[Rodenticide effect of warfarin. 1. Effect on blood coagulation].
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Animals↗
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Control of the susceptibility of rats (Rattus norvegicus) to anticoagulant rodenticides, in Gdynia--port and city.
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Animals↗
[Changes in the cardiovascular system after continuous and intermittent administration of the rodenticide ratron].
The authors follow up the effect of "Ratron" a raticide (coumarin derivative) with two regimes of administration--monotonous and intermittent--upon the state of the cardiovascular system of experimental animals. The experiment was carried out on 65 female albino rats, grouped into three groups: group I--20 animals treated 5 times weekly with 1/100 LD50 ratron--five weeks; group II--25 animals, administered 5 times weekly every second week 1/50 LD50, and group III--20 controls. At the end of the sixth month, the state of the metabolic processes and the qualitative and quantitative characteristic of the connective tissue of myocardium and aorta were followed up by biochemical and histological methods. Unidirectional deviations in metabolism and the structure of myocardium and aorta were observed under the effect of both regimes, the changes being better manifested with the intermittent administration of ratron. Data were established not only about the general toxic effect of ratron but about the direct lesions of vessels, multiple hemorrhages, interstitial oedema, regeneration of endothelium, structural changes in the small vessels, changes in the components of the basic intercellular substance of the connective tissue.
Animals↗
[Evaluation of warfarin as an anticoagulant rodenticide in rodent control on warships].
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Animals↗
Field evaluation of capsaicin as a rodent aversion agent for poultry feed.
Developing additional techniques for reducing animal feed contamination by rodents and controlling rodent populations is critical to efforts aimed at reducing the occurrence of Salmonella spp infection on poultry farms. Capsaicin, a compound found in chili peppers of the genus Capsicum, produces a burning sensation in the mouth of mammals and is used effectively as an animal deterrent for some pest species. Applied to poultry feed, capsaicin may be effective as an aversive agent to deter rodent feeding and enhance acceptability of rodenticide baits. We tested capsaicin-treated poultry diets (2000 and 3000 Scoville Heat Units, SHU) in no-choice feeding trials at four active New York farms in the winter of 1997-1998. At all farms, consumption of the 2000 SHU diet by rodents (Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus (Berk), and house mice, Mus musculus L) was significantly less than consumption of a control diet. Consumption of the 3000 SHU diet by rodents was significantly less than consumption of a control diet at three of the four farms. Overall, consumption of treated diets was 58-97% and 55-98% less than consumption of the control diet, for the 2000 and 3000 SHU diets, respectively. These reductions appeared to be related closely to the availability of alternative feed sources at these farms. Two-choice feeding trials involving a rodenticide bait (0.05 g kg(-1) brodifacoum) and the 3000 SHU diet demonstrated that Norway rats preferred the rodenticide to the capsaicin-treated poultry feed. Overall, rodenticide bait acceptance was high (95.6%) when offered simultaneously with capsaicin-treated poultry feed. Although poultry managers must utilize several techniques to manage rodent pests, the use of capsaicin-treated diets to reduce feed losses and increase rodenticide bait acceptance appears promising. Use of capsaicin-treated feed on poultry farms may substantially reduce feed contamination by rodents and ultimately the incidence of Salmonella infection in poultry.
Animal Feed↗
Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine: old agent and new terror.
Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine has accounted for numerous intentional and unintentional poisonings in China. In May 2002, the first known case of human illness in the United States caused by tetramethylenedisulfotetramine, a banned neurotoxic rodenticide from China, occurred in New York City. The clinical presentation after tetramethylenedisulfotetramine exposure is dose dependent, and the most recognized complication is status epilepticus. Poisonings may be fatal within hours. No known antidote exists, and treatment is mainly supportive. Anecdotal reports, case reports, and 2 animal studies suggest possible success with certain pharmacologic interventions, including pyridoxine and chelation therapy. Pesticide and rodenticide poisonings, whether intentional or unintentional, pose a serious threat to populations, and the availability of a banned rodenticide such as tetramethylenedisulfotetramine, with its associated morbidity and lethality, is a serious public health concern. Given the recent case report that confirms the presence of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine in the United States, the toxicity of the compound, its unique physical properties, the absence of an antidote, and the history of its use as an agent of intentional mass poisoning, public health entities have undertaken educational efforts to inform the public, health care providers, and emergency personnel of this potentially lethal rodenticide.
