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PubMed2005

Lesser mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) emergence after mechanical incorporation of poultry litter into field soils.

Lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), emergence from North Carolina field soils was evaluated in a controlled experiment simulating land application of turkey litter and again in field studies. Adult lesser mealworms were buried in central North Carolina Cecil red clay at depths of 0, 8, 15, 23, and 30 cm and the beetles emerging from the soil counted 1, 3, 7, 10, 13, 17, 21, 24, and 28 d after burial. Beetles emerged from all depths and differences among depths were not significant. Beetles survived at least 28 d buried in the soil at depths < or =30 cm. In seasonal field studies, lesser mealworm emergence from clay soil with poultry litter incorporated by disk, mulch and plow was compared with emergence from plots with no incorporation. Incorporation significantly reduced beetle emergence when poultry litter containing large numbers of beetles was applied to clay field soils during the summer (F = 3.45; df = 3, 143; P = 0.018). Although mechanical incorporation of poultry litter reduced beetle emergence relative to the control, greatest reductions were seen in plowed treatments. Beetle activity was reduced after land application of litter during colder months. Generally, lesser mealworm emergence decreased with time and few beetles emerged from the soil 28 d after litter was applied. Similarly, mechanical incorporation of poultry litter into sandy soils reduced beetle emergence (F = 4.06; df = 3, 143; P < 0.008). In sandy soils typical of eastern North Carolina, disk and plow treatments significantly reduced beetle emergence compared with control.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Relation between selenium content and glutathione-peroxidase activity in blood of cattle.

To identify a simple method for assessing the selenium demand in cattle, the relationship between selenium content in whole blood and the concentration of the selenium containing enzyme glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9; GSH-Px) in red blood cells was studied. On six farms with suspected low soil selenium content, blood samples were collected from groups of calves, yearlings and adults at the end of the housing period and of the grazing period. The data obtained showed a highly significant correlation between the parameters mentioned: GSH-Px (U/g Hb) = 3.261 * Se (micrograms/kg) - 40.553. In growing animals there was a decline in Se supply with age, followed by a gradual recovery in heifers. This was most pronounced on some sandy soils and on peat soil. Seasonal effects could not be demonstrated.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Dietzia kunjamensis sp. nov., isolated from the Indian Himalayas.

A coral-red-pigmented actinobacterium, strain K30-10(T), was isolated from a soil sample from a cold desert of the Indian Himalayas. Chemical and phenotypic properties of strain K30-10(T) were consistent with its classification in the genus Dietzia. It showed 97.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Dietzia maris MTCC 7011(T); similarities to the type strains of three other species of the genus, Dietzia natronolimnaea, Dietzia psychralcaliphila and Dietzia cinnamea, were 94.4-96.0 %. The DNA-DNA relatedness between K30-10(T) and the closely related strain D. maris MTCC 7011(T) was 59.2 %. The DNA G+C content of strain K30-10(T) was 67.0 mol%. Based on physiological and biochemical tests and genotypic differences between strain K30-10(T) and its closest phylogenetic relatives, it is proposed that this strain represents a novel species, Dietzia kunjamensis sp. nov.; the type strain is K30-10(T) (=MTCC 7007(T)=DSM 44907(T)=JCM 13325(T)).

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1986

[The quality of washed autotransfused erythrocytes. The elimination of plasma hemoglobin, osmotic fragility and survival rate of retransfused erythrocytes].

