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PubMed2007

Complications of 2,775 urological laparoscopic procedures: 1993 to 2005.

PURPOSE: We assessed the complications associated with urological laparoscopic surgery at a single high volume center during a 12-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart analysis was performed, focusing on complications associated with 2,775 laparoscopic surgeries occurring between 1993 and 2005. These included radical nephrectomy (549), partial nephrectomy (345), donor nephrectomy (553), simple nephrectomy (186), pyeloplasty (301), nephroureterectomy (105), retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (86), renal ablation (81), adrenalectomy (106) and radical prostatectomy (463). Complication data were tabulated according to case number, procedure type, patient age, the American Society of Anesthesiologists score, conversion status, length of hospitalization, Clavien classification system and annual complication rate during the study. Statistical analysis was performed with Fisher's exact and chi-square tests. RESULTS: A total of 614 complications (22.1%) occurred within each group, broken down into laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (20%), laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (28%), laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (28%), laparoscopic simple nephrectomy (15%), laparoscopic pyeloplasty (13.3%), laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (40.9%), laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (26.7%), laparoscopic renal tumor ablation (18.6%), laparoscopic adrenalectomy (25.4%) and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (15%). Total intraoperative and postoperative complication rates were 4.7% and 17.5%, respectively. Vascular injuries were the most common intraoperative complications. Annual complication rates plateaued in the year 2000 and were not significantly different during the ensuing 4 years (p >0.05). Complications correlated with a greater American Society of Anesthesiologists score as well as a longer hospital stay (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The data presented here help define the complication rates for laparoscopic urological procedures in experienced hands at a high volume institution.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Clinical usefulness of serum ferritin measurements in patients with testicular germ cell tumors.

In 50 patients with seminoma and in 50 with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis, serum levels of conventional markers (CEA, AFP, hCG) and ferritin were measured at the time of admission and during management. The conventional markers behaved as reported previously. After orchiectomy, elevated levels of ferritin were found in the presence as well as in the absence of tumor; the extent of these elevations was highly variable. Serial determinations of serum ferritin showed two patterns of variation. First, in patients treated with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, irradiation, and chemotherapy regimens without platinum, decreasing levels of the conventional markers and serum ferritin were associated with response to therapy and increasing levels with relapse of tumor. Second, in patients treated with chemotherapy regimens containing cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, the conventional markers returned to normal values while the ferritin level doubled or tripled and returned to pretreatment or normal values only several weeks after therapy. Thus, it appears that hyperferritinemia was a sensitive index of platinum toxicity. We conclude that the serum ferritin level has no value in staging after orchiectomy but is a useful index of response to therapy during treatment with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, irradiation or chemotherapy without platinum or relapse of tumor. During treatment with platinum, elevated levels might be explained as a possible toxic side effect of this drug.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Quantitative DNA measurement by flow cytometry and image analysis of human nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors.

Current clinical staging, which includes the use of serum tumor markers and imaging techniques, fails to identify the 30-40% of clinical stage I (CS I) nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumor (NSGCT) patients who have occult metastatic disease. Therefore, there is a real clinical need to evaluate new biological parameters of the primary tumor that might be useful as predictors of occult metastatic disease. This study was undertaken to compare quantitative DNA measurements by flow cytometry and image analysis in CS I NSGCT, and to analyze the relevance of these parameters for predicting occult lymph node involvement. Different blocks of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded NSGCTs of 62 CS I patients who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection between 1985 and 1989 were prepared according to the Hedley technique, and analyzed by quantitative cytometry. Thirty-six (58.1%) patients had histologically proven lymph node involvement (pathological stage II), whereas 26 (41.9%) patients (pathological stage I) had neither lymph node metastases according to retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) specimens nor tumor recurrence during follow-up. Concordant results were found in 76.5% of the samples by both cytometric techniques. For flow cytometry, the percentages of aneuploid cells in the S- and the G2M + S-phase were the most robust predictive parameters for lymph node involvement, whereas for image analysis the 5c exceeding rate (5cER) had the most predictive significance. Based on the experience obtained in this study, both cytometric techniques provide additional information on tumor aggressiveness that might be useful in therapeutic selection of early stage NSGCT patients for either RPLND or surveillance only.