Animals↗
Locus-specific genetic differentiation at Rw among warfarin-resistant rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations.
Populations may diverge at fitness-related genes as a result of adaptation to local conditions. The ability to detect this divergence by marker-based genomic scans depends on the relative magnitudes of selection, recombination, and migration. We survey rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations to assess the effect that local selection with anticoagulant rodenticides has had on microsatellite marker variation and differentiation at the warfarin resistance gene (Rw) relative to the effect on the genomic background. Initially, using a small sample of 16 rats, we demonstrate tight linkage of microsatellite D1Rat219 to Rw by association mapping of genotypes expressing an anticoagulant-rodenticide-insensitive vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase (VKOR). Then, using allele frequencies at D1Rat219, we show that predicted and observed resistance levels in 27 populations correspond, suggesting intense and recent selection for resistance. A contrast of F(ST) values between D1Rat219 and the genomic background revealed that rodenticide selection has overwhelmed drift-mediated population structure only at Rw. A case-controlled design distinguished these locus-specific effects of selection at Rw from background levels of differentiation more effectively than a population-controlled approach. Our results support the notion that an analysis of locus-specific population genetic structure may assist the discovery and mapping of novel candidate loci that are the object of selection or may provide supporting evidence for previously identified loci.
Animals↗
Arsenic exposures in Mississippi: a review of cases.
Arsenic poisonings occur in Mississippi despite public education campaigns to prevent poisonings in the home. We reviewed 44 Mississippi cases of arsenic exposures occurring from January 1986 to May 1990. We compared the epidemiologic differences between unintentional and intentional poisonings. Cases were found and characterized through the two toxicology laboratories and hospital records. Arsenic-based rodenticides were the arsenic source in 23 of the 44 exposures. Other sources were monosodium methylarsenate (4 cases), dodecyl ammonium methane arsonate (5 cases), and other compounds (12 cases). Of the 44 exposures, 27 were unintentional, 7 were suicide attempts, 6 were homicide attempts, and 4 were of unknown intent. Of the 27 unintentionally exposed patients, 19 were black and 14 were male; their median age was 3 years. Of the 13 intentionally poisoned persons, 9 were male and 10 were black, with a median age of 28 years. Six of the seven patients who attempted suicide were white; four of the six victims of attempted homicide were black. We recommend removal of remaining bottles of arsenic-based rodenticides from store shelves, and we urge practicing physicians to warn patients of the dangers of using such rodenticides.
Accidents, Home↗
Successful reversal of anticoagulant effect of superwarfarin poisoning with recombinant activated factor VII.
The use of second-generation anticoagulants termed "superwarfarins" as rodenticides, although widespread, is poorly controlled. Products containing superwarfarin have been marketed in over-the-counter rodenticides and can be easily purchased. Poor control potentiates the risk of accidental or intentional poisoning, but clinicians may underestimate the incidence of superwarfarin toxicity. Therefore, when cases of unexplained acquired coagulopathy and selective deficiency of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors occur in patients in the absence of liver disease or inhibitors, physicians should consider the possibility of superwarfarin poisoning as a cause. According to our own experience, recombinant activated factor VII (NovoSeven; Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) appears to be a safe and effective therapy for acute bleeding caused by superwarfarin poisoning. Due to the extended half-life of the second-generation rodenticides, follow-up therapy with oral vitamin K1 should be of long-term duration.
4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
[Determination of fluoroacetatamide and fluoroacetic acid by capillary gas chromatography].
A rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of fluoroacetatamide and fluoroacetic acid in rodenticides by capillary gaschromatography was described in this paper. Isoamyl alcohol was used as the internal standard. The determination curves of fluoroacetatamide and fluoroacetic acid in rodenticides were linear in the ranges of 0.0625-4 mg/ml and 0.625-20 mg/ml. The detection limits of fluoroacetatamide and fluoroacetic acid were 31.25 micrograms/ml (32.5 ng) and 625 micrograms/ml (625 ng), 87.5% and 30% of rodenticides sold in Taiyuan ground market from May, 1995 to May, 1996 contain fluoroacetatamide and fluoroacetic acid.
Chromatography, Gas↗
[Plague control in Madagascar: evaluation of the efficacy of Kartman baitboxes in urban areas].
A method associating an anticoagulant rodenticide and an insecticide called Kartman bait-box aimed both at fighting reservoir and vectors of plague. It was evaluated in two neighbourhoods of Antananarivo (Madagascar) from October 2002 to May 2003. It involved the local community in the control. The study was carried out in Ambodirano-Ampefiloha refered as treated neighbourhood in which the Kartman bait box were laid out with an anticoagulant rodenticide and an insecticide with a rapid action versus a "pilot neighbourhood", Ankorondrano-Andranomahery in which the boxes were provided with non poisoning bait and non insecticidal white powder. The rodenticide used was Baraki (difethialone 25 ppm) and the insecticide was a powder of Propoxur 3%. The evaluation of effectiveness of this method was based on the four following parameters: (1) the number of dead rats collected daily inside and in the vicinity of the houses, (2) the daily number of baits non consumed in the Kartman bait box, (3) the cheopis index of the rats trapped using the BTS trap, and (4) the flea carrier index of the rats captured monthly with BTS trap. The cheopis index and the flea carrier index of the rats were calculated monthly. The number of rats that died in the treated neighbourhood was of 968 versus 3 in the pilot neighbourhood. The other parameters reached a stable level after 3 months. Between days 120 and 180, the mean number of unconsumed baits was 2.79 in the treated neighbourhood versus 0.14 in the pilot neighbourhood, the flea carriage (percentage of parasitized hosts) was 0% versus 61% in the pilot neighbourhood, and the cheopis index was 0.0 versus 5.0 in the pilot neighbourhood. This study demonstrates that Kartman bait-boxes reached the rat borne and the vectors of plague found in urban area. We propose to use this method extensively both during epidemic and inter-epidemic contexts.
4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
Brodifacoum toxicosis in two horses.
Increased popularity during the past decade of brodifacoum, an anticoagulant rodenticide, has led to an increase in cases of accidental poisoning in nontarget species, including pets and farm animals. Pharmacokinetics of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides such as brodifacoum are substantially different from those of first-generation anticoagulant rodenticides such as warfarin. This difference dramatically influences management of exposure in terms of duration and cost of treatment and may affect outcome. The National Poison Control Center reports that approximately 50 cases of brodifacoum exposure have occurred in horses between 1993 and 1997. To our knowledge, this report is the first complete clinical description of accidental ingestion of a potentially lethal dose of brodifacoum in horses. Early recognition of exposure to brodifacoum, subsequent treatment with adequate doses of vitamin K1, and sequential monitoring of clotting times and serum brodifacoum concentration permitted poisoning in these horses to be managed successfully.
4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
Cancer mortality among municipal pest-control workers.
OBJECTIVES: This epidemiological study was carried out in order to investigate the hypothesis of a relationship between cancer occurrence and occupational exposure in a population of municipal pest-control workers exposed to a wide range of pesticides and other chemicals. METHODS: The study was designed as a mortality historical cohort study. The cohort comprised all subjects ever employed in a municipal pest-control service between 1979 and 1994. The follow-up period lasted from 1979 to 2000. The mortality rates of pest-control workers were compared with those of a regional population. A job exposure matrix was developed, which took into account four types of chemicals: formaldehyde, ethylene oxide, insecticides and rodenticides. RESULTS: None of the 181 subjects of the cohort, leading to 3,107 person-years, was lost to follow-up. Thirty-nine of them died, and all the causes of deaths were ascertained. The standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for all causes of deaths and for all cancer causes were significantly greater than unity: 1.61 (1.14-2.20) and 2.24 (1.39-3.43), respectively. Non-significant excesses were observed for most cancer sites, except for lung cancer, which had a low SMR. We obtained significant excesses for cancer in workers with more than 20 years of employment [SMR = 2.42 (1.43-3.82)]. Cancer mortality tended to increase insignificantly with formaldehyde and rodenticides exposures, whereas no clear patterns were observed for ethylene oxide and insecticides. However, significant excesses were observed for the highest exposure levels of formaldehyde, insecticides and rodenticides. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a statistically significant excess of cancer mortality in a population of municipal pest-control workers exposed to a wide variety of chemicals. These cancer sites might be related to occupational activities, since they tended to be more frequently observed when duration of employment increased.
