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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

The impact of HIV on family size preference in Zambia.

This paper examines the way in which concerns about HIV infection are affecting thinking in Zambia about preferred number of children. It draws on research on the impact of HIV/AIDS in peri-urban and rural households in 1995, based mainly on in-depth interviews with 65 of 300 people who were initially surveyed. In spite of high levels of anxiety about AIDS in these communities, risk from HIV was not always associated with the act of conceiving children, nor did this association necessarily influence actual behaviour or family size preferences. In some cases, however, the threat of contracting HIV had led to a decision to have fewer children. Many also worried about leaving orphans for others to look after and the costs which might be incurred in taking over the care of orphans left by others. A related reason for limiting fertility was the hope that orphaned children would be better cared for if there were fewer of them. Greater access to contraceptives, and specifically to condoms, is an important element in supporting women's efforts to protect themselves, and men also need to be involved in strategies for mutual protection. In both communities, however, there was a shared sense of limited control, not just over fertility, but also over the wider economic and health environment. An understanding of the complexity of these factors is essential for intervention programmes intended to enhance women's reproductive rights and support their fertility choices so as to ensure greater protection against HIV/AIDS.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Perceptions of sexual coercion: learning from young people in Ibadan, Nigeria.

This study explored the problem of sexual coercion from the perspectives of 77 young people aged 14-21 in Ibadan, Nigeria, the behaviours they perceive to be sexually coercive and the contexts in which these occur through four narrative workshops. Participants were drawn from two secondary schools and 15 apprentice workshops. All four groups identified similar coercive behaviours and developed narratives of the events that typically lead up to them. Behaviours included rape, unwanted touching, incest, assault, verbal abuse, threats, unwanted kissing; forced exposure to pornographic films, use of drugs for sedation and traditional charms for seduction, and insistence on abortion if unwanted pregnancy occurs. Men were typically the perpetrators and young women the victims. Perpetrators included acquaintances, boyfriends, neighbours, parents and relatives. All the narratives revealed the inability of young people to communicate effectively with each other and resolve differences. The results suggest the need for life-skills training that facilitates communication, seeks to redress gender power imbalances, teaches alternatives to coercion as a means of resolving conflict over sexual relations and respect for sexual and reproductive rights, and provides victims with information on appropriate services, support and referral.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The role of reproductive health for attainment of the millennium development goals.

Universal access to reproductive health services is a major aim of current efforts towards attaining the Millennium Development Goals, and reproductive rights and poverty reduction are crosscutting issues for this current focus of international development. Political statements should be complemented by financial commitments for mobilizing resources and the formulation of country-owned action plans. Upscaling services will necessitate strengthening health systems, integrating care, and building capacities. Policy makers, service providers, and stakeholders have responsibilities and duties to ensure that frameworks are available for the adequate provision of services. The implementation of multiple international development strategies currently constitutes a priority for reaching the targets by 2015.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2004

Wrongful life.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Storytelling, marginality, and community in Australia: how immigrants position their difference in health care settings.

Stories of conflict with hospital services, medical mismanagement, and negative outcomes of procedures and treatment circulate within immigrant communities. While the interpretations of medical events are often based on misperceptions and misunderstandings, the stories have instructional value in that they explain an unfamiliar system to new immigrants and provide starting points for advocacy for improved services. Our analysis of gossip and storytelling among women from the Horn of Africa involves an examination of stories of "pork injections," rejection of "black babies," and clinical incompetence. The data are drawn from a study of reproductive health and reproductive rights that was conducted among refugee and immigrant women from Sahel African and Middle Eastern communities in Melbourne, Australia.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The ethics of human reproductive cloning: when world views collide.

Two camps in bioethics with seemingly opposing world views have staked out conflicting positions regarding the ethics of human reproductive cloning. These camps do not appear to share common concepts or ways of reasoning through which to exchange views and come to a meeting of minds about uses of this technology. Yet analysis of their respective approaches to several issues surrounding reproductive cloning, such as where the ethical limits of individual reproductive choice lie, whether the use of this technology would violate human dignity, whether it would create risks to the resulting fetuses and children that would make its use intolerable, and whether it would challenge certain core social values, reveals that they are not wholly opposed to one another. Indeed, it displays that they hold certain beliefs, values, and concerns in common. Moreover, it indicates that the different world views that they each presuppose, while flawed in certain respects, do not collide in every respect, but can be reconciled in significant ways that provide fertile ground for agreement about several issues related to human reproductive cloning.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

History of the Women's Health Movement in the 20th century.

The Women's Health Movement (WHM) emerged during the 1960s and the 1970s with the primary goal to improve health care for all women. Despite setbacks in the area of reproductive rights during the 1980s, the WHM made significant gains in women's health at the federal policy level during the 1980s and 1990s. The WHM became a powerful political force. The achievements of the movement in improving women's health during the 20th century were numerous and significant.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anxiety in Japanese women after elective abortion.

OBJECTIVE: To examine women's anxiety levels after elective abortion. DESIGN AND SETTING: Women seeking elective abortion at six clinics in Japan were solicited to participate in a questionnaire survey. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-six Japanese women requesting abortion participated in this survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: State anxiety was measured using Spielberger's State Trait Anxiety Inventory before and after abortion. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses using predictor variables with a significant link to postabortion anxiety level showed that among potential predictors, a conservative attitude toward abortion was the most significant predictor of postabortion anxiety after controlling for the level of preabortion anxiety. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that a woman's attitude toward abortion and reproductive rights is an important but neglected factor influencing postelective abortion anxiety. Medical and nursing professionals should, therefore, take note of a woman's attitude toward abortion as a part of her mental health care.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1993

AIDS and the African American woman: the triple burden of race, class, and gender.

