Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SAPONINS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

[Determination of the content of saponin in Kochia scoparia fruits from different producing areas].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the content of momordin Ic and total saponin in K. scoparia fruits from eleven producing areas. METHOD: HPLC-ELSD and colorimetric method were used to determine the content of momordin Ic and total saponin, respectively. RESULT: The content of momordin Ic in K. scoparia fruits was related to that of total saponin. In the eleven kinds of K. scoparia fruits tested, those produced in Bozhou, Baoding Anguo and Heilongjiang contained more saponins. CONCLUSION: The content of saponin in K. scoparia fruits from various areas is different, and attention must be paid to the effects of environment on the quality of herbs.

Chenopodiaceae↗
PubMed1991

Composition and structure of "group B saponin" in soybean seed.

The composition of "group B saponin" in soybean seed was analyzed by HPLC, and six kinds of "group B saponin," named Ba, Bb, Bb', Bc, Bd and Be according to elution order from HPLC, were detected. Of these saponins, Ba, Bb, Bb' and Bc were identified with soyasaponin V, I, III and II, respectively. Bd and Be were novel saponins possessing soyasapogenol E as the aglycone and the same sugar chain as Ba and Bb, respectively. These saponins were very unstable in the isolated state and had a tendency to form Ba and Bb, respectively. From these results, Bd and Be are presumed to be the precursors of Ba and Bb in soybean seed.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2003

[Investigations on the molecular mechanisms of saponins from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge using oligonucleotide microarrays].

AIM: To investigate the molecular mechanisms of saponins from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. METHODS: Oligonucleotide microarrays consisting of 87 probes representing 87 human cardiovascular disease-related genes were constructed. Effects of saponins on gene expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells were analyzed by comparing hybridization of Cy 5-labeled cDNAs from saponins-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells and Cy 3-labeled cDNAs from untreated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. RESULTS: The results indicate that angiotensinogen gene, alpha 2A-adrenoceptor gene and endothelin-converting enzyme 1 gene were downregulated 2.8, 1.9 and 3.1 folds respectively after human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated in medium containing 80 mg.L-1 saponins. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that saponins may have beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases by modulating the function of vein endothial cells and microarray can be used to investigate the biological action of extracts from traditional Chinese medicine.

Anemarrhena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ultraviolet derivatization of steroidal saponin in garlic and commercial garlic products as p-nitrobenzoate for liquid chromatographic determination.

A method is described for determination of the steroidal saponin, eruboside B, originating in garlic and garlic products as the p-nitrobenzoyl chloride (PNBC) derivative by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (with ultraviolet detection at 260 nm. Proto-eruboside B was extracted from garlic (Allium sativum L.); subjected to solid-phase extraction (SPE) with a C18 cartridge, Florisil column chromatography, and silica gel column chromatography; and then enzymatically converted to eruboside B, which was applied as an external standard. Steroidal saponins in garlic and commercial garlic products were extracted with methanol and purified by SPE cartridges, followed by enzymatic treatment. A frostanol saponin such as proto-eruboside B is enzymatically transformed to a spirostanol saponin, eruboside B. After the derivatization with PNBC, the saponin derivative was chromatographed on a C8 column with a gradient elution of (A) 80% aqueous acetonitrile and (B) 100% acetonitrile. The detection limit of the developed method was 1 microg/g for the samples. The method was applied to the analysis of garlic and garlic health food products available in Japan.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2005

[Optimization of purification conditions for with macroporous adsorption resin total saponins from smilax china].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a with high efficiency and practicality for separating and purifying total steroidal saponins lax china. METHOD: Using adsorption capacity and desorption rate of total steroidal saponins as the primary screening index, surveyed, and the optimized conditions of adsorption and desorption of total steroidal saponins were studied. RESULT: The adsorption and desorption rate of total steroidal saponins reached 16 mg x mL(-1) and 90% respectively for macroporous resin HPD100 chosen. Macroporous resin HPD100 could be well used in separating and purifying total steroidal saponins from S. china.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

[Research on effect of total saponins of yinfenglun on uterine].

