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PubMedDate not supplied

Sensation seeking, nicotine dependence, and smoking motivation in female and male smokers.

Sensation-seeking scores in female (n = 36) and male (n = 60) French smokers were compared with those for a control group of female (n = 23) and male (n = 45) nonsmokers. The findings clearly show that smokers of both sexes are higher in sensation seeking than their nonsmoking counterparts: they score higher on the Disinhibition, Experience Seeking, and Boredom Susceptibility components of sensation seeking. Smoking women were particularly high on Experience Seeking. The relationships among the sensation-seeking components, nicotine dependence, and motives for smoking were assessed in the smokers. Disinhibition and Experience Seeking moderately correlated with nicotine dependence in females, as assessed by the Fagerström questionnaire and the Addictive factor of the Russell Classification of Smoking by Motives. Women high in Experience Seeking may be at particular risk for smoking and possibly for dependence. Further research is needed to state that the high sensation seeker is a person who might be expected to be particularly sensitive to the stimulating reward of smoking, and thus particularly vulnerable to becoming a dependent smoker.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Detection of pure-tone amplitude modulation as a function of sensation level from 8 to 14 kHz.

Amplitude modulation detection thresholds were obtained for pure-tone stimuli of 8, 10, 12 and 14 kHz at 5 dB intensity increments from 10 to 65 dB sensation level. Performance at 8 and 10 kHz was a non-monotonic function of sensation level for all four subjects with the largest difference limen measured near 30 dB sensation level and optimal performance at the highest sensation level (60 dB). Weber fractions at 12 and 14 kHz appear dependent on each subject's high frequency hearing profile; i.e., the difference limens remain high and either increase or remain essentially constant at high sensation levels only when the frequencies tested are near a particular subject's upper limit of hearing.

Auditory Threshold↗
PubMed2005

Sensation seeking and alcohol use: a meta-analytic review.

A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the association between sensation seeking and alcohol use. Analysis of 61 studies revealed a small to moderate size, heterogeneous effect (mean weighted r=.263) between alcohol use and sensation seeking total scale scores. Analysis of the four sensation seeking components indicated that disinhibition was most strongly correlated with alcohol use (mean weighted r=.368). Categorical moderator analyses revealed that studies that did, versus did not, analyze covariates yielded smaller effect sizes. Continuous moderator analyses indicated that earlier published studies and higher percentages of male and white Caucasian participants were associated with stronger effect sizes between sensation seeking and alcohol use. Novel statistical methodologies for analyzing the association between sensation seeking and alcohol use were proposed and recommendations for future research were suggested.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2006

Differential effect of supraspinal modulation on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex and pain sensation.

OBJECTIVE: To study whether the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (WR) and pain sensation are differentially affected by supraspinal modulation and to determine the nature of this modulation. METHODS: The WR and pain sensation elicited by electrical stimulation were measured in complete spinal cord injury (SCI) subjects and in intact controls under two different experimental conditions; "facilitation" and "neutral" control. RESULTS: Pain sensation was the same under both conditions, whereas the characteristics of the WR were highly dependent on them. In intact body regions the WR threshold was similar to pain threshold under facilitation but was near pain tolerance in neutral conditions. Furthermore, WR was elicited in 100% of trials under facilitation but only in 57% of trials in neutral conditions. Thresholds of WR in paralyzed regions were significantly higher than in intact regions (p<0.001). The former showed a clear stimulus-response relationship as did pain sensation whereas the WR in intact regions did not. CONCLUSIONS: The WR and pain sensation are differentially affected by supraspinal modulation. The WR is subject to both excitatory and inhibitory influences, depending on the instructions subjects receive. SIGNIFICANCE: The experimental setup and subjects' mental state should be considered when interpreting changes in the WR. Extreme caution should be employed when utilizing reflexive indices as a measure of pain. Verbal report seems a more suitable tool to evaluate pain since it is relatively stable with repeated measurements and in accordance with stimulation intensity.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sensation seeking and HIV serodiscordant couples.