Adolescent↗
Sodium fluoroacetate poisoning.
We observed a case of poisoning with sodium fluoroacetate, and extremely lethal rodenticide that has had relatively strict controls placed on its use. The case was unusual in the very long time the rodenticide had been present in the home, the mild nature of the poisoning, and the remarkably delayed onset of serious central nervous system symptoms. It demonstrates the need for even stronger controls on the use of sodium fluoroacetate.
Accidents, Home↗
'Superwarfarin' poisoning leading to prolonged coagulopathy.
An elderly Chinese was admitted for haemetemesis. Investigations revealed markedly prolonged clotting times that recurred every few days despite administration of fresh frozen plasma and vitamin K. The derangement in coagulation lasted more than 3 months. In view of the absence of liver disease or malabsorption syndromes, long-acting anticoagulant ('superwarfarin') ingestion was suspected. The diagnosis of rodenticide poisoning was hampered by the lack of available assays. Diagnosis of brodifacoum intoxication using HPLC was confirmed only months after prolonged treatment with high dose vitamin K1. Superwarfarin poisoning should be suspected in cases of deranged coagulation refractory to treatment since these over-the-counter rodenticides are easily available.
4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
Superwarfarin poisoning.
Superwarfarins consist of two classes of compounds, the 4-hydroxycoumarins and the indandiones. These compounds have replaced warfarin as an anticoagulant rodenticide. This article is a summary of the clinical effects produced by accidental and deliberate ingestions of superwarfarins. Most accidental ingestions occur in childhood and result in a benign outcome. Deliberate overdoses usually involve repeated ingestions of large quantities of superwarfarins that have resulted in prolonged laboratory evidence of interference with clotting; serious bleeding has been rare. This article suggests an approach to the management of patients with accidental and deliberate anticoagulant rodenticide ingestions.
4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
[Severe chloralose intoxication in a toddler].
UNLABELLED: We report a case of an accidental intoxication in a 20-month-old boy resulting from the ingestion of a rodenticide containing alpha-chloralose. CASE REPORT: Three hours after initial admission to the pediatric emergency department for wheezing bronchitis, this patient was readmitted with a clinical presentation of respiratory insufficiency, a Glasgow coma score of 9 alternating with agitation, areflexia and unilateral mydriasis. Parental interview revealed he had episodes of shaking in the afternoon. Chest x-ray showed thoracic distension. Blood investigations, electrocardiogram, cardiac echography, brain CT scan and CSF were normal. Electroencephalography registered slow delta waves 2-3 cycles/min and an aspect of degraded waves and spikes. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit where he fully recovered within 48 hours. A second parental interview and clinical presentation confirmed an intoxication with a rodenticide containing alpha-chloralose. The late clinical orientation did not allow us to perform a urinanalysis. DISCUSSION: Clinical association of coma, spontaneous or triggered myoclonias and bronchial hypersecretion are indicative of chloralose intoxication. Presence of specific abnormalities on electroencephalogram and a positive Fujiwara-Ross reaction in an urine sample are additional elements for the diagnosis. The prognosis is usually good after early management which combines gastric lavage, activated charcoal, sedation with benzodiazepines, tracheal intubation and artificial ventilation if required. Severe clinical cases described in voluntary intoxications in adults and teenagers occur very rarely in toddlers.
Accidents↗