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PubMed1986

Bacterial Growth Rates and Competition Affect Nodulation and Root Colonization by Rhizobium meliloti.

The addition of streptomycin to nonsterile soil suppressed the numbers of bacterial cells in the rhizosphere of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) for several days, resulted in the enhanced growth of a streptomycin-resistant strain of Rhizobium meliloti, and increased the numbers of nodules on the alfalfa roots. A bacterial mixture inoculated into sterile soil inhibited the colonization of alfalfa roots by R. meliloti, caused a diminution in the number of nodules, and reduced plant growth. Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas marginalis, Acinetobacter sp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae suppressed the colonization by R. meliloti of roots grown on agar and reduced nodulation by R. meliloti, the suppression of nodulation being statistically significant for the first three species. Bradyrhizobium sp. and "Sarcina lutea" did not suppress root colonization nor nodulation by R. meliloti. The doubling times in the rhizosphere for E. aerogenes, P. marginalis, Acinetobacter sp., and K. pneumoniae were less and the doubling times for Bradyrhizobium sp. and "S. lutea" were greater than the doubling time of R. meliloti. Under the same conditions, Arthrobacter citreus injured alfalfa roots. We suggest that competition by soil bacteria reduces nodulation by rhizobia in soil and that the extent of inhibition is related to the growth rates of the rhizosphere bacteria.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Purification, characterization, and lytic activity against Naegleria fowleri of two amoebicins produced by Bacillus licheniformis A12.

Bacillus licheniformis A12 produces two amoebolytic substances (amoebicins A12-A and A12-B) in liquid media during sporulation. Both substances have been purified and characterized. They are heat- and protease-resistant peptides containing aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, proline, and tyrosine in a molar ratio of 5:2:2:2:2. No fatty acids or carbohydrates have been detected. Their molecular weight is 1,430. Purified amoebicins A12-A and A12-B exhibit amoebolytic action against Naegleria fowleri. They also exhibit antibiotic action against yeasts (Saccharomyces heterogenicus and Cryptococcus neoformans) and several fungal species (Aspergillus niger, Microsporum canis, Mucor plumbeus, and Trychophyton mentagrophytes). Their antibacterial spectrum appears to be restricted to Bacillus megaterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Sarcina sp.

Amebiasis↗
PubMed1963

INFLUENCE OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE ON SELECTED BACTERIA.

Sodium hexametaphosphate (HEX), the solvent of calcium alginate wool used in swabbing inanimate surfaces was studied relative to its effect on various bacterial populations, both pure cultures and wild. It was found that bacteria in wild populations were greatly inhibited, and that a percentage reduction of count was directly related to concentration of HEX. Most gram-positive bacteria were prevented from growing on a medium containing 0.1% HEX. This, or a higher concentration, occurred in the final medium when the method recommended in Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products was followed. Growth of Sarcina lutea occurred on media with higher concentrations than that of inhibition (0.05%), if MgSO(4).7H(2)O was incorporated in the medium. Gram-negative bacteria were capable of growing in higher concentrations, even up to 10% HEX. A large percentage of the cells of some strains (represented by Pseudomonas fluorescens) were lysed on contact with HEX. Lysis could be prevented by the addition of NaCl or MgSO(4).7H(2)O. The evidence presented suggests that HEX, a phosphate-glass water-softening sequestrant, interferes with divalent cation metabolism, notably magnesium ion, and possibly others, producing cell division inhibition and loss of cell-wall integrity. The mechanism of action was not elucidated.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

Effect of antimicrobial agents on the milky disease bacteria Bacillus popilliae and Bacillus lentimorbus.

The effects of antibiotics, sulfonamides, and other antimicrobial agents on vegetative cultures of five strains of milky disease bacteria were compared with those on Bacillus subtilis Cohn emend. Prazmowski, Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach, Sarcina lutea Schroeter, Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers, Saccharomyces pastorianus Hansen, and Mucor ramannianus Moel. Similar numbers of viable cells of each organism were exposed to the test materials by use of an antibiotic-sensitivity disc method adapted from techniques recommended by the Food and Drug Administration in the Federal Register. The results suggest that vancomycin or ristocetin, as well as a few other materials, might be useful in controlling contamination either during culture of the fastidious milky disease bacteria or in large populations of vegetative cells undergoing treatment to induce sporulation. Inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin and ristocetin in shaken-tube tests were much lower than expected in comparison with results of sensitivity-disc tests on the milky disease bacteria. Sublethal concentrations of the two antibiotics elicited some morphological change in the bacteria.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1966

Effect of gamma Irradiation on the Microflora of Freshwater Fish: II. Generic Identification of Aerobic Bacteria from Yellow Perch Fillets.