Studies have shown that a modest percentage of HIV serodiscordant couples continue to practice unprotected sex. This study examined sensation seeking and unprotected sex practices among this group. Objectives of the study were to describe unprotected sex practices among HIV serodiscordant couples and assess sensation seeking and unprotected sex with other psychosocial covariates. The method used was a survey of HIV-negative individuals in serodiscordant relationships. Results of the study were that approximately 50% of individuals did not use condoms for penetrative sex within the 3 months of being surveyed. The odds ratio between sensation seeking and unprotected sex was 3.51 to 5.09, depending on the sensation seeking subscale. Negative beliefs regarding condom use were also related (odds ratio, 1.28). Variables such as extroversion, sex under the influence of drugs/alcohol, beliefs in susceptibility to HIV infection, and the ability to perform safer-sex practices were not related to unprotected sex. The conclusions were that sensation seeking may help explain the failure of risk-reduction methods in this subgroup and may suggest new approaches to address this problem.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Are there common mechanisms in sensation seeking and reality distortion in schizophrenia? A study using memory event-related potentials.

A growing literature suggests that the characteristics of sensation seeking and reality distortion expressed in schizophrenia share several mechanisms. In a previous study, the comparison of patients with high vs. low reality distortion using event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded in a recognition memory task for unfamiliar faces identified neural and cognitive anomalies specifically related to the expression of these symptoms. As a follow-up, this study investigated the ERP correlates of sensation seeking in schizophrenia using the same recognition memory protocol. ERPs have been recorded in controls (N=21) and schizophrenia patients separated into high (HSS; N=13) and low (LSS; N=17) scorers according to Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale. The results show a reduced P2a that was found unrelated to reality distortion in the previous study of reality distortion. It identifies interference inhibition impairment as being specifically related to sensation seeking. On the other hand, HSS scorers display enhanced fronto-central and normal P600 effects also found in high reality distortion patients. These results indicate inappropriate context processing and mnemonic binding common to sensation seeking and reality distortion. LSS scorers also display a reduced temporal N300 similar to that found in low reality distortion patients. This anomaly could reflect the lower reactivity to emotionally significant stimuli that underlies anhedonia symptoms. Finally, the N400 effect and a late frontal effect are found in both HSS and LSS. Since they were unrelated to reality distortion, these indices have been related to basic aspects of schizophrenia, e.g., deficient knowledge integration, or other mechanisms, e.g. anxiety or impulsivity. In summary, the present study examines the strategy of investigating variables, such as temperamental characteristics, in addition to symptoms, to show how discrete impairments may contribute to the expression of the illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The incidence of altered sensation of the mental nerve after mandibular implant placement.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine the incidence of altered sensation in patients undergoing mandibular endosseous implant placement. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-four consecutive patients who underwent the placement of mandibular implants constituted the study group. The only patients that were excluded from this study were those who had preexisting injury to the trigeminal nerve. Patients were followed using standard neurologic testing during the period immediately following implant placement through 6 months. Four hundred five implants were placed in 43 female and 51 male patients. Implant length selection was based on panoramic radiographs using known markers to correct for distortion. In 13 of the patients, the mandibular canal was not adequately visualized, and a computed tomography (CT) scan was used to plan the implant locations. Implants were selected to be located 2 mm above the inferior alveolar canal based on the panoramic images and 1 mm above the canal based on CT images. RESULTS: Eight patients reported altered nerve sensation at their first postimplant visit (8.5%). None of the patients experienced hyperesthesia or dysesthesia. Four of the eight patients with altered sensation had no objective findings or decreased nerve function. One of the patients remained totally anesthetic for 2 months, but reported return to normal function at 4 months. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that a small percentage of patients experience altered sensation after the placement of mandibular endosseous implants. Unlike previous studies, no permanent altered sensation was found. By using proper treatment planning, one can offer endosseous implants with minimal risk of injury to the trigeminal nerve.

Chin↗
PubMed1999

Frontal reactivity and sensation seeking an ERP study in skydivers.