OBJECTIVE: To research the effect of total saponins of Yinfenglun on uterine. METHOD: Models of uterine inflammation were established to observe the effect of total saponins of Yinfenglun. Uterine contractive effects were studied on rats in vitro and on rabbit in vivo. Weight of uterus and levels of estrogen and progestogen were determined. RESULT: Total Saponins of Yinfenglun had the ameliorated tendency to metritis of model rats, and increased the contractive range and motorricity of uterine of rats in vitro and of rabbit in vivo. The effect to uterus in vivo maintained longer. Total saponins of Yinfenglun could increase the weight of uterus and have an increased tendency on the content of estrogen, but not the level of progestogen. CONCLUSION: There are obvious effects on uterine of total saponins of Yinfenglun, which are related to its clinical use.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Studies on the process of Herba Clinopodii saponins purified with macroporous adsorption resin].

OBJECTIVE: To study the technological parameters of the purification process of saponins with macroporous adsorption resin. METHODS: The adsorptive characteristics and elutive parameters of the process were studied by taking the elutive and purified ratio of saponins as markers. RESULTS: 11.4 ml of the extraction of Herba Clinopodii (crude drugs 0.2 g/ml) was purified with a column of macroporous adsorption resin (phi15 mm x H90 mm, dry weight 2.5 g) and washed with 3BV of distilled water, then eluted with 3BV of 30% ethanol and 3BV of 70% ethanol. Most of saponins were collected in the 70% ethanol. CONCLUSION: With macroporous adsorption resin adsorbing and purifying,the elutive ratio of saponins is 86.8% and the purity reaches 153.2%. So this process of applying macroporous adsorption resin to adsorb and purify Saponins is feasible.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

[Simultaneous determination of total flavone and total saponin in Gynostemma pentaphyllum by signal multiplier spectrophotometry].

Important chemical constituents analysis for the total flavone and total saponin in Gynostemma pentaphyllum is described. The colour reactions of flavones and saponines with vanillin-perchloric acid in acetic acid produced the good absorptions at 451 and 547 nm, but the absorption peaks too overlapped to be determined simultaneously. A new method for the total flavone and the total saponin in Gynostemma pentaphyllum to be determined by signal multiplier spectrophotometry simultaneously without any preliminary separation was proposed. For quantitative analysis, the rutinum as a standard of the total flavone and the ginsenoside Rb1 as standard of the total saponin were applied. The experiment results showed that the regression equations of concentration and deltaA were obtained: deltaAflavone = 0.0133+4.417 0Cflavone, relation coefficient rflavone = 0.9994, and the total flavone concentrations were in 0-0. 16 microg x mI(-1) with deltaA obeying linear relation; deltaAsaporin = 2.775 5Csaponin -0.8881 x 10(-2), relation coefficient rsaponin = 0.9991, and the total saponin concentrations were in 0-0.30 microg x mL(-1) with deltaA obeying linear relation respectively. The recovery ratio was 104.0%-113.0% and 86.8%-94.6% respectively. The RSDflavone was less than 0.58% (n = 9) and RSDsaponin was less than 0. 35% (n=9) respectively. The proposed method is simple, rapid accurate and feasible.

Feasibility Studies↗
PubMed2006

Effect of ginseng saponin, arsenic trioxide, beta-elemene combined with CTX on telomere-telomerase system in K562 cell line.

This study was aimed to investigate the modulating effects on telomere length and telomerase activity in K562 cells treated by arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, beta-elemene alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide (CTX) and to explore the possible mechanism and new therapy for acute leukemia. Human erythroleukemic cell line K562 was co-cultured with the above-mentioned drugs. Cells were collected after 24, 48 and 72 hours for further detection. Telomere length and telomerase activity were detected by Southern-blot and PCR-ELISA respectively. The effects of these drugs were observed at different concentrations and exposure time. The results showed that (1) ginseng saponin, arsenic trioxide, beta-elemene, or CTX could completely inhibit the telomerase activity of K562 cells at proper concentrations and exposure time. The inhibiting effects were enhanced when the three former drugs were used with CTX. Telomerase activity decreased proportionally with the concentrations and length of time. (2) viability of K562 cells was decreased after being co-cultured with arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, beta-elemene and CTX. The level of inhibition depends on the concentration and exposure time. (3) telomere length of K562 cells was 5.36 +/- 0.18 kb. After being co-cultured with those drugs for 72 hours, telomere length was 5.90 kb -6.50 kb, significantly longer than that of control (5.18 - 5.35 kb). It is concluded that arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, and beta-elemene can inhibit the growth and telomerase activity of K562 cells. The inhibiting effects were enhanced when they were used in combination with CTX. The depression of telomerase activity may be one of the mechanisms of anti-tumor effect. Less dosage and shorter course can be expected when arsenic trioxide, ginseng saponin, and beta-elemene are used in combination with CTX. When telomerase activity was depressed, the telomere length prolonged a little, indicating K562 cell line may extend telomeres by some alternative way other than telomerase activation.