Studies on the generic identification of bacteria isolated from nonirradiated and irradiated (0.3 and 0.6 Mrad) yellow perch fillets during the course of microbial spoilage have been conducted. After the enumeration and tabulation of macrocolonies on petri dish cultures obtained from fillets, isolates were examined and keyed out essentially according to modified morphological and biochemical protocols of Shewan. Identification was further confirmed through reference to Bergey's Manual. Data obtained from each isolate were coded and recorded on IBM cards to facilitate identification. Total aerobic microbial plate counts obtained from nonirradiated perch before storage ranged from 10 to 10 microorganisms per gram of fish. Organisms isolated from these fillets, in order of decreasing number, consisted of Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Brevibacterium, Micrococcus, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Sarcina, Microbacterium, Corynebacterium, yeasts, Lactobacillus, Vibrio, Aeromonas, and a few Proteus and Escherichia cells. During storage and as spoilage progressed, the flora shifted and the pseudomonads became predominant. Irradiation of fillets to 0.3 and 0.6 Mrad reduced the aforementioned flora to the Achromobacter-Alcaligenes group, which constituted the residual flora throughout fillet storage.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1970

Endo-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase from Clostridium perfringens, lytic for cell wall murein of gram-negative bacteria.

An endo-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase which degrades the murein (peptidoglycan) sacculi of the cell walls of Escherichia coli and Spirillum serpens, but not those of Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Sarcina lutea, is present as a contaminant in a "phospholipase C" from Clostridium perfringens. The specificity of enzyme action was elucidated by reduction of liberated glycosidic groups with NaBH(4) and identification of glucosaminol as the reduction product. This finding contradicts previous reports associating cell wall breakdown with specific phospholipase action.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1970

Methods for the determination of deoxyribonucleic Acid homologies in streptomyces.

Variations of the membrane filter technique for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridizations were studied with respect to Streptomyces species. At the temperatures required for specific hybridization of DNA with the high melting temperature (T(m)) characteristic of Streptomyces, large amounts (up to 97%) of filter-bound DNA became eluted, in all reaction mixtures studied, within 21 hr. In most solutions this leaching was increased by the presence of sheared denatured DNA. Incubation of DNA-loaded filters in a solution of 50% formamide containing 6x standard saline citrate, at 48 C for 40 hr, was judged to be the best set of conditions tested based on relatively good retention of immobilized DNA, very low hybridization with unrelated DNA of a similarly high T(m) (from Sarcina lutea), and the formation of complexes similar in thermal stability to the native DNA. The expression of results as sheared DNA bound in relation to long-chain DNA retained is recommended when a high concentration of sheared DNA relative to immobilized DNA is used.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

Structure of the principal carotenoid pigment of Cellulomonas biazotea.

The yellow-pigmented Cellulomonas biazotea, ATCC 486, contains a mixture of carotenoids. The principal compound is a decapreno carotenoid (C50H72O2) tentatively characterized as 2,2'-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenyl)-gamma,gamma-carotene on the basis of electronic absorption, infrared, proton magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometries. The carotenoid is presumed to be identical to sarcinaxanthin from Sarcina lutea pro-synon. Micrococcus luteus and, therefore, is isomeric with decaprenoxanthin from Cellulomonas dehydrogenans.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1983

Molecular properties of succinate dehydrogenase isolated from Micrococcus luteus (lysodeikticus).

Succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1) of Micrococcus luteus was selectively precipitated from Triton X-100-solubilized membranes by using specific antiserum. The precipitated enzyme contained equimolar amounts of four polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 72,000, 30,000, 17,000, and 15,000. The 72,000 polypeptide possessed a covalently bound flavin prosthetic group and appeared to be strongly antigenic as judged by immunoprinting experiments. Low-temperature absorption spectroscopy revealed the presence of cytochrome b556 in the antigen complex. By analogy with succinate dehydrogenase purified from other sources, the 72,000 and 30,000 polypeptides were considered to represent subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme, whereas one (or both) of the low-molecular-weight polypeptides was attributed to the apoprotein of the b-type cytochrome. A succinate dehydrogenase antigen cross-reacting with the M. luteus enzyme complex could be demonstrated in membranes of Micrococcus roseus, Micrococcus flavus, and Sarcina lutea, but not in the membranes isolated from a wide variety of other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Cross Reactions↗
PubMed1961

Taxonomically significant color reactions of Brevibacterium linens.

Grecz, Nicholas (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.), and Gail M. Dack. Taxonomically significant color reactions of Brevibacterium linens. J. Bacteriol. 82:241-246. 1961.-Brevibacterium linens was observed to give characteristic color reactions with certain bases and acids. An intensive carmine-red color appeared immediately after addition of a drop of 5 n sodium hydroxide, 5 n potassium hydroxide, and saturated barium hydroxide. A light carmine-red was given by lithium hydroxide, and a light orange-red with a milky suspension of calcium hydroxide. No discernible color change was given with weak bases such as ammonium hydroxide, aniline, and pyridine.A characteristic salmon-pink color was produced when B. linens was rubbed with a glass rod in a drop of glacial acetic acid or filter paper; a brick-red color was produced with aniline under these conditions. With syrupy phosphoric acid a green color appeared within 3 to 4 min which turned blue after approximately 3 hr. The blue color was stable for several days. On the basis of these color reactions, B. linens could be distinguished from other microorganisms possessing yellow-orange pigmentation, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus flavus, Micrococcus citreus, Mycobacterium phlei, Sarcina lutea. Therefore, these color changes may be used for the identification of B. linens. Original isolates of B. linens from cheese were tested by these spot reactions and all presumptive identifications could be subsequently confirmed by conventional methods. Blue and green colors appeared in all yellow-orange chromogens treated with sulfuric, perchloric, and hydrochloric acids and hence these colors were not specific for B. linens.

Brevibacterium↗
PubMed1961

Oxidative activity of psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria on saturated fatty acids.

Sultzer, Barnet M. (Michigan State University, East Lansing). Oxidative activity of psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria on saturated fatty acids. J. Bacteriol. 82:492-497. 1961.-Comparisons were made of the capacity of representative psychrophilic pseudomonads and of the mesophilic Serratia marcescens and Sarcina flava to oxidize sodium salts of fatty acids at temperatures ranging from 7.5 to 40 C. Conventional manometric techniques were employed to determine respiration of whole cells and of cell-free extracts of the bacteria. Reaction velocity constants were measured with whole cell preparations on octanoate at temperatures between 7.5 and 40 C. Temperature characteristic (mu) values, obtained by an Arrhenius plot of these reaction velocity constants, revealed a dissimilarity in response of the different types of organisms to the influence of decreasing temperature. The psychrophiles exhibited significantly lower mu values while oxidizing octanoate at much higher rates throughout the same temperature range. Changes in the slopes of the Arrhenius plots at various temperatures emphasized the differences in mu values between the psychrophiles and mesophiles. Extracts of these organisms were tested for their cofactor requirements and all were found to require adenosine triphosphate and coenzyme A to activate the octanoate oxidase system. Thus, in this experimental system, differences between these types of bacteria in their oxidative response to a saturated fatty acid cannot be explained by the initial activating mechanism involved. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the growth and physiological activity of psychrophiles at low temperatures.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1961

Bacterial dissimilation of L-fucose and L-rhamnose.

Eagon, R. G. (University of Georgia, Athens). Bacterial dissimilation of l-fucose and l-rhamnose. J. Bacteriol. 82:548-550. 1961.-Of 33 microorganisms screened for the ability to utilize the methylpentoses, l-fucose and l-rhamnose, 18 species utilized one or both methylpentoses. The majority of the bacterial species capable of utilizing these methylpentoses did so by isomerization of the methylpentoses to the corresponding ketoses followed by phosphorylation of the ketoses. However, the existence of a second pathway is suggested by results obtained from Sarcina lutea, Bacillus megaterium, Gaffkya tetragena, and Rhizobium leguminosarum.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1963

EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE COLONIAL GROWTH OF PATHOGENIC LEPTOSPIRAE.