1. In the line of Zuckerman's studies on sensation seeking and optimal level of arousal, the authors hypothesized that high sensation seeking might be used to compensate for anhedonia due to basal arousal deficit. A population of interest was found with parachutists practicing skydiving, generally described as very high sensation seekers. 2. After clinical assessment of emotional and affective components, amplitudes of the frontal P3 of the ERP were used as indices of arousal. 3. Skydivers presented more negative symptoms (anhedonia and blunted-affect) than controls. This was observed in isolation from any depressive episode, which would suggest the presence of emotional deficit as a trait. As expected, skydivers presented more sensation seeking than controls. These two results taken together could indicate that sensation seeking is an adaptive reaction to anhedonia. 4. ERP results showed that frontal P3 amplitudes were larger in skydivers than in controls, whereas in a previous study we showed the opposite in depressed patients with a similar emotional deficit. This could indicate that the frontal P3 amplitude does not reflect the emotional deficit per se. We suggest that it rather reflects the capacity to use some behaviors which improve automatic attentional processes in order to obtain arousing stimulation that could counterbalance the emotional deficit. Depressions with emotional deficit might be due to the lack of such a capacity.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Phantom limb sensations and phantom limb pain in child and adolescent amputees.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a better understanding of the prevalence, correlates and quality of phantom sensations and phantom pain in child and adolescent amputees. DESIGN: Retrospective survey study. SETTING: Recruitment through the War Amputations of Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty child and adolescent amputees aged 8-18 years who were missing a limb due to a congenital limb deficiency (n = 27) or surgery/trauma (n = 33). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Questionnaire to assess the occurrence and correlates of phantom sensations and phantom pain. RESULTS: Forty-two percent of the total sample reported phantom sensations; 7.4% of the congenital group and 69.7% of the surgical group (chi2 = 23.70 with 1 df, P < 0.01.) Twenty-nine percent of the total sample reported phantom pain; 3.7% of the congenital group and 48.5% of the surgical group (chi2 = 14.67, with 1 df, P < 0.01). Eighty-eight percent of the amputees with phantom pain had stump pain, while 35.3% had phantom pain that was similar to pre-operative pain and 76.5% experienced pains other than phantom pain (e.g. headaches). Amputees identified exercise, objects approaching the stump, cold weather and 'feeling nervous' as the primary triggers of phantom sensations and/or phantom pain. CONCLUSION(S): Less than half of the sample experienced phantom sensations and phantom pain; however, the loss of a limb due to surgery is associated with an increase in the likelihood of experiencing these phenomena.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationships between sensation seeking and emotional symptomatology during smoking cessation with nicotine patch therapy.

This study explored relationships between the sensation-seeking trait and the development of emotional symptomatology during smoking cessation with nicotine transdermal patches. Twenty-five subjects were evaluated before they stopped smoking, on Day 8, Day 30, Day 90, and Day 120. Initial motives for smoking and the sensation-seeking personality trait were tested as possible predictors for the development of specific mood disturbances. Our subjects scored very high on sensation seeking, consistent with previous results on smokers. This may also be due to the well-known tendency of high sensation-seekers to be willing to try new experiences. The sensation-seeking trait did not predict the issue of cessation. However, it was related to emotional deficit (anhedonia, affective blunting), tiredness, and a lack of energy, before and during smoking cessation. Two different interpretations of emotional deficit are proposed.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2000

The precedence effect for lateralization at low sensation levels.

Using dichotic signals presented by headphone, stimulus onset dominance (the precedence effect) for lateralization at low sensation levels was investigated for five normal hearing subjects. Stimuli were based on 2400-Hz low pass filtered 5-ms noise bursts. We used the paradigm, as described by Aoki and Houtgast (Hear. Res., 59 (1992) 25-30) and Houtgast and Aoki (Hear. Res., 72 (1994) 29-36), in which the stimulus is divided into a leading and a lagging part with opposite lateralization cues (i.e. an interaural time delay of 0.2 ms). The occurrence of onset dominance was investigated by measuring lateral perception of the stimulus, with fixed equal duration of leading and lagging part, while decreasing absolute signal level or adding a filtered white noise with the signal level set at 65 dBA. The dominance of the leading part was quantified by measuring the perceived lateral position of the stimulus as a function of the relative duration of the leading (and thus the lagging) part. This was done at about 45 dB SL without masking noise and also at a signal-to-noise ratio resulting in a sensation level of 10 dB. The occurrence and strength of the precedence effect was found to depend on sensation level, which was decreased either by lowering the signal level or by adding noise. With the present paradigm, besides a decreased lateralization accuracy, a decrease in the precedence effect was found for sensation levels below about 30-40 dB. In daily-life conditions, with a sensation level in noise of typically 10 dB, the onset dominance was still manifest, albeit degraded to some extent.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1999