Intraoperative transfusion has until recently been understood to mean full retransfusion of the blood removed by a suction pump without significant changes due to external influences, which considerably limited its utilization. Intraoperative transfusion can only be performed without decisive disadvantages when the blood can be suctionally removed in large amounts and immediately retransfused. In recent years, the Cell Saver has provided a system which can also prepare soiled blood for retransfusion. Extensive orthopedic surgery entails large blood losses due to oozing from expanded wound areas; only rarely does acute bleeding occur. Because of intensive tissue contact, the suctioned blood has been soiled with activated clotting factors, lytic enzymes, free haemoglobin from damaged red cells, cleaning solutions, and other undesired elements. With the Cell Saver system, it is possible to remove the plasma and recover 70-80% of the intact red cells sufficiently freed from stroma and free haemoglobin. The osmotic fragility of these cells served as a measure of integrity and membrane stability. They were compared to red cells withdrawn preoperatively and showed an identical osmotic relationship. Determining the survival rate of the retransfused cells in vivo shows that they provide a high-quality and in most cases, a sufficient replacement of blood loss. Even after 6 days, over 70% were found in the circulating blood. Premature, disproportionate elimination, which could be dangerous for the patient, does not occur.

Blood Preservation↗
PubMed1989

Changes in the specificity of blood groups induced by enzymes from soil fungi.

Three strains of Cunninghamella elegance (C. elegance), Penicillium simplicissimum (P. simpl.), and Aspergillus niger (A. niger) were isolated from soil that produced the enzymes acting on blood groups A and B red cells. Culture filtrates from these fungi contained alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminidase as an A-decomposing enzyme, which resulted in an almost complete loss of A specificity and an enhancement of blood group H activity as measured by elution tests using monoclonal antibodies. They also contained an alpha-D-galactosidase and an alpha-L-fucosidase, which partially destroyed the blood group B specific activity, but did not influence the blood group H specific activity.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2002

Mercury in mushrooms and soil of the Tarnobrzeska Plain, south-eastern Poland.

Mercury was quantified in the fruiting bodies of 15 species of higher mushrooms and underlying soil substrate collected from the Tarnobrzeska Plain in south-eastern part of Poland in 1995. In total, 405 samples each of caps, stalks or whole fruiting bodies and 221 samples of soil (0 10cm layer) were examined. The area under investigation can be considered generally as unpolluted with mercury since the mean concentrations in underlying soil substrate of 14 mushroom species were between 21 +/- 9 and 58 +/- 31 ng/g dry wt. (total range between 4.5-240). Somewhat elevated concentrations, of 630 +/- 80 ng/g dry wt., were noted for underlying soil substrate of Livid Entoloma (Entoloma sinuatum). Among the mushroom species examined, King Bolete (Boletus edulis), Livid Entoloma, and Red-capped Scaber Stalk (Leccinum rufum) contained the greatest mercury concentrations both in the caps (between 1,800 +/- 600 and 3,500 +/- 1,100 ng/g dry wt.) and stalks (between 900 +/- 400 and 2,300 +/- 1,000 ng/g dry wt.). Because of the relatively great bioconcentration factors (BCF) of mercury, which averaged between 73 +/- 44 and 220 +/- 270 in the caps, and between 37 +/- 28 and 170 +/- 240 in the stalks, King Bolete, Bay Bolete (Xerocomus badius) and Red-capped Scaber Stalk can be considered as good mercury accumulators. Nevertheless, apart from the Common Earth Ball (Scleroderma citrinum), that can be considered as an excluder of mercury due to the BCF value of less than 1, other species examined were characterised by BCFs greater than 1. The caps were usually characterised with greater mercury content than the stalks (Hg(Cap)/Hg(stalk) quotients > 1) and the reverse was noted only for Bay Bolete. Due to a statistically significant relationship between mercury content of the caps/stalks and underlying soil substrate (p<0.001) in Filamentous Pax (Paxilus filamentosus), and in the stalks of Red-capped Scaber (p < 0.05) and Brick Tops (Hypholoma sublateritium) (caps; p < 0.05), these species can be suggested to exhibit bioindication potential for soil mercury contamination.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2006

Effects of mercury on visible/near-infrared reflectance spectra of mustard spinach plants (Brassica rapa P.).

