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PubMed1991

[Chronic health problems after rape].

A questionnaire examination was conducted of a sample of 168 well-educated women who suffered rape on average 13 years ago. A retrospective survey was made of acute and chronic symptoms. Physical symptoms were reported by 44% of the sample, mental symptoms by 98% and social symptoms by 79%. 11% have attempted suicide, and 19% report excessive use of alcohol and/or medicines. The symptoms are of a category which, when presented to doctors, might be diagnosed as "unspecified symptoms". Only 17 women (10%) sought treatment immediately after the rape. Half of these were referred by the police. Three of these women felt that their needs were met by the health services. As a result of their experience of untreated rape trauma, six out of ten women in the sample would now seek specified treatment if raped again.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

High school and college students' attitudes toward rape.

This study explored the relationship between agreement with myths about rape and the tendency to blame the victim in a sample of high school and college students. It was found that high school males believed more strongly than did both high school females and college males in myths about rape, and they assigned greater blame to the victims of rape. For both high school males and females, belief in myths about rape was associated with assigning more blame to the victims.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Psychological reactions of women to rape. Review of the literature].

Rape involves mental and physical trauma for the victim. The mental trauma, of which anxiety and guilt are the most prominent, are the most serious. Rape victims are at high risk of developing serious long-term mental problems. We describe various theories about such reactions and the characteristic patterns of phenomena seen in rape victims. The prognosis is best for victims who contact the health service soon after the incident. We discuss the consequences of the above facts in relation to the best ways of providing relevant medical help to rape victims.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Rape law: a feminist legal analysis.

Rape law is analyzed from the feminist perspective. Feminism can be credited with making the first serious efforts to empower women in all aspects of life, including the right to be free from sexual assault. Part 1 describes feminist theory concerning rape, Part 2 discusses some of the misogynistic images that have influenced rape law while Part 3 surveys some of the changes that have occurred in the United States, England and Israel concerning rape law. Part 4 analyzes the effects of these changes.

England↗
PubMed1987

The effects of threatening versus nonthreatening previous life events on levels of fear in rape victims.

Although the link between the level of the psychological distress of victims after a rape and life events that occurred before the attack has historically been attributed to a general event-related disruption of the victim's psychological equilibrium, recent research suggests that only specific types of preattack events--those the victim perceives as making her vulnerable to future harm--may be associated with the postassault level of fear experienced by the rape victim. To test this thesis empirically, the authors compared the levels of fear of three groups of recent victims, one and six months after the rape: those who had experienced at least one life-threatening event in the year before the attack, those who had experienced only nonthreatening (but major-impact) events, and those who had experienced no major-impact events. Victims who had experienced at least one life-threatening event in the previous year were found to have significantly higher one-month and six-month (controlling for one-month) levels of fear than did victims in either of the other two groups; the means of these latter two groups were not found to differ significantly. These results empirically validate the importance of components of the threat of future harm associated with prior life events to short-term and long-term levels of fear of rape victims and offer one basis on which to identify victims who are at particularly high risk of experiencing long-term psychological distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Conceptions of rape.

Where previous studies have examined attitudes and perceptions of the rape act, we have attempted to delve into the meanings which people impute at a less conscious level. Using Semantic Differential methodology, a stratified sample of participants rated the concepts of "assault," "rape," "seduction" and "love-making"; these were chosen along an underlying dimension of violence/coercion. Analysis incorporating the blocking variables (gender X SES) and other demographic personal information demonstrated that: "assault/rape" and "seduction/love-making" were seen as similar; "rape/seduction" as somewhat similar; and "assault/love-making" and "rape/love-making" as dissimilar. In general, important demographic/personal variables yielded no interpretable results. However, "prior rape experience" influenced participants' conceptions of the act of rape significantly. This result is discussed in light of some mixed results of previous studies in this area. We also present suggestions for interventions, based on the findings of this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Reactions to rape--the need for a social context.