DNA, Neoplasm↗
PubMed2005

Intraoperative, radio-guided sentinel lymph node mapping in laparoscopic lymph node dissection for Stage I testicular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The management of regional lymph nodes in patients with clinical Stage I testicular carcinoma is a controversial problem. The authors investigated the feasibility and accuracy of radio-guided mapping of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) for men with clinical Stage I testicular tumors. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with clinical Stage I testicular carcinoma were enrolled in the study. One day before surgery, (99m)Technetium-labeled phytate was injected around the testicular tumor. After undergoing radical orchiectomy, patients underwent laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (L-RPLND). All radioactive lymph nodes were marked in the L-RPLND procedure, and three-dimensional SLN maps were made. All resected lymph nodes were evaluated by routine histopathologic examination, and the clinical significance of intraoperative SLN mapping was evaluated. RESULTS: SLNs were detected in 21 of 22 patients (95%). Nearly all SLNs were detected at the ventral or lateral side of the vena cava or at the aorta between the levels of the aortic bifurcation. All SLNs were detected easily in a surgical procedure. Only 1 radio-positive area per patient was identified in 15 patients, and approximately 2-4 positive areas were detected in 6 patients. Two patients had micrometastasis only in SLNs. In 2 patients who had seminoma, lymph node recurrences (at the level of the renal vein and in the obturator lymph node area) occurred at 10 months and 20 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Radio-guided mapping of SLNs with laparoscopy was feasible, and nearly all SLNs were detected accurately by the procedure. In the near future, the standard retroperitoneal lymph node dissection may be avoided in most patients with clinical Stage I testicular carcinoma by utilizing focused examination of SLNs.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Correlation of serum tumor markers and lymphangiography with degrees of nodal involvement in surgical stage II testis cancer.

There were 60 patients at our cancer center who underwent serum tumor marker studies (beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropins and alpha-fetoprotein) and pedal lymphangiography before retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Surgical stage II cases were divided according to tumor, node and metastasis staging. Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and/or alpha-fetoprotein was elevated in 9 per cent (1 of 11) and the N1 cases, 36 per cent (5 of 14) of the N2A cases, 50 per cent (13 of 26) of the N2B cases and 89 per cent (8 of 9) of the N3 cases. Lymphangiography was positive or suspicious in 9 per cent (1 of 11) of the N1 cases, 36 per cent (5 of 14) of the N2A cases, 46 per cent (12 of 26) of the N2B cases and 56 per cent (5 of 9) of the N3 cases. Serum tumor markers and lymphangiography combined suggested lymph node metastases in 18 per cent (2 of 11) of the N1 cases, 50 per cent (7 of 14) of the N2A cases, 73 per cent (19 of 26) of the N2B cases and 100 per cent (9 of 9) of the N3 cases. We conclude that tumor markers and lymphangiography measurements are equally effective in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases and that diagnostic accuracy is enhanced significantly by combining these 2 modalities. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection remains the most reliable staging procedure. Reports of the accuracy of clinical staging should be correlated with subcategories of stage II disease.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed1989

Psychological aspects of testis cancer therapy: a prospective study.

We examined the impact of testis cancer and its curative therapies on the outlook of life, working activity, partner relationship and sexual function in 31 consecutive patients 18 to 51 years old (mean age 29.3 years, median 28 years) who already had undergone orchiectomy. Of the patients 13 subsequently were treated with chemotherapy alone, 6 with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection alone, and 7 with chemotherapy and an operation, while 5 seminoma patients were treated with radiotherapy. The patients were examined 3, 6 and 18 months after orchiectomy. Each patient was required to fill out a questionnaire to gather information relative to their work activities, emotional relationship with the partner and sexual life. The patients also completed an assessment form on the quality of life (Spitzer QL-Index) and a series of horizontal analogues to evaluate anxiety, mood, nausea, weakness and general health status. The statistical analysis of the linear and quadratic components for the variables under study was done with the general linear model for block design. Psychosocial adaptability of these patients, regardless of the treatment they underwent, in time became progressively less problematic and the development of psychosocial problems during the long-term adjustment was low. Only 2 patients reported worsening of the emotional relationship with the partner after treatment: 1 underwent chemotherapy and an operation, and 1 underwent radiotherapy. With regard to sexual life, no serious dysfunction was noted apart from the loss of ejaculation in 11 of 13 patients who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Of our sample patients who had lost ejaculation only 2 suffered from a high state of anxiety. The anxiety scores on the last completed linear analogue were 2.6 and 4.1, whereas at the same time the mood scores were 1.9 and 4.4. Therefore, it is important for the clinician to assess the psychogenic aspect of this side effect when this type of operation is proposed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