Increase in the threshold of pain and touch sensation in the human face with clonidine plus 30% nitrous oxide.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to assess the effects of clonidine combined with 30% nitrous oxide on tactile and pain sensations in the human face. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-three subjects were involved in the study. The subjects were divided into 4 groups: 100% oxygen with placebo; 30% N2O with placebo; 100% oxygen with clonidine (0.075 mg), and 30% N2O with clonidine. Three tests for the threshold of pain sensation and tactile sensation were made at 60 minutes before and 0, 15, and 30 minutes during N2O or O2 inhalation. RESULTS: (1) The N2O with clonidine significantly increased the threshold of pain and tactile sensation in comparison with the other 3 treatments. (2) In terms of pain sensation, both N2O and clonidine showed significant increases in threshold of pain in comparison with the control values. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the analgesic effects of 30% nitrous oxide are enhanced when use of the gas is combined with prior clonidine administration.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The influence of executive functions, sensation seeking, and HIV serostatus on the risky sexual practices of substance-dependent individuals.

From a public health standpoint, identifying factors that contribute to risky sexual practices among substance-dependent individuals is critical, particularly in the context of HIV infection. This study examines the respective contributions of executive neurocognitive functions, sensation seeking, and HIV serostatus in predicting risky sexual practices among poly-substance users (with a history of dependence primarily for cocaine or cocaine/heroin). HIV+ (n=109) and HIV- (n=154) substance-dependent individuals were assessed using three neurocognitive tasks of executive functions: Stroop reaction time, delayed non-matching to sample, and the Iowa Gambling Task. Sensation seeking was assessed using the Sensation Seeking Scale-V. Greater sensation seeking was associated with more risky sexual practices among HIV+ participants, particularly among those who performed best on the Iowa Gambling Task. Our findings indicate that continued risk behavior among HIV+ drug users may be driven by sensation seeking (a personality trait common among drug users); however, the impact of executive functions is less clear.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Sensation seeking, substance abuse, and psychopathology in treatment-seeking and community cocaine abusers.

Sensation seeking, substance abuse severity, and psychiatric disorders were systematically assessed in a clinical and a community sample of 335 cocaine abusers. In contrast to low-sensation-seeking cocaine abusers, high-sensation seekers exhibited more severe symptoms of substance abuse, exhibited more severe psychosocial impairment, were more likely to be polysubstance abusers, and had an earlier age of onset for substance use and abuse. High-sensation seekers were more likely to report both a lifetime history and family history of antisocial personality, attention deficit disorder, and conduct disorder. Sensation seeking was related to several dimensions that are important for defining subtypes of substance abusers and was consistent with other features of a Type II classification.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A test of the optimal level of arousal theory of sensation seeking.

The study was designed to test the theoretical predictions that high-sensation seekers feel and function better than low-sensation seekers under conditions of heightened arousal, whereas lows perform better than highs when central nervous system arousal levels are dampened. Thirty-two male medical students scoring in either the top or bottom deciles of their class on the total score of the Sensation Seeking Scale, Form V, were administered placebo, stimulant, and depressant drug treatments (each substance in a different session). Results did not support an optimal level of arousal model of sensation seeking, in that affective, cognitive, and motoric responses to drugs that increased or decreased tonic levels of arousal generally failed to differentiate high- and low-sensation seekers.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Sensation seeking, stress, and adolescent injuries: a test of stress-buffering, risk-taking, and coping skills hypotheses.