Mustard spinach plants were grown in mercury-spiked and contaminated soils collected in the field under controlled laboratory conditions over a full growth cycle to test if vegetation grown in these soils has discernible characteristics in visible/near-infrared (VNIR) spectra. Foliar Hg concentrations (0.174-3.993ppm) of the Mustard spinach plants were positively correlated with Hg concentration of soils and varied throughout the growing season. Equations relating foliar Hg concentration to spectral reflectance, its first derivative, and selected vegetation indices were generated using stepwise multiple linear regression. Significant correlations are found for limited wavelengths for specific treatments and dates. Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) and Red Edge Position (REP) values of plants in Hg-spiked and field-contaminated soils are significantly lower relative to control plants during the early and middle portions of the growth cycle which may be related to lower chlorophyll abundance or functioning in Hg-contaminated plants.

Brassica rapa↗
PubMed1978

Use of fluorochromes for direct observation of microorganisms associated with wheat roots.

The use of several fluorochromes and staining methods was tried out for observation of microorganisms on the surface of wheat roots sampled from soil. Good contrast between fluorescence of microorganisms and fluorescence of root and soil structures was obtained after successive staining of roots with coriphosphine (1:2000, 15 min), congo red (1:10 000, 10 min), and acridine-orange (1:10 000, 2 min).

Bacteria↗
PubMed2006

Numbers and locations of native bacteria on field-grown wheat roots quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Native bacteria, Pseudomonas and filamentous bacteria were quantified and localized on wheat roots grown in the field using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Seminal roots were sampled through the season from unploughed soil in a conservation farming system. Such soils are spatially heterogeneous, and many roots grow slowly through hard soil with cracks and pores containing dead roots remnant from previous crops. Root and rhizosphere morphology, and contact with soil particles were preserved, and autofluorescence was avoided by observing sections in the far-red with Cy5 and Cy5.5 fluorochromes. Spatial analyses showed that bacteria were embedded in a stable matrix (biofilm) within 11 microm of the root surface (range 2-30 microm) and were clustered on 40% of roots. Half the clusters co-located with axial grooves between epidermal cells, soil particles, cap cells or root hairs; the other half were not associated with visible features. Across all wheat roots, although variable, bacteria averaged 15.4 x 10(5) cells per mm(3) rhizosphere, and of these, Pseudomonas and filaments comprised 10% and 4%, respectively, with minor effects of sample time, and no effect of plant age. Root caps were most heavily colonized by bacteria along roots, and elongation zones least heavily colonized. Pseudomonas varied little with root development and were 17% of bacteria on the elongation zone. Filamentous bacteria were not found on the elongation zone. The most significant factor to rhizosphere populations along a wheat root, however, was contact with dead root remnants, where Pseudomonas were reduced but filaments increased to 57% of bacteria (P < 0.001). This corresponded with analyses of root remnants showing they were heavily colonized by bacteria, with 48% filaments (P < 0.001) and 1.4%Pseudomonas (P = 0.014). Efforts to manage rhizosphere bacteria for sustainable agricultural systems should continue to focus on root cap and mucilage chemistry, and remnant roots as sources of beneficial bacteria.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Effect of soil acidification on the growth of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) seedlings in a granite-derived forest soil.

The growth of pine trees has diminished in recent years in industrial areas of Korea. Soil acidification is believed to be responsible. To study its effects, we grew seedlings of three-year-old Korean pine in brown forest soil derived from granite, which had been treated with an acid solution, for 182 days. The anion mol ratio in the solution was SO4(2-):NO3-:Cl-=5:3:2, which is the average in the total precipitation in Korea; six H+ ion concentrations in the soil were studied (0 (control), 10, 30, 60 and 90 mmol H+.kg-1). With increasing amounts of H+ added to the soil, the concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Al and Mn increased, especially below a soil pH of 3.8. The concentrations of Ca, Mg and K in pine needles and stems increased with increasing H+ added to the soil, whereas their concentrations in the root decreased. Conversely, the concentration of N and P in each organ of the pine plant was higher in all treatments than in controls. Also, the concentrations of Al and Mn increased significantly in all organs of the plant with increasing H+. We also estimated the effect of deliberate soil acidification on tree growth, using the molar ratio (Ca+Mg+K)/Al as an indicator of soil acidification. A strong positive correlation was found between the total dry mass (TDM) of seedlings and the (Ca+Mg+K)/Al molar ratio calculated from the concentrations of water-soluble elements in soil (r=0.99, p<0.001). When the (Ca+Mg+K)/Al molar ratio reached 1.0, the relative TDM had fallen to 40%. These results show that deliberate soil acidification reduces the growth of the Korean pine less than it does the Red pine, which has been the dominant species in Korea.

Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sorption and degradation characteristics of phosmet in two contrasting Australian soils.

The organophosphate insecticide phosmet [phosphorodithioic acid, s-((1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2yl)methyl), o,o-dimethyl ester] is used to control red-legged earth mites (Halotydeus destructor), lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis), and Oriental fruit moth (Cydia molesta) in horticulture and vegetable growing. This study was undertaken with two soils of contrasting properties to determine the extent to which sorption and degradation of the insecticide might influence its potential to leach from soil into receiving waters. Two soils were used: a highly organic, oxidic clay soil (Ferrosol) and a sandy soil low in organic matter (Podosol), sampled to 0.3 m depth. The extent of sorption and decomposition rate of a phosmet commercial formulation were measured in laboratory experiments. Sorption followed a Freundlich isotherm at all depths. The Freundlich coefficient K was significantly correlated (p = 0.005) with organic C content in the Podosol, and significantly correlated (p = 0.005) with organic C and clay content in the Ferrosol. K was highest (48.8 L kg-1) in the 0- to 0.05-m depth of the Ferrosol, but lowest (1.0 L kg-1) at this depth in the Podosol. Degradation followed first-order kinetics, with the phosmet half-life ranging from 14 h (0-0.05 m depth) to 187 h (0.2-0.3 m depth) in the Ferrosol. The half-life was much longer in the sandy Podosol, ranging from 462 to 866 h, and did not change significantly with depth. Soil organic C and to a lesser degree clay content influenced phosmet sorption and degradation, but the interaction was complex and possibly affected by co-solvents present in the commercial formulation.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Response of the nitrogen isotopic composition of tree-rings following tree-clearing and land-use change.

Clear-cutting of forests affects the nitrogen cycle and the nitrogen isotopic composition of bioavailable ammonium and nitrate in the soil. Here, we have used nitrogen isotopic variations of tree-rings in red oak (Quercus rubra) and white oak (Quercus alba) as indicators of changes in the nitrogen cycle on a local scale. The delta15N values of late-wood from trees at two remnant forest stands in Ontario, Canada, that underwent large-scale tree-clearing and permanent land-use change at different times were measured. Trees from the perimeter of each stand record a marked 1.5-2.5 per thousand increase in the delta15N values of their tree-rings relative to the values in trees from the center of the stand, with the shift synchronous with the tree-clearing and land-use change. This shift was most likely due to increased rates of nitrification and nitrate leaching in the soil as a result of tree-clearing combined with permanent changes in hydrology and probable fertilizer use accompanying the change in land-use. Nitrogen concentration in tree-rings was not affected bytree-clearing and the associated change in land-use. These results indicate that changes in nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems, whether due to climate change, land-use change, or other environmental changes (increased O3, other atmospheric pollutants, insects, etc.), can be faithfully monitored with nitrogen isotopic compositions of tree-rings and that dendrogeochemical analysis can be incorporated into studies of the effects of long-term anthropogenic effects on forest ecosystems.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

The effects of land use change on mercury distribution in soils of Alta Floresta, Southern Amazon.