[Management of stage I testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumors with an embryonic carcinomatous component. 18 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognosis and therapeutic modalities of stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumours of the testis (NSGT) with an embryonic carcinomatous component (EC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 18 patients with stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumour of the testis with an embryonic carcinomatous component were treated between 1987 and 1995. EC represented more than 50% of the testicular tumour mass in 15 cases. This tumour contingent constituted the only potential prognostic factor in 4 cases, but vascular or lymphatic emboli (n = 3), tumour stage > pT1 (n = 5) or absence of endodermal sinus component (n = 9) were observed in 14 cases. The first 3 patients underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and the following 15 patients were submitted to surveillance (n = 4) or chemotherapy (n = 11) according to the PVB [Cisplatin, Vinblastine, Bleomycin] (n = 7) or BOE [bleomycin, Etoposide, Cisplatin] (n = 4) protocols. RESULTS: With a follow-up of 10 to 110 months (mean: 46), the survival rate is 100% and the recurrence rate is 22%. None of the patients with a local stage exceeding pT1 relapsed after chemotherapy. 2 patients in whom the EC contingent represented less than 50% of the tumour mass and who were simply watched, did not relapse. 4 relapses, detected 3 to 14 months after orchidectomy (mean: 8.5), during surveillance (n = 2) or after chemotherapy (n = 2), required surgical resection or complementary chemotherapy. They occurred in patients in whom EC represented more than 50% of the testicular lesion. The tumour of initially conservatively managed patients did not contain an endodermal sinus component (n = 2) or presented vascular emboli (n = 1). The subjects treated by chemotherapy were characterized by the presence of emboli (n = 1) or the absence of endodermal sinus component (n = 1). The course after recurrence was favourable in 3 cases and the last patient is currently receiving chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: EC is an independent risk factor whose presence justifies proposal of complementary treatment by retroperitoneal lymph node dissection or chemotherapy, possibly limited to 2 courses of BOE. Surveillance can only be considered in the case of a minority of EC in the tumour, in the absence of any associated risk factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Successful treatment of postretroperitoneal lymph node dissection in massive chylous ascites.

A rare complication of retroperitoneal surgery is damage to lymphatic vessels, leak of chyle and the development of chylous ascites. This complication can be life threatening and has a relatively high mortality rate. We describe a 38-year-old patient with a massive chylous ascites after extensive retroperitoneal lymph node dissection of metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumor. The patient was treated surgically and with fat-free diet, medium chain triglycerides and diuretics resulting in complete resolution of the ascites.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Fertility after treatment for testicular tumor].

Thirty-four patients with stage 1 or stage 2A testicular tumor all survived 5 years after the treatment, whereas eighteen patients with stage 2B or 3 testicular tumor, including only nonseminomatous tumor, had a 5-year survival rate of less than 50%. Spermatogenesis returned to normal in 3 patients surviving 22 months after chemotherapy. Five patients who had undergone retroperitoneal lymph node dissection with division of the inferior mesenteric artery developed impaired ejaculation, whereas 3 patients who had undergone the operation without division of the inferior mesenteric artery had normal ejaculation. In 17 patients with right testicular tumor metastases were found in the para-aortic, paracaval and interaortocaval lymph nodes. On the other hand, in 4 patients with left testicular tumor metastases were limited to the para-aortic nodes. These results indicate that impaired spermatogenesis by conventional chemotherapy is reversible in patients with stage 1 or 2 testicular tumor, and patients with stage 1 tumor or stage 2 tumor with localized para-aortic metastases, not involving the inferior mesenteric artery, should undergo retroperitoneal lymph node dissection without division of the inferior mesenteric artery to preserve postoperative fertility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Impact of the number of positive lymph nodes on disease-free survival in patients with pathological stage B1 nonseminomatous germ cell tumor.