Arsenic Trioxide↗
PubMed1990

[Immunomodulatory action of the total saponin of Gynostemma pentaphylla].

The specimen of the total saponin for this experimental study was extracted from Gynostemma pentaphylla growing in Suining county in Hunan province. Weight of immune organs, content of anti-SRBC hemolysin, rate of special Ea-RFC formation and percentage of NK cell activity had been employed for the study as experimental indices, both the normal healthy mice and the mice with immunity impairment due to Cyclophosphamide (Cy) management as experimental models. The results of the study exhibited: (1) The total saponin of Gynostemma pentaphylla could markedly act against the immunity inhibition due to Cy management in the experimental animals, showing a variant recovery in mice treated by Cy in weight of the immune organs, content of hemolysin, forming rate of Ea-RFC and unequivocally elevating NK cell activity, by significant difference in comparison with the Cy control groups (P less than 0.05-0.01). (2) The total saponin showed a definite of bidirective immunomodulatory action in normal healthy mice, recovering the immune indices to normal value from either originally lower or higher than the medium figure, by significant difference in comparison with the Cy control groups (P less than 0.05-0.01). (3) The total saponin had actions to prevent from fatigue and to tolerate hypoxia under usual atmospheric pressure. The above description indicates that the total saponin of Gynostemma pentaphylla is a better immunomodulator, seems to be like the actions of some Chinese drugs, for example, Panax ginseng, Astragalus membranaceus etc.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interactions of saponin with microsomal membranes isolated from vascular smooth muscle.

The effects of the plant glycosides extract, saponin, on various biochemical properties of microsomal fractions isolated from dog aortae and mesenteric arteries were investigated. These properties include binding and transport of Ca2+, ouabain-sensitive K+ activated p-nitrophenyl phosphatase (hereafter termed K+-pNPPase) and binding of radiolabelled antagonists to adrenoceptors. We found that saponin inhibited both Ca2+ binding and transport by the vascular muscle microsomes in a dose-dependent manner, but it caused marked enhancement of the K+-pNPPase activity. Saponin only slightly reduced the Bmax, but not the Kd of [125I]-iodocyanopindolol binding to the beta-adrenoceptors of the dog mesenteric artery microsomes. A similar finding on the [3H]-prazosin binding to the alpha 1-adrenoceptor in dog aortic microsomes was also observed. Our findings are consistent with the "skinning" action of saponin on the smooth muscle and provide direct evidence that saponin does not attenuate the recognition properties of the adrenoceptors in the cell membranes.

4-Nitrophenylphosphatase↗
PubMed1998

Uptake and adjuvant activity of orally delivered saponin and ISCOM vaccines.

Saponins are a highly heterogenous group of glycosides which are common in plants and have been known to have adjuvant properties since the 1920s. The immunostimulating complex or ISCOM is a particulate adjuvant/antigen delivery system. ISCOMs are open cage-like complexes typically with a diameter of about 40 nm which are built up by cholesterol, lipid, immunogen and saponins from the bark of Quillaia saponaria Molina (soap bark tree). ISCOMs and saponins are used as adjuvants in some commercial veterinary vaccines and have been examined as adjuvants in a large number of human experimental vaccines. This review describes the current status and potential of saponin and ISCOMs as adjuvants for orally-administered vaccines with special reference to the induction of local and systemic immune responses and interactions with the intestinal epithelium. The structure and composition of saponins and ISCOMs will also be reviewed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Altered immunomodulating and toxicological properties of degraded Quillaja saponaria Molina saponins.