This study presents the spatial distribution, degree of contamination and storage capacity of Hg in surface forest and pasture soils from Alta Floresta, Southern Amazon, a significant gold mining site from 1980 to 1996. During that period, average annual gold production was about 6.5 tons, with an estimated Hg annual emission to the environment of about 8.8 tons, 60-80% of it being emitted to the atmosphere. Mercury sources to the region are mining sites and gold-dealer shops at the city of Alta Floresta, where gold is smelted and commercialized. Mercury concentrations in forest soils (15-248 ng g(-1), average=61.9 ng g(-1)) were 1.5-3.0 times higher than in pasture soils (10-74 ng g(-1), average=33.8 ng g(-1)), suggesting strong re-mobilization after deforestation. Highest Hg concentrations were found within a distance of 20-30 km from mining sites in both soil types. The influence of the refining operations within the city of Alta Floresta, however, was less clear. Somewhat higher concentrations were observed only within a 5 km radius from the city center where gold-dealer shops are located. Wind direction controls the spatial distribution of Hg. Background concentrations (15-50 ng g(-1)) were generally found at the outer perimeter of the sampling grid, about 40 km from sources. This suggests that Hg released from mining and refining activities undergoes rapid deposition. Estimated cumulative Hg burdens for the first 10 cm of soil averaged 8.3 mg m(-2) and 4.9 mg m(-2), for forest and pasture soils respectively and compare well with ultisols and hydromorphic oxisols, but were lower than those found in yellow-red and yellow latosols and podsols from other Amazonian areas. Our results show that changing land use in the Amazon is a strong re-mobilizing agent of Hg deposited on soils from the atmosphere.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Transformation of fulvic substances in the rhizosphere during phytoremediation of used motor oil.

Changes in the chemical composition of fulvic acids in used oil-contaminated soils treated with different plant species and fertilization (fertilized, F; and nonfertilized, NF) were analyzed by Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Soil contaminated with 1.5% (w/w) used motor oil was seeded with sunflower (Helianthus annuus)/Indian mustard (Brassica juncea); soybean (Glycine max)/green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); mixed grasses/maize (Zea mays); mixed clover (red clover, Trifolium pratense/ladino clover, T. repens); wheat (Triticum aestivum)/oats (Avena sativa); and control (no vegetation). FTIR of soil fulvic acids under plants at 150 days showed changes in functional groups compared with nonvegetated soil fulvic acids. Results indicate the incorporation of oily compounds and decomposition of others. Soybean/bean (NF), clover mix (NF), and wheat/oats (NF) showed new bands at 1800cm(-1) related to the presence of carbonyl groups, associated with microbially induced beta-oxidation of oily hydrocarbons. A new band at 2300-2270cm(-1) in sunflower/mustard (F and NF), soybean/beans (F and NF) and wheat/oats (NF) indicated the presence of N-based degradation products. Fertilizer treatment resulted in new bands at 1400-700 cm(-1) in soybean/bean and grass/maize. In contrast, clover mix fulvic acid experienced disappearance of aromatic bands at 885cm(-1) and in wheat/oats at 2276cm(-1) (aliphatic-N).

Benzopyrans↗
PubMed2003

Physiological and foliar injury responses of Prunus serotina, Fraxinus americana, and Acer rubrum seedlings to varying soil moisture and ozone.

Sixteen black cherry (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.), 10 white ash (Fraxinus americana, L.) and 10 red maple (Acer rubrum, L.) 1-year old seedlings were planted per plot in 1997 on a former nursery bed within 12 open-top chambers and six open plots. Seedlings were exposed to three different ozone scenarios (ambient air: 100% O3; non-filtered air: 98% ambient O3; charcoal-filtered air: 50% ambient O3) within each of two different water regimes (nine plots irrigated, nine plots non-irrigated) during three growing seasons. During the 1998 and 1999 growing season, leaf gas exchange, plant water relations, and foliar injury were measured. Climatic data,ambient- and chamber-ozone-concentrations were monitored. We found that seedlings grown under irrigated conditions had similar (in 1998) but significantly higher gas exchange rates (in 1999) than seedlings grown within non-irrigated plots among similar ozone exposures. Cherry and ash had similar ozone uptake but cherry developed more ozone-induced injury (< 34% affected leaf area, LAA) than ash (<5% LAA), while maple rarely showed foliar injury, indicating the species differed in ozone sensitivity. Significantly more severe injury on seedlings grown under irrigated conditions than seedlings grown under non-irrigated conditions demonstrated that soil moisture altered seedling responses to ambient ozone exposures.

