual" model: individual characteristics, situational conditions, social conditions, and societal conditions. Additionally, the model includes a biographical component reflected in changes in identity that occur over time. Findings are discussed as they relate to identity theory. The article is concluded with recommendations for further research, as well as considerations for educators and counselors of deaf minority students.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Families in distress, the development of children growing up with alcohol and violence.

Growing up in a family with alcohol problems and violence means a greater risk of abuse and neglect depending on: who is the alcoholic, how violent is the violence, social conditions, social status, relations outside the family and individual factors in the child (the resilient child). The psychological environment in which the children are raised is characterized by: having experienced one or both parents losing contact with reality because of being drunk, fear of losing one or both parents because of death, fear of not being loved and fear of being stigmatised if it is known, that one or both parents are alcoholics and/or violent. Results show that the more passive forms of neglect are the most common and that children develop strategies for survival. The presentations will be based on four Danish research projects 1988, 1990, 1992 and 1994 by the author.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Social-political aspects of psychological stress].

Emotional stress is often based on defective social conditions like social isolation or the urge for maximal efficiency in production and consumption. The improvement of these social conditions and the elimination of the resulting pathogenic stress is a political task. There is a curious and unrealistic separation of responsibilities which is justified by tradition only: the social part of the therapy is abandoned to political institutions and groups whereas the psychiatrist whose therapy should be comprehensive concerns himself with individual problems only. As he neglects the noxious social circumstances and aims entirely at the social adaptation of the patient the psychiatrist denies the defectiveness of the social conditions as they are and corroborates a system which is the true cause of numerous psychiatric disturbances.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

[Living conditions and social needs of long-term psychiatric patients].

The purposes of this case-referent study were to investigate psychiatric long-term patients' social living conditions compared with these of the background population, their need of social support and to find a possible connection between these conditions and the patients' utilization of care. Our cases were 85 psychiatric long-term patients in Psychiatric Department, Horsens Sygehus, Denmark, interviewed in autumn 1987. Our control group was the population in the catchment area of the department. The distribution of social living conditions in the control group is estimated by a cross-section sample, interviewed as part of the welfare survey of 1986. Psychiatric long-term patients belonged to lower social classes and had lower family-gross-income (p = 0.008, p = 0.009, respectively). They suffered more frequently from nervous complaints (p less than 0.0001). 84% lacked close social contacts and/or lacked influence compared with 47% in the total population (p less than 0.00001). 57% of the patients appeared to need at least one kind of social support. The patients who appeared to be in need of four various kinds of support used the treatment facilities more often than the rest of the patients (p = 0.02) and so did the patients with health problems or those whose close social contacts were deficient and/or lacked influence (p less than 0.05).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Human social activity under conditions of relative social isolation].

The differences in using a "social isolation" concept in the psychological literature are presented. The term of "relative social isolation" is clarified. A relationship between human adaptation to the relative social isolation environments and the development of his social qualities and social activities is presented. The "social context", dictating motivation attitudes of a man to the isolation situation, emotional experiences, self-appraisal of activity is of crucial importance for evaluating the real environments of relative social isolations. Social activity of a personality is studied as the relations of a man with the conditions of his activity. The results of studying the dynamics of the psychic state of a man during individual and group isolation are compared. It is concluded that social activity of man and his functional state are interrelated. The particular manifestations and direction of the changes in the social activity of the subject depend on the duration of isolation and are determined first of all by social significance and meaningful and balanced work for a person as well as by the amount and frequency of direct and mediated social contacts under specific conditions of relative social isolation.

Humans↗