Quillaja saponins are readily hydrolyzed under physiological conditions, yielding deacylated forms that are significantly less toxic than their precursors. Yet, deacylated saponins are unable to stimulate a strong primary immune response. Although deacylated saponins elicit a strong total IgG response, their capacity to stimulate a Thl type IgG isotype profile (i.e. high levels of IgG2a and IgG2b) has been significantly diminished. Instead, an IgG profile closer to that of a Th2 immune response is stimulated (i.e. high IgG1 levels). Deacylated saponins have also lost their capacity to elicit an effective T cell immunity, as shown by their stimulation of a marginal lymphoproliferative response and their inability to elicit the production of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL). Modification of the immune-modulating properties brought by the degradation of quillaja saponins during vaccine storage may change the intended immune response from a Th1 to a Th2 type. This alteration would have negligible effects on vaccines depending on Th2 immunity mediated by neutralizing antibodies. However, the performance of vaccines directed against intracellular pathogens as well as therapeutic cancer vaccines may be seriously affected by the loss of their capacity to stimulate both a Th1 immune response and the production of CTL.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2003

Enzymatic preparation of ginsenosides Rg2, Rh1, and F1 from protopanaxatriol-type ginseng saponin mixture.

During investigations on the hydrolysis of a protopanaxatriol-type saponin mixture by various glycoside hydrolases, it was found that two minor saponins, ginsenosides Rg 2 and Rh 1, were formed in high yields by crude beta-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae and crude lactase from Penicillium sp., respectively. Moreover, a crude preparation of naringinase from Penicillium decumbens readily hydrolyzed a protopanaxatriol-type saponin mixture to give an intestinal bacterial metabolite, ginsenoside F 1 as the main product. A crude preparation of hesperidinase from Penicillium sp. selectively hydrolyzed ginsenoside Re into ginsenoside Rg 1. This is the first report on the enzymatic preparation of minor saponins, ginsenosides Rg 2 and Rh 1, and of an intestinal bacterial metabolite, ginsenoside F 1, with a high efficiency from a protopanaxatriol-type saponin mixture.

Aspergillus oryzae↗
PubMed2005

Modulating effect of ginseng saponins on heterologously expressed HERG currents in Xenopus oocytes.

AIM: To examine the effects of ginseng saponins on the heterologously expressed human ether-a-go-go related gene (HERG) that encodes the rapid component of the delayed rectifier K+ channel. METHODS: A two-electrode voltage clamp technique was used. HERG currents were recorded in Xenopus oocytes injected with HERG cRNA. RESULTS: Crude saponins of Korean red ginseng (GS) induced a minimal increase of the maximal HERG conductance without changes in the voltage-dependent HERG current activation and inactivation curves. GS, however, decelerated HERG current deactivation in a concentration-dependent manner, which was more noticeable with panaxitriol (PT) than panaxidiol (PD). Consistently, ginseng saponins increased the HERG deactivation time constants with the order of potency of Rg1 (a major component of PT)>Rf1>Rb1 (a major component of PD). Re had little effect on HERG deactivation. During a cardiac action potential, GS increased the outward HERG current. CONCLUSION: Ginseng saponins enhance HERG currents, which could be in part a possible mechanism of the shortening cardiac action potential of ginseng saponins.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

Lysis with Saponin improves detection of the response through CD203c and CD63 in the basophil activation test after crosslinking of the high affinity IgE receptor FcepsilonRI.