The potential stress-buffering effects of sensation seeking were assessed in a prospective study involving high school athletes. A significant positive relation between major negative sport-specific life events and subsequent injury time-loss occurred only for athletes low in sensation seeking. No evidence was obtained for a competing hypothesis that high sensation seeking would constitute an injury vulnerability factor by increasing risk-taking behaviors. Although low sensation seekers reported poorer stress management coping skills, there was no evidence that differences in coping efficacy mediated the injury vulnerability difference. Results indicate that sensation seeking is a stress-resiliency factor and suggest the utility of assessing relations between life stressors and outcomes that occur within the same environmental context.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Patients' expectation and experience of visual sensations during phacoemulsification under topical anaesthesia.

PURPOSE: To describe what patients expect to see and the visual sensations they actually experience during phacoemulsification under topical anaesthesia. We also sought to determine if patients find their intraoperative visual experience frightening and the factors associated with this. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-eight patients who underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation under topical anaesthesia were interviewed preoperatively on what they expected to see with their operated eye during surgery and again postoperatively on what they actually saw. No patient received counselling about possible intraoperative visual sensations. A logistic (multivariate) regression model was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Preoperatively, 36 patients (36.7%) expected at least light perception, 38 (38.8%) expected no light perception, and 24 (24.5%) were unsure what to expect. Some patients also expected a variety of different visual sensations. Postoperatively, all patients (100%) reported seeing light intraoperatively and many experienced various other visual sensations. Nineteen patients (19.4%) found their visual experience frightening. The following factors were statistically associated with a frightening visual experience: preoperative anxiety, previous cataract surgery in the fellow eye, experiencing an intraoperative increase in clarity, not seeing movement intraoperatively, and not knowing what to expect. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients in this study either expected that they would see nothing at all during the surgery or were unsure of what to expect. All patients subsequently saw at least some light, and many perceived various other visual sensations that were frightening to nearly one in five patients. Preoperative counselling should inform about possible intraoperative visual experience.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania presenting as otalgia with a sensation of external acoustic meatus obstruction: two cases and a pathophysiologic hypothesis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe two cases of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania manifested by otalgia with a sensation of external acoustic meatus obstruction and to suggest that the trigeminal-autonomic reflex is a mechanism for the sensation of ear blockage. BACKGROUND: Maximum pain in chronic paroxysmal hemicrania is most often in the ocular, temporal, maxillary, and frontal regions. It is less often located in the nuchal, occipital, and retro-orbital areas. Review of the literature on chronic paroxysmal hemicrania found no reports of pain primarily localized to the ear and associated with a sensation of external acoustic meatus obstruction. METHODS: The history, physical examination, imaging studies, and successful treatment plan in two patients with otalgia and ear fullness and a subsequent diagnosis of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania are summarized. RESULTS: The first patient was a 42-year-old woman with a 10-year history of unilateral, severe, paroxysmal otalgia occurring five times a day with a duration of 2 to 60 minutes. During an attack, the ear became erythematous and the external acoustic meatus felt obstructed. There were no other associated autonomic signs. The second patient was a 49-year-old woman with a 3-year history of unilateral, severe, paroxysmal otalgia occurring 4 to 15 times a day with a duration of 3 to 10 minutes. During an attack, her ear felt obstructed, and she noted ipsilateral eyelid edema and ptosis. Both patients quickly became pain-free after taking indomethacin and required its continued use to prevent headache recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania may be manifested by otalgia with a sensation of external ear obstruction. When the otalgia is paroxysmal, unilateral, severe, frequent, and associated with autonomic signs, one should consider the diagnosis of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, especially because of the prompt response to indomethacin. The most important feature to consider when making the diagnosis of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania is the frequent periodicity of discrete, brief attacks of unilateral cephalgia separated by pain-free intervals. It is hypothesized that the sensation of ear obstruction in these patients is due to swelling of the external acoustic meatus mediated through increased blood flow by the trigeminal-autonomic reflex.

Adult↗