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PubMed2003

Eating disturbances in girls with diabetes: the contribution of adolescent self-concept, maternal weight and shape concerns and mother-daughter relationships.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the relative contribution of adolescent self-concept, maternal weight and shape concerns (WSC), and mother-daughter relationships to eating disturbances among girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHOD: Eighty-eight adolescent girls (mean = 15.0 years, S.D. = 2.2) and their mothers completed self-report measures of disordered eating and weight control behaviours, with teens also reporting on disturbed eating and body attitudes. Based on reported symptoms, adolescents were classified as highly (N = 18), mildly (N = 30) and non-eating disturbed (N = 40). Self-concept was assessed by adolescent self-report. Mother-daughter relationships were assessed by adolescent self-report and by observed mother-daughter interactions that were rated using a macroanalytic coding system that assesses intimacy and autonomy in these relationships. RESULTS: Hierarchical regressions illustrated that adolescent self-concept deficits, maternal WSC, and impaired mother-daughter relationships significantly predicted eating disturbances in girls with DM, accounting for 57% of the variance. Mothers who engaged in dieting and binge-eating were more impaired in their ability to support their daughters' emerging autonomy. The quality of mother-daughter relationships partly mediated the influence of maternal WSC on adolescent eating disturbances. Moreover, the impact of maternal WSC and mother-daughter relationships on eating disturbances was mediated by adolescent self-concept. CONCLUSIONS: Findings illustrate two pathways through which mother-daughter relationships may impact upon risk of eating disturbances in girls with DM and highlight the need to evaluate family-based interventions specifically tailored for this high-risk population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Bullying: the consequences of interparental discord and child's self-concept.

The objective of this research is to explore how the relationship between interparental discord and child's self-concept shapes participation in bullying behavior by elementary and middle-school children. The main finding is that child's self-concept mediates the effects of interparental discord on bullying behavior. Further, the results of the study support a symbolic interactionist view of child self-development, in which children internalize the environment provided by parents. This internalization gives way to self-concept, which guides behavior. This study adds to the growing body of literature that seeks to understand whether and how characteristics of children mediate the effects of parental attributes on behavioral outcomes. The proposed implications for the prevention of bullying include building children's self-concept, intervening in parental conflict, and involving the entire family system in the intervention process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Self-concept among hearing Chinese children of deaf parents.

This paper discusses a study of Chinese children in Hong Kong that compared the self-concepts of hearing children of deaf parents with the self-concepts of hearing children of hearing parents. The study was based on the responses to a questionnaire given to 42 deaf couples and their 70 hearing children, and 41 hearing couples and their 82 hearing children. It found no differences in the self-concepts of hearing children of deaf parents and hearing children of hearing parents. However, it did find that deaf parents had lower self-concepts than hearing parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The effects of a synthesis of nursing practice course on senior nursing students' self-concept and role perception.

This study investigated the effects of a Synthesis of Nursing Practice course on senior nursing students' self-concept and perception of role competencies. Seventy senior baccalaureate nursing students enrolled in the Synthesis of Nursing Practice course participated in the study during their last semester in the program. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale was used to measure self-concept and the Slater Nursing Competencies Rating Scale was used to measure perception of role competencies. These instruments were administered at the beginning of the Synthesis of Nursing Practice course and immediately following completion of the course. A t-test was used to assess the differences between pre- and posttest group means. The study findings indicated a significant increase in the students' self-concept (p = .10) and perceived role competencies (p = .001). Implications of the findings for nursing education are discussed.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2002

Academic self-concept, academic achievement, and leadership in university students studying in a physical therapy program.

Students enrolled in a selected admissions program, in which there are a limited number of student positions available, were assessed for academic self-concept using the Dimensions of Self-Concept upon entry into the program. This study was performed to explore whether academic self-concept scores could predict successful completion of an academic program and the impact of self-concept scores on academic achievement and professional leadership.