PURPOSE: The prognostic significance of the number of metastatic lymph nodes detected at surgery on survival is well documented for breast and colon cancer, and it has recently been reported in bladder cancer. We tested this hypothesis in patients with pathological stage B1 nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This series included 118 patients with pathological stage B1 NSGCT (5 or fewer positive lymph nodes) at primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy at a followup of greater than 24 months. RESULTS: Five-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 68% at a median followup of 43 months. Median followup in patients without recurrence was 67.4 months and median time to recurrence was 5.0 months. The mean and median number of positive lymph nodes was 2.0. Five-year DFS for 1 or 2 and 3 to 5 positive lymph nodes was 72% and 59%, respectively (p = 0.0847). Five-year DFS for lymph node density less or greater than 0.05 was 75% and 66%, respectively (p = 0.261). Neither the number of positive lymph nodes (continuous and categorical p = 0.201 and 0.271) or the ratio of the number of positive lymph nodes to the total number resected (continuous and categorical p = 0.415 and 0.998, respectively) predicted recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is curative in patients with pathological stage B1 NSGCT and DFS does not seem to be influenced by the number or the ratio of positive lymph nodes resected. This information may be helpful in limiting adjuvant chemotherapy in patients otherwise cured by surgery.

Disease-Free Survival↗
PubMed1987

Gonadal function after surgery and chemotherapy in men with stage II and III nonseminomatous testicular tumors.

The gonadal functions were studied in 54 patients with disseminated nonseminomatous testicular tumors who had been subjected to combination chemotherapy (cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin [PVB]) and surgery (hemiorchiectomy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection or removal of retroperitoneal residual tumor after chemotherapy) and in 17 patients with a stage I tumor subjected to hemiorchiectomy exclusively. In the patients treated with chemotherapy, the plasma testosterone levels remained at the lower limit of normal and the luteinizing hormone (LH) levels remained elevated for 2 years after completion of treatment. The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels also remained significantly elevated, but showed a tendency to decrease after 2 years. Semen analysis was performed in 25 patients; of the other patients, 18 had no antegrade ejaculation, eight had undergone a vasectomy and three patients did not cooperate. Before treatment, 72% of the patients showed azoo- or oligozoospermia; 2 years after discontinuation of the chemotherapy, 48% had azoo- or oligozoospermia while 28% had more than 60 X 10(6) spermatozoa/mL. However, interestingly the proportion of patients with azoospermia had increased from 4% to 28%. In the course of this study, eight pregnancies occurred; one ended in an early spontaneous abortion; the other seven pregnancies ran an uncomplicated course. Seven healthy children were born. In 17 patients with a stage I tumor treated by hemiorchiectomy only, the testosterone, LH and FSH levels were also observed for 2 years; until 2 years after treatment, the testosterone levels remained lower and the FSH levels remained higher than normal. Insufficiency of the Leydig's cells in the unaffected gonad appeared to be responsible for the altered hormone concentrations in the blood.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Persistent cancer in postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection: outcome analysis.

Surgery following chemotherapy for treatment of metastatic testis cancer is reserved for partial remissions with localized tumors considered resectable. After primary chemotherapy, about 90% will have teratoma or necrosis and only 10% will have cancer. The concept of two cycles of post operative chemotherapy in this small group with cancer is supported by a 70% long term cure rate. A more difficult group of patients are those who have had not only primary but also salvage chemotherapy for refractory tumor. About 55% of these patients undergoing post (salvage) chemotherapy RPLND surgery have persistent cancer in the resected specimen. There is no data to support the routine use of repeat salvage chemotherapy post operatively. Of 91 patients presenting for surgery post salvage chemotherapy, 53 were considered completely resected and 36 incompletely resected. Of the 53 realistic candidates for cure with complete resections, 25 were given post operative repeat salvage chemotherapy and 28 received none. 9 (36%) receiving more chemotherapy remained NED and 12 (43%) receiving none remained NED. 12 in each group died of disease. Therefore, there is no data to support routine repeat salvage chemotherapy in patients considered completely resected who had already received salvage chemotherapy pre-operatively. Rather the outcome in this cohort depends more on the completeness of its resectability.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1997