The disproportionate impact of human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) disease on African American women is devastating to their lives, their families, their communities, and our society. Among AIDS cases in women, 52.5% are black. African American women with HIV disease constitute one of the least powerful and most burdened segments of society. The African American woman whose behavior places her at risk for HIV infection must be the focus of increased prevention and treatment efforts. This article will describe risk factors for HIV infection and AIDS educational needs of women at risk. The interaction of race, gender, and social class will be explored. The controversy over medical manifestations of HIV will be addressed within the context of the social reality of African American women at risk. Reproductive rights and public policy issues will be discussed. Health educators must overcome their fear, class prejudice, and racial bias in order to form the interracial coalition necessary to lead our nation in the struggle to stop the devastation of AIDS among African American women and children.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Advocacy as a means to an end: assisting refugee women to take control of their reproductive health needs.

Negotiating reproductive rights is particularly complex for resettling migrant women from refugee backgrounds. In our ongoing work with women who have fled from countries in Africa and the Middle East, and have resettled in Australia and New Zealand, subtleties of discrimination and perceptions of human rights discriminations were revealed through the complex interplay between research and advocacy. Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) has therefore been critical in assisting women to identify their needs and negotiate acceptable solutions with health services. This paper presents qualitative and quantitative findings of research with women from refugee backgrounds in Australia (n = 255) and New Zealand (n = 64). The research questions were a combination of community-driven and researcher initiated issues and the projects developed through a continuous iterative process involving feedback from women in the community. We highlight the essential role of advocacy in CBPR and how that can enhance research quality. We argue for the justification of this approach as not only valid and credible but essential in research with these and other communities.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Maternity in adolescence: a challenge to face].

This study acknowledged how maternity interfered on the life project of adolescent mothers. Data were collected from a maternity hospital in a city located in the countryside of São Paulo state, Brazil, over a three-month period. One hundred and forty adolescents participated in this study, 77% of them were in a marital relationship. Most adolescents had elementary school education, 31.4% were attending school when they became pregnant. At the end of pregnancy, 60% quit school in order to take care of their children. Those who went back to school could count on support from their families. Most of them will remain out of the labor market and those who do work rely on family support for the care of their children. Results showed the need to reorganize services with differentiated methodological approaches aiming at achieving the precepts provided in the guidelines for sexual and reproductive rights.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Relationship between health care professionals and HIV positive women: a gender approach].

This article presents the results of research in 2003 focusing on the relationship between health care professionals from a public clinic and HIV positive women, adopting a gender approach. Ten patients and seven attending professionals were interviewed on the following themes: gender representations; representations of HIV/AIDS in women; and accommodation and resistance strategies to internalized attitudes and values regarding the health professional/patient relationship. According to the results, health professionals attempted to adjust the treatment to the limited resources of both the institution and the patient, endeavoring to offer the most complete care possible. Their social imagery continues to portray the traditional role of woman/mother/wife, perceived as a victim. Meanwhile patients adopted a "fighting woman" image, reinforced by the "modern woman" ideology, produced in both public and private spheres, disguising the effects of the women's double workload. Contrary to the myth of passivity, patients took an active stance towards their treatment, negotiating with health professionals about their own needs and objective possibilities. Despite the material and symbolic limitations, the potential was identified for changes in health care in order to achieve full reproductive rights.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Emergency contraception in Latin America and the Caribbean].

Introducing the post-coital birth control method in the family-planning services of Latin American countries has not been an easy task. Catholic and other conservative groups with great influence in the political arena have time and again stopped it from being adopted as an alternative method and have even succeeded in having it removed from official directives after formal acceptance by health authorities. The main objections are triggered by the erroneous supposition that "emergency contraception" pills are abortifacients. However, a large dose of cultural discrimination against women seems also to be involved. It has been extremely difficult to register dedicated products and make them available in drug-stores and even more difficult to distribute them without charge at public health centers. They are hard to find, expensive, and unavailable to adolescents at risk for unwanted pregnancies and to most low-income women, especially in rural areas. Dissemination of appropriate information has been scarce and slow and there are still great numbers of people that do not understand how or why the method works. Brazil has been the only exception, as its open society has readily accepted this method of contraception. The Latin American Consortium on Emergency Contraception founded in the year 2000 and its regional conference two years later had an important impact on the situation, as they encouraged the coordination of efforts by governmental and nongovernmental entities with those of women's groups to fight for sexual and reproductive rights. A number of studies have shown that the more people learn about emergency contraception, the more they find it acceptable and necessary, and radio spots and other media techniques have begun to educate the public about this matter. In spite of the many difficulties encountered, in the last few years several countries have made strides to include this method in their public health guidelines. However, because of the powerful forces against it, accessibility and distribution of the emergency pills are not always implemented as planned and there are still many areas that require work. Details are given on the situation in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, and Peru.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Harm as the price of liberty? Pre-implantation diagnosis and reproductive freedom.

Reproductive autonomy is often used as an argument to offer assisted reproduction services to women and to continue research into improving this service. What is often overlooked, however, is the gendered and normative background of parenthood, especially of motherhood. In this paper, I attempt to make women visible and to listen to their voices. Turning to the women's stories, the ethical perspective might be reversed: the so-called 'side-effects' of the overall successful assisted reproduction with or without genetic diagnosis, are to be considered the 'main effects' of assisted reproduction--true for the majority of couples and women. Autonomy, then, must be reformulated as concept of moral agency in the context of divergent social contexts and cultures of parenthood, of socially shaped images of disability, and in the context of scientific visions of technology which do not necessarily match with the medical practice.

Female↗