Achievement↗
PubMed2002

Processes linking weight status and self-concept among girls from ages 5 to 7 years.

This study assessed the relationship between girls' weight status and self-concept and examined peer teasing and parent criticism as potential mediators of this relationship. Data were collected for 182 girls and their parents when the girls were 5 and 7 years old. At each age, girls' body mass index, self-concept, peer weight-related teasing (child report), and parents' criticism of girls' weight status (spouse report) were assessed. At ages 5 and 7, girls who were more overweight reported lower self-concept. Peer teasing and parent criticism mediated the relationship between weight status and self-concept at age 7, but not at age 5. In addition, the duration and timing of parent criticism across ages 5 and 7 mediated the association between girls' weight status at age 5 and perceived peer acceptance at age 7.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Correlations among perceptual-motor ability, self-concept and reading achievement in early elementary grades.

This study investigated the correlation among measures of perceptual-motor abilities, self-concept, and reading achievement and determined whether perceptual-motor ability and self-concept can predict reading achievement in the early elementary grades. A total of 105 boys and 108 girls from the first, and second and third grades were tested on the stabilometer, a modified Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test, a tapping test, the Primary Self-concept Inventory, and the Science Research Associates Assessment Survey. Intercorrelations across grade levels tended to be low and nonsignificant. The multiple regression procedures yielded no strong predictions of reading achievement. These findings tended to confirm the specificity of perceptual-motor ability, self-concept, and reading achievement.

Achievement↗
PubMed1985

The self concept of adolescents with spina bifida.

A study of the children's self concepts was conducted as part of the twelve year follow-up phase of the Greater London Council's Spina Bifida Survey. On the three measures used, there were few significant differences between the spina bifida children and controls, nor between the spina bifida children divided according to such variables as disability level or school type. It was hypothesised that, at twelve years, the children had not yet developed sufficient self-awareness or ability to appreciate the wider implications of their disability, therefore a further sample of spina bifida teenagers was tested. The results from both spina bifida groups showed few significant differences, suggesting that the self concepts of young people with spina bifida in early and later adolescence are neither markedly different from those of their peers, nor associated with degree of disability level or type of school attended. Early hospitalisation was negatively correlated with self concept at twelve years (equivalent data were not available for the teenagers) and this finding is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Self-concept as a factor in the quality of diets of adolescent girls.

The effect of self-concept on the quality of diets of adolescent girls was investigated. Scores for self-concept as measured by the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS) and fat area values were obtained from 160 15-year-old girls. Twenty-four-hour dietary recall interviews were conducted with a random subsample of 40 girls. Mean dietary adequacy ratios (MARs) were calculated to assess dietary quality. Girls in this study had larger arm fat areas than did their national counterparts. Mean intakes of energy and nine nutrients met or exceeded their respective RDAs except for vitamin A, calcium, and iron. MAR values were correlated positively with Self-Satisfaction scores and negatively with carbonated beverages, candy, and baked desserts. Fat area values were correlated negatively with Physical Self scores. Significant predictors of MAR values below 80% were Total Conflict, Moral-Ethical Self, Family Self, Identity, and Physical Self scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Self-concept: an outcome of a program for spinal pain.

Changes in self-concept were studied in 50 patients with chronic spinal pain who underwent a 4 week inpatient program. Treatment included increasing quotas for activity and walking, patient education, reduction in pain medications, and reinforcement of non-pain behaviors. The instrument used to measure change was the counseling form of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS). The test was administered upon admission to the program, at discharge, and at 1, 3, and 6 months following discharge. TSCS scores were also compared with those of patients who failed to complete the program and of a quasi-control group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The spinal pain group improved significantly on 8 scales of the TSCS, while scores for the arthritis patients were constant over the 6 month period. The program had a positive effect on self-concept and thus should be considered for patients with chronic spinal pain.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of a school development program on self-concept.