Yanagawa, R. (National Institute of Animal Health, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan), T. Hiramune, and J. Fujita. Effects of carbon dioxide on the colonial growth of pathogenic leptospirae. J. Bacteriol. 85:875-880. 1963.-The growth of colonies of pathogenic leptospirae was examined in air of various CO(2) concentrations, ranging from air from which CO(2) was absorbed to air with 20% CO(2) added, and was compared with the growth of other microorganisms of the genera Mycoplasma, Brucella, Vibrio, Erysipelothrix, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Sarcina, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Escherichia, and Bacillus. The colonial growth of the 24 strains of pathogenic leptospirae examined was similar to that of other organisms in that the growth was negative in air from which naturally contained CO(2) had been absorbed, the growth tended to be inhibited in 5 to 20% CO(2) in proportion to the CO(2) concentration, and good colonial growth of leptospirae was obtained in a relatively narrow range of CO(2) concentration (from the normal amount in air to around 1%). The growth of some leptospirae was accelerated in 1% CO(2), but not that of the strains of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, which required a lower range of CO(2), and of L. canicola. The CO(2) requirement of pathogenic leptospirae was similar, to some extent, to that of Mycoplasma mycoides, but was not so high as that of Brucella abortus. Incorporation of C(14)O(2) was demonstrated in leptospirae.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

MICROMORPHOLOGY OF DERMATOPHILUS CONGOLENSIS.

Gordon, Morris A. (Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany), and Mercedes R. Edwards. Micromorphology of Dermatophilus congolensis. J. Bacteriol. 86:1101-1115. 1963.-As seen in electron micrographs of thin sections, Dermatophilus congolensis is a holocarpic actinomycete that fragments, after formation of septa in several planes, into Sarcina-like packets and then into individual cocci. Release of coccal forms from the filaments and packets is by dissolution of a capsular matrix, which is a product of degradation of the cell wall. The plasmalemma is a "unit membrane." Regularly occurring plasmalemmosomes ("onion bodies") of uniform structure are apparently related to septum formation. A typical bacterial nucleoid is seen in most sections, and ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Specimens for electron microscopy were prepared by a modification of Kellenberger's method.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1982

Culture medium for confirmation of penicillin-resistant and penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

A culture method for the isolation and identification of penicillinase (beta-lactamase)-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) was evaluated in the Philippines where PPNG are common. The method uses plastic biplates containing standard Martin-Lewis gonorrhea culture medium in one side of the biplate and PPNG-selective medium containing 1.5 microgram of penicillin G per ml and a suspension of Sarcina lutea (Micrococcus lutea) that was susceptible to 0.01 microgram of penicillin G per ml in the other side. Penicillin-resistant gonococci grow on both sides of the biplate. The hydrolysis of penicillin by beta-lactamase permits the growth of S. lutea around PPNG colonies. With this medium we successfully identified 11 of 12 PPNG strains growing on primary isolation plates. A 48- to 72-h incubation period was needed, however, for visible growth of S. lutea around PPNG colonies. A unique advantage of this method was the identification of non-PPNG strains which also grew on penicillin-containing medium but did not allow growth of S. lutea. These relatively penicillin-resistant strains were the cause of infections which were not cured by penicillin treatment in 2 of 11 patients.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1991

Cellulose biosynthesis and function in bacteria.