Does necrosis on frozen-section analysis of a mass after chemotherapy justify a limited retroperitoneal resection in patients with advanced testis cancer?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate morbidity and relapse in patients with advanced testis cancer who underwent a post-chemotherapy resection of a residual mass and a limited retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 62 patients underwent complete resection of retroperitoneal masses after chemotherapy and a limited lymph node dissection if frozen sections of the mass showed necrosis (37 patients) or a bilateral dissection if the frozen section indicated viable germ cell tumour or teratoma (25 patients). RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 6 years, 14 (23%) patients relapsed, but only one within the retroperitoneum (teratoma) after a limited lymphadenectomy. There was a concordance of 89% between the frozen section of the post-chemotherapy mass and the permanent-section histological diagnosis of the entire lymphadenectomy specimen. Of the 37 patients whose masses showed necrosis on frozen section, three had viable germ cell tumour and one had teratoma on final histology. In all four false-negative cases, residual tumour was confined to the resected mass. Six patients (10%) had surgical complications (one after limited and five after bilateral lymph node dissection). CONCLUSION: The surgical resection of all residual masses after chemotherapy, followed by limited retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy if frozen-section analysis shows necrosis, is a safe approach in selected patients with advanced testicular cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Post-chemotherapy lymph node histology in radiologically normal patients with metastatic nonseminomatous testicular cancer.

A total of 37 patients with initially advanced metastatic nonseminomatous testicular cancer underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection after cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy. Abdominal computerized tomography was negative at retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (lymph nodes not exceeding 10 mm. in the transverse computerized tomography plane). Complete necrosis and fibrosis were found in 25 patients. In 11 patients the retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy specimen showed a mature teratoma. Residual vital malignant tumor was observed in 1 patient. Neither the initial size of the retroperitoneal mass nor the histological status of the primary tumor was predictive of the histological findings in the retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy specimen. The high frequency of mature teratoma raises the question whether omitting post-chemotherapy surgery is a safe routine policy in patients with negative computerized tomography, especially if long-term followup is not feasible. We recommend a post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal operation as routine treatment even in patients with negative computerized tomography.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed2000

Laparoscopic lymph node dissection: pelvic and retroperitoneal.

The application of laparoscopic procedures to the field of urology continues to expand at a rapid rate. The initial animal studies performed in the late 1980s were brought into the clinical arena by 1990. The first widely accepted procedure was laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection for the staging of prostate cancer. Since that time, numerous laparoscopic procedures have been developed and accepted. Herein we discuss laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection for the staging evaluation of cancer of the prostate with possible applications to the bladder, urethra, and penis. The technique of laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has been used for cancer of the testes and will also be described. The indications and a brief review of the postoperative results will also be discussed for each malignancy.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

The clinical significance of occult macroscopically positive retroperitoneal nodes in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine the time during primary cytoreduction when retroperitoneal lymph nodes that are involved with macroscopic disease are recognized to be involved with tumor, the dimensions of intranodal disease present, and the possible clinical significance of macroscopically positive nodes that are recognized at different phases of the operation. METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients with stage IIIC and IV epithelial ovarian cancer underwent a retroperitoneal lymph node dissection during primary cytoreductive surgery. The phase of the operation in which nodes were recognized to be macroscopically involved with tumor was noted. Nodes were classified to be positive by palpation if recognized to be macroscopically involved by transperitoneal palpation, positive by inspection if recognized to be macroscopically involved by palpation after opening the retroperitoneal area, and positive by dissection if recognized to be macroscopically involved anytime after starting the actual process of lymph node dissection. The largest dimension of the intranodal disease in macroscopically positive nodes was measured. Log rank analysis determined whether nodal status or the time at which the nodes were recognized to be macroscopically positive influenced the probability of survival. RESULTS: Of the 100 patients, 66 had positive lymph nodes. Five were microscopically positive and 61 were macroscopically positive, of which 19 (31.1%) were positive by palpation, 16 (26.2%) were positive by inspection, 26 (42.6%) were positive by dissection. Of the 39 patients with negative and microscopically positive nodes 15 (38.5%) were clinically suspicious. Compared with patients with negative and microscopically positive lymph nodes, survival was not significantly different for patients who required excision of macroscopically positive nodal tissue. Survival was not influenced by the specific phase of surgery in which macroscopically positive nodes were recognized. CONCLUSIONS: A significant percentage of patients had retroperitoneal nodes recognized to be involved with macroscopic disease only after a lymph node dissection was in progress. The decision not to perform a lymph node dissection for optimally and completely cytoreduced patients may result in unrecognized macroscopic residual disease that is larger than what would otherwise be documented.

Adult↗