School improvement programs are often assessed in terms of their effect on school climate and education outcomes. The School Development Program (SDP) of the Yale Child Study Center has been shown to have a positive influence on those two factors. We also recognize the importance of positively influencing students' affective, intra-personal, and motivational states, such as their self-evaluations. The present study examined the effects of the SDP on multiple dimensions of students' self-concepts. The Piers Harris Self-Concept Scale was administered to 174 fourth and sixth graders, half of whom attended SDP schools and half control schools. Significant positive changes in self-concept were observed among the SDP students but not among the control students. Program students also showed significantly higher self-concepts on post-test measures when compared to normative samples.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1996

Self-concept, family functioning and problem type: a replication and extension of a study of clinic and non-clinic adolescents.

PURPOSE: This study replicates and extends previous research into self-concept and perceptions of family functioning held by clinic and nonclinic adolescents (1). METHOD: Thirty-five male and 28 female adolescents who sought help from a school counselor for family problems (n = 26) and for educational problems (n = 37) formed the clinic group. A nonclinic group was formed by adolescents who had experienced the same problems but had not sought help. The two groups were matched in terms of age and sex of respondents. Respondents' were clustered into two groups based on their ratings of family functioning. One cluster was characterised by high conflict, the other by high democratic parenting style and intimacy. RESULTS: Three MANOVAs with sets of scales (academic, social, and other scales) from the Self-Description Questionnaire II (2) as the dependent variables and with group (clinic/nonclinic), family functioning cluster, and sex as the independent variables confirmed the findings of the previous research. That is, there were multivariate effects on the three sets of self-concept scales. Significant univariate differences between the clinic and nonclinic groups were present for seven of the 11 individual self-concept scales, with higher mean ratings of self-concept shown by the nonclinic group. A range of sex effects and cluster effects were found, however, differences between the reported problem types did not show any consistent effect. CONCLUSIONS: The major point to be drawn from this research is the identification of a very clear difference between the self-concept of adolescents who seek professional care and those who do not.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Community and self: concepts for rural physician integration and retention.

Low physician availability in rural areas of the United States is a long-standing issue. While most research has focused upon the locational decisions of physicians to understand the causes of the problem, a relatively new and neglected research focus is the retention of rural physicians. This paper takes the perspective that integration of physicians within rural communities is the basis for retention. It introduces concepts of self and community as a basis for understanding "domains" of rural physician integration. From data collected during in-depth qualitative research in rural Kentucky, a framework of integration domains is developed. The three domains of physician self, medical community, and community-at-large are elaborated with examples from the data. To further explain the relationships among the integration domains and their value, the findings are combined with three concepts from social theory. Social capital, core participation, and community reconstruction add dynamic and meaningful aspects to the context in which integration and retention occur, and they provide a conceptual basis to use when investigating or devising actions to facilitate integration.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1999

Understanding the Dynamics of Leadership: The Role of Follower Self-Concepts in the Leader/Follower Relationship.

In this paper we integrate recent theory and research on the self-concept with leadership theory. We conceptualize the self as being defined at three levels: the individual, interpersonal, and group levels. The effects of the self on information processing and behavior are mediated by the working self-concept, which is composed of self-views, possible selves, and goals (standards). Leaders are seen as producing short-run changes by influencing the working self-concept and more enduring changes through the development of chronic schema. Subordinates are also seen as influencing leaders' self-schema, both individually and collectively. Both practical and theoretical implications of this perspective are discussed. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Changes in self-concept and body image during alopecia induced cancer chemotherapy.