BACKGROUND: The basophil activation test (BAT), in which translocation of markers to the surface of blood basophils is measured in response to allergen by flow cytometry, is a rapid assay that is gaining popularity. Two markers are currently being evaluated for the BAT; CD63 and the lineage-specific CD203c. In a recent report, detection of CD203c after lysis with Saponin was shown to be superior to detection of CD63 after lysis with formic acid. We wanted to compare a) lysis with formic acid and lysis with Saponin, b) the response through CD203c and CD63, and c) the definition 10% activated cells above background with the probability binning metric T(chi) > 4, on sets of data generated with blood basophils stimulated with varying concentrations of anti-FcepsilonRI antibody. METHODS: Blood from volunteers was incubated with serial logarithmic dilutions of anti-FcepsilonRI and subsequently with antibodies to CD203c PE and CD63 FITC. Sets of samples set up in parallel were lysed with either Saponin based Whole Blood Lysing reagent or with formic acid based Immunoprep/Q-prep. Samples were acquired on a FACS Calibur, but were compensated and analysed offline. Responders were defined as persons who had 10% or more activated basophils above background, or a T(chi) > 4, for two consecutive dilutions of anti-FcepsilonRI antibody. RESULTS: More basophils (median 1164 vs. median 397) and better discrimination of upregulated CD203c and CD63 amongst responders were obtained after lysis with Saponin than after lysis with formic acid. We suggest that CD203c may be a more sensitive marker for the BAT than CD63, as 6/11 responders were found with CD203c, compared with 3/11 with CD63. Most responders (7/11) were identified with probability binning. CONCLUSION: A combination of lysis with Saponin and the markers CD203c and CD63 computed by probability binning may be the most sensitive method of detecting activation of basophils after stimulation through FcepsilonRI.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2026

Tandem Duplication-Driven Neofunctionalization of UDP-Glycosyltransferases Shapes the Diversification of Triterpenoid Saponins in the Cucurbitaceae.

Tandem duplication of tailoring enzymes allows evolutionary innovation that diversifies plant specialized metabolism. Here, we present an interesting example of how tandem duplicated UDP-glycosyltransferases undergo neofunctionalization and shape the chemical diversity of triterpenoid saponins in the Cucurbitaceae family. A chromosome-level genome of Siraitia grosvenorii was assembled and aligned with multiple cucurbit genomes, revealing a specific UGT73AM tandem duplication responsible for regio-selective glycosylation (e.g. the rare 1,4-linked disaccharide) of diverse saponins such as mogrosides, ginsenosides, and momordicines. Comparative genomics depicted the evolutionary trajectory of a universal saponin-biosynthesizing UGT73 tandem arrays syntenously preserved across core eudicots, where lineage-specific UGT copies contribute to distinct metabolic phenotypes. A crystal structure of SgUGT73AM30 (mogrol 25-O-glycosyltransferase) in complex with UDP and mogrol was obtained to elucidate the molecular basis of the regio-specific decoration on vicinal diol of the substrates. Altogether, these findings provide insights into tandem duplication-driven diversification of glycosyltransferases and lay the foundation for engineered glycosylation of valuable triterpenoid saponins.

Saponins↗
PubMed1997

Identification and analysis of eosinophils by flow cytometry using the depolarized side scatter-saponin method.

This study describes a method for flow cytometric (FCM) identification and analysis of eosinophils (EOS) in mixed granulocyte populations without the need of further cell purification. Granulocytes were prepared from 10 ml blood samples obtained from 14 non-atopic healthy subjects and 16 hypereosinophilic subjects. The cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde (PFA) and permeabilized with either saponin or n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (OG) before FCM. Side scatter light (SS) and depolarized sideward light scatterings (dSS) were measured before and after granulocyte fixation and permeabilization. Based on autofluorescence of cells, EOS were depicted in forward scatter (FS)-SS and FS-dSS cytograms. FS-dSS analysis of PFA-saponin-treated cells provided the best discrimination between EOS (high dSS) and neutrophils (low dSS) in normal and hypereosinophilic blood samples (n = 22). Subsequent sorting and differential staining of the two populations further confirmed cell identity in high dSS (97.2 +/- 3.0% EOS) and low dSS (99.6 +/- 0.5% neutrophils) PFA-saponin-treated cells (n = 5). Similar FS-dSS profiles were obtained for hypodense (HBSS-1.082 g/ml interface) and normodense (1.082-1.100 g/ml interface) EOS separated by centrifugation on discontinuous Percoll gradients and treated with PFA-saponin. Using this method, we successfully detected the cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-5, and interferon gamma (IFN gamma) in blood EOS of normal and hypereosinophilic subjects (n = 12). In conclusion, this method allows the analysis of EOS intracellular antigens in mixed granulocyte populations obtained from small blood samples. This analysis is not affected by the buoyant density of eosinophils, and can therefore be applied for the analysis of blood EOS in various types and severities of diseases.

Cell Separation↗