The literature concerning reactions to rape, with special reference to the social meaning of rape, is reviewed. While the latter is seen as a major determinant of reactions to rape, reference is also made to other concepts which may assist the professional who is required to render services to women who have been raped. Proposals for intervention and reform are suggested.

Crisis Intervention↗
PubMed1993

[Service for rape victims in Oslo].

The article presents the medical rape trauma service in Oslo, Norway. The rape trauma service was established in 1986 at the Emergency Hospital and serves all population in Oslo. The patient is offered a medical examination, a medico-legal documentation and evidence collection, crisis counselling, a stay at the observational ward, a victims lawyer, help to report to the police, a medical follow-up and a psycho-social follow-up. All treatment is free and the patient's choice. There is no obligation to report to the police. The number of rape victims being medically examined has increased four times compared to the average number of rape victims before the trauma service opened.

Crisis Intervention↗
PubMed1998

Reactions to rape: a military forensic psychiatrist's perspective.

Accusations of rape or sexual harassment are currently very high-profile in the military. This article discusses rape allegations in the military legal system from a psychiatric perspective. The original definition of "rape trauma syndrome" and subsequent psychiatric thinking about the diagnosis are briefly outlined. Common reactions seen in military victims in this era are described. A prototypical military case is presented. An adequate evaluation of an alleged victim is outlined. Credentials and preparation of an expert witness are also briefly discussed, with cautions about the use of expert testimony in cases of alleged sexual assault and rape trauma syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A model for predicting depression in victims of rape.

This article proposes a model for understanding the factors contributing to long-standing depression in women who have been raped. A path analysis of data obtained from 71 women who had been raped revealed that women with generalized beliefs that they could not control events in their lives were more likely to attribute responsibility for their rape to permanent intrapsychic factors and were more likely to be depressed. Women who perceived that they had higher levels of internal control tended to have higher levels of education, were more likely to be employed, and were less likely to be depressed more than one year after having been raped. Childhood sexual abuse was not associated with internal control or attributions of causality or depression in this analysis. Implications for the determination of prognosis and treatment recommendations in civil litigation assessments are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Cloning of a cDNA for rape chloroplast 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase by genetic complementation in yeast.

Both insect and mammalian genes have previously been cloned by genetic complementation in yeast. In the present report, we show that the method can be applied also to plants. Thus, we have cloned a rape cDNA for 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IMDH) by complementation of a yeast leu2 mutation. The cDNA encodes a 52 kDA protein which has a putative chloroplast transit peptide. The in vitro made protein is imported into chloroplasts, concomitantly with a proteolytic cleavage. We conclude that the rape cDNA encodes a chloroplast IMDH. However, Southern analysis revealed that the corresponding gene is nuclear. In a comparison of IMDH sequences from various species, we found that the rape IMDH is more similar to bacterial than to eukaryotic proteins. This suggests that the rape gene could be of chloroplast origin, but has moved to the nucleus during evolution.

3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1993

Regulated expression of the rat medium chain hydrolase gene in transgenic rape seed.

Medium chain hydrolase (MCH) is an enzyme which regulates the chain length of fatty acid synthesis specifically in the mammary gland of the rat. During lactation, MCH interacts with fatty acid synthase (FAS) to cause premature release of acyl chains, thus providing medium chain fatty acids for synthesis of milk fat. In this study we have investigated the ability of rat MCH to interact with the phylogenetically more distant FAS structure present in plant systems and to cause a perturbation of fatty acid synthesis. In in vitro experiments, addition of purified MCH to rapeseed homogenates was found to cause a significant perturbation of fatty acid synthesis towards medium chain length products. The rat MCH gene was expressed in transgenic oilseed rape using a seed specific rape acyl carrier protein (ACP) promoter and a rape ACP plastid targeting sequence. Western analysis showed MCH protein to be present in transgenic seed and for its expression to be developmentally regulated in concert with storage lipid synthesis. The chimaeric preprotein was correctly processed and immunogold labelling studies confirmed MCH to be localized within plastid organelles. However, fatty acid analysis of oil from MCH-expressing rape seed showed no significant differences to that from control seed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Dietary fibre, sugar, starch and amino acid content of kale, ryegrass and seed of rape and field beans as influenced by S- and N-fertilization.