Alopecia as a result of cancer chemotherapy has been reported to cause changes to the self-concept and body image. In a prospective longitudinal study, self-concept and body image were analysed in 29 patients after histological confirmation of gynaecological malignancy, mainly ovarian cancer, who were assigned to receive a complete-alopecia-inducing PEC combination chemotherapy (cisplatin 50 mg/m2, epirubicin 60 mg/m2, and cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2 in 1 day every 28 days). The analysis was performed before the commencement of treatment and repeated when alopoecia was complete and after completion of therapy when patients had already experienced regrowth of hair, using the Frankfurt self-concept scales (FSKN) and Frankfurt body concept scales (FKKS). Significant differences were observed in the various evaluation scales FSAP (general ability to solve problems), FSSW (general self-esteem), SGKB (state of health), and SKEF (physical fitness). For all scales the results worsened during chemotherapy but did not return to normal or improve when patients experienced regrowth of hair. It was found that 73.3% of the patients did not feel as self-confident as before treatment and that for 46.6% alopecia was the most traumatic side effect of chemotherapy. Since there is no chemotherapeutic regimen or any other effective treatment that can prevent alopecia, either of the following conclusions can be drawn: the observed differences may not be related exclusively to alopecia, but also associated with coping processes initiated by chemotherapy and perhaps enhanced by alopecia; or the changes persist even after the discontinuation of chemotherapy. Regrowth of hair and other adaptive processes do not normalize or improve the impaired body image and self-concept.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Nondisease genetic testing: reporting of muscle SNPs shows effects on self-concept and health orientation scales.

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of genetic self-knowledge (nondisease genotype information) on individual self-concept and Health Orientation Scale (HOS). Adult volunteers (n=257) were recruited from an ongoing genetic association study identifying muscle quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Participants completed psychosocial assessments before and after 12 weeks of resistance training of the nondominant arm. At study exit, a genetic counselor informed participants of genetic test results on three to four genes that have an association with muscle-related traits, and counseled subjects on the potential significance of these findings. The second psychosocial assessment was performed immediately following this counseling session. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale v.2 (TSCS:2) and the HOS showed female subjects to have a significantly greater positive change between first and second assessments, relative to male subjects. Most self-concept subscales improved significantly, when 'neutral' genotypes (no anticipated beneficial or deleterious impact) were reported, compared to positive genotypes. TSCS:2 subscales showing improvement included: total (P=0.013); physical (P=0.004); satisfaction (P=0.019); and behavioral (P=0.047). HOS subscales showing improvement included health image concern (P=0.006); and health expectations (P=0.047). In conclusion, these results suggest that genetic self-knowledge affects self-concept, consistent with the 'attribution' theory. Individuals who received neutral genetic information attributed positive changes from the exercise program to their own abilities, while those who received positive information were more likely to attribute positive changes to their genetics. This study is limited by the ability to determine the direction of the impact of nondisease genetic information presented to participants.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Self-concept and behavior in adolescent girls with Turner syndrome: potential estrogen effects.

Data on self-concept and behavior were gathered from 31 girls with Turner syndrome (TS) followed longitudinally between the ages of 12 and 16 and from 89 normal control girls recruited from public schools and assessed cross-sectionally. The two groups of girls were similar in age and racial composition. The girls with TS were treated with estrogen replacement therapy in increasing doses between the ages of 12 and 16 (100-400 ng/kg-day ethinyl estradiol). Their self-reported self-esteem and psychological well-being (Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale) revealed significant improvement over time for most scales as well as the total score (P < 0.001). Parents reported improvement in problem behaviors, as reflected in the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scales: Behavior Total, Externalizing Behavior, Aggressive Behavior, and Social Problems Behavior scales (all P < 0.001). Analysis of covariance comparing normal controls to the TS subjects revealed that at age 12 yr, TS and normal subjects differed significantly for the School Social Competency sub-scale and the Social Problems Behavior subscale (all P < 0.001). Girls with TS resembled the normal controls on all CBCL scales by ages 14-15 yr. Thus, we found improved self-concept both by self- and parental report in estrogen-treated girls with TS followed longitudinally through adolescence. An analogous correlation with age was not seen in the cross-sectional normal control sample. These findings support positive effects of estrogen on psychological well-being in girls with TS and underscores the need to initiate estrogen replacement therapy by ages 12-14 yr in this population.

Adolescent↗