Acer↗
PubMed2003

Estimating sludge loadings to land based on trace metal sorption in soil: effect of dissolved organo-metallic complexes.

This paper describes the results of research examining the effect of dissolved organo-metallic complexes of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from sewage sludge leachate on sorption by a humic-gley soil A-horizon, and the influence of such complexes on resultant sludge loading estimates. Sorption was described with Linear, Freundlich or Langmuir equations, and compared between a sample of sludge leachate (containing 97.4% of Cu and 63.2% of Zn as dissolved organo-metallic complexes) and a reference solution (which mimicked the leachate, except for a lack of dissolved organic material). This comparison revealed that dissolved organo-metallic complexes significantly depressed Cu and Zn sorption in the study soil. The isotherm equations were then used to estimate sludge-derived Cu and Zn loadings to soil in order to result in an "allowable" output concentration from the soil solution to the surrounding environment. These loadings, together with soil bulk density and "availability" of sludge Cu and Zn, were incorporated in a preliminary model to estimate sludge application rates which are acceptable in terms of off-site movement of these metals through leaching losses. In the absence of dissolved organo-metallic complexes (sorption from the reference solution), levels of Cu and Zn sorption in the study soil indicated a sludge application rate of approximately 3500 kg/ha. However, when Cu and Zn sorption from the sludge leachate with dissolved organo-metallic complexes was considered, calculated loading rates were reduced to approximately 690 kg-sludge/ha. This suggests that for sludge loading estimates based on soil sorption characteristics to be relevant to environmental protection, the sorption depressing effect of dissolved organo-metallic complexes should be quantitatively considered.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Metal accumulation in eggs of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) in the Lower Illinois River.

The Illinois River is a highly utilized navigable waterway in the US Midwest, and has historically been contaminated with metal toxicants from various industrial and municipal pollution sources. Little information on metal contamination is available in the Lower Illinois River, and in particular, in the habitat of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) at the southern end of the river near Grafton, IL. This study was conducted to determine current levels of metal contamination in water, sediment, soil, and plants in the habitat, as well as to reveal temporal and spatial variations of metal accumulation in eggs of the red-eared slider. Aluminum, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Sn, and Zn were analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma spectroscopy. High concentrations of metals were observed in lake sediment, compared with the concentrations in water, soil, and plant tissues. Sediment Ni concentrations (mg kg(-1)) varied from 66 to 95 and Sn from 1100 to 1600. Five detectable metals in egg content were Zn (24.2 +/- 13), Al (2.2 +/- 1.2), Sn (1.8 +/- 1.1), Mn (1.1 +/- 0.6), and Cu (0.9 +/- 0.5); nine detectable metals in egg shell were Zn (6.8 +/- 3.9), Sn (3.7 +/- 3.1), Cu (1.9 +/- 1.3), Cr (1.6 +/- 1.5), V (1.6 +/- 1.4), Pb (1.3 +/- 0.7), Ni (1.3 +/- 0.9), Mn (1.0 +/- 0.8), and Cd (0.16 +/- 0.11). Zinc accumulation in egg content was significantly correlated with Zn in egg shell (r = 0.445, P < 0.002, n = 42). While significant spatial variation was observed in egg shell, metal accumulation in eggs (content and shell) collected from the same ground of turtles consecutively for 4 years did not show a significant temporal change.

Animals↗