The current model of cellulose biogenesis in plants, as well as bacteria, holds that the membranous cellulose synthase complex polymerizes glucose moieties from UDP-Glc into beta-1,4-glucan chains which give rise to rigid crystalline fibrils upon extrusion at the outer surface of the cell. The distinct arrangement and degree of association of the polymerizing enzyme units presumably govern extracellular chain assembly in addition to the pattern and width of cellulose fibril deposition. Most evident for Acetobacter xylinum, polymerization and assembly appear to be tightly coupled. To date, only bacteria have been effectively studied at the biochemical and genetic levels. In A. xylinum, the cellulose synthase, composed of at least two structurally similar but functionally distinct subunits, is subject to a multicomponent regulatory system. Regulation is based on the novel nucleotide cyclic diguanylic acid, a positive allosteric effector, and the regulatory enzymes maintaining its intracellular turnover: diguanylate cyclase and Ca2(+)-sensitive bis-(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) phosphodiesterase. Four genes have been isolated from A. xylinum which constitute the operon for cellulose synthesis. The second gene encodes the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase; the functions of the other three gene products are still unknown. Exclusively an extracellular product, bacterial cellulose appears to fulfill diverse biological roles within the natural habitat, conferring mechanical, chemical, and physiological protection in A. xylinum and Sarcina ventriculi or facilitating cell adhesion during symbiotic or infectious interactions in Rhizobium and Agrobacterium species. A. xylinum is proving to be most amenable for industrial purposes, allowing the unique features of bacterial cellulose to be exploited for novel product applications.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1975

Effect on microorganisms of volatile compounds released from germinating seeds.

Volatile compounds evolved from germinating seeds of slash pine, bean, cabbage, corn, cucumber, and pea were evaluated for their ability to support growth of microorganisms in liquid mineral salts media lacking a carbon source. Growth of eight bacteria was measured turbidimetrically and of six fungi as dry weight of mycelium. Volatiles caused increased growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus cereus, Erwinia carotovora, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, A. radiobacter, Rhizobium japonicum, Mucor mucedo, Fusarium oxysporum f. conglutinans, Trichoderma viride, and Penicillium vermiculatum but not of Sarcina lutea, Serratia marcescens, Chaetomium globosum, or Schizophyllum commune. Spores of Trichoderma viride showed higher germination in the presence of volatiles. Effects on growth were apparent only during the first 3 or 4 days after planting the seeds. Killed or dried seeds had no effect. The volatiles did not support microbial growth in the absence of nitrogen nor did they supply growth factors. Passing volatiles through KMnO4 or hydrazone reduced growth of the bacteria, indicating that oxidizable organic compounds, primarily aldehydes, were the active components. The volatiles were not absorbed by sterile soil, clay minerals, or water, but they were absorbed by non-steril soil and activated charcoal.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1983

Survey, purification, and properties of sugar phosphate phosphohydrolase among microorganisms.

Sugar phosphate phosphohydrolase was purified approximately 500- to 600-fold to apparent homogeneity from Escherichia coli B, Escherichia coli C, Escherichia coli var. communior, Escherichia acidilactici, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, and Saccharomyces cereviseae. The molecular weights of the enzyme as estimated by gel filtration ranged from 97 X 10(3) to 101 X 10(3). The enzyme was composed of two subunits with the same molecular weight which ranged from 50 X 10(3) to 52 X 10(3), as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Homogeneous enzyme preparations hydrolyse all the tested alpha-D-aldohexose 1-phosphate, D-(keto or aldo)hexose 6-phosphate, and pentose phosphate substrates significantly. When the microorganisms were transferred from growth medium with 1% glucose to that without glucose, there were dramatic increases in both the specific and total enzyme activities. At least three isozymes appeared to be present in S. cereviseae, and two appeared to be present in E. coli B, E. coli var. communior, and N. meningitidis. Rabbit antiserum immunized against sugar phosphate phosphohydrolase purified from E. coli B cross-reacted with both the crude extracts and purified preparations of the enzyme from the other microorganisms. The presence of neither sugar phosphate phosphohydrolase activity nor immunocrossreacting material was detected in the following microorganisms: Aspergillus niger, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilis, Citrobacter freundii, Clostridium butyricum, Corynebacterium xerosis, Flavobacterium aquatile, Flavobacterium synxanthum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Micrococcus coralinus, Neisseria perflava, Neurospora crassa, Penicilium expansum, Penicilium notatum, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Saccharomyces fermenti, Sarcina lutea, and Streptomyces antibioticus. At present, no conclusive relationship can be established between the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system and the enzyme sugar phosphate phosphohydrolase among microorganisms. The physiological role of sugar phosphate phosphohydrolase as a transferase and regulatory enzyme is discussed.

Bacteria↗