In pot experiments, S-deficiency decreased the seed weight of rape from 4.30 to 2.44 g/1000 seeds at highest N-level. N/S ratios varied from 5.8 to 45.0 and from 3.7 to 21.6 in ryegrass and kale. S-deficiency tended to decrease the fat(oil) content. In kale and ryegrass, it was increased by N-applications, but decreased in rape. S-deficiency had very little effect on starch and sugar content, whereas N-deficiency in kale greatly increased starch (eightfold) and sugar content. Soluble (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) content was hardly affected by S-deficiency. In kale and ryegrass N-deficiency decreased SDF-content, but increased IDF-content. Cystine and methionine concentrations (g/16 g N) were affected by S-deficiency, most strongly at high N-levels, where decreases in kale, ryegrass, rape and field beans amounted to respectively 18, 39, 40 and 17% for cystine and 27, 59, 24 and 6% for methionine. Also, lysine, threonine and tryptophan were decreased. S-deficiency increased aspartic acid (asparagine) content of ryegrass (fourfold) and of arginine in rape and kale. In N-balance trials with rats, S-deficiency reduced the biological value (BV) of the protein of kale from 65 to 40 and of field bean seed from 70 to 61. Corresponding decreases in digestible energy (DE) were from 56 to 48 and from 82 to 78, respectively.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Genetic control of oil content in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.).

In oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) like in most oleaginous crops, seed oil content is the main qualitative determinant that confers its economic value to the harvest. Increasing seed oil content is then still an important objective in oilseed rape breeding. In the objective to get better knowledge on the genetic determinism of seed oil content, a genetic study was undertaken in two genetic backgrounds. Two populations of 445 and a 242 doubled haploids (DH) derived from the crosses "Darmor-bzh" x "Yudal" (DY) and "Rapid" x "NSL96/25" (RNSL), respectively, were genotyped and evaluated for oil content in different trials. QTL mapping in the two populations indicate that additive effects are the main factors contributing to variation in oil content. A total of 14 and 10 genomic regions were involved in seed oil content in DY and RNSL populations, respectively, of which five and two were consistently revealed across the three trials performed for each population. Most of the QTL detected were not colocalised to QTL involved in flowering time. Few epistatic QTL involved regions that carry additive QTL in one or the other population. Only one QTL located on linkage group N3 was potentially common to the two populations. The comparisons of the QTL location in this study and in the literature showed that: (i) some of the QTL were more consistently revealed across different genetic backgrounds. The QTL on N3 was revealed in all the studies and the QTL on N1, N8 and N13 were revealed in three studies out of five, (ii) some of the QTL were specific to one genetic background with potentially some original alleles, (iii) some QTL were located in homeologous regions, and (iv) some of the regions carrying QTL for oil content in oilseed rape and in Arabidopsis could be collinear. These results show the possibility to combine favourable alleles at different QTL to increase seed oil content and to use Arabidopsis genomic data to derive markers for oilseed rape QTL and identify candidate genes, as well as the interest to combine information from different segregating populations in order to build a consolidated map of QTL involved in a specific trait.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Decreased incidence of disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and improved plant vigor of oilseed rape with Bacillus subtilis Tu-100.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes serious yield losses in oilseed crops worldwide. Bacillus subtilis Tu-100 significantly reduced (P< or =0.05) the incidence of disease caused by S. sclerotiorum on oilseed rape at harvest in two trials conducted in fields artificially infested with this pathogen. Mean plant dry weight was significantly greater (P< or =0.05) and mean plant length was significantly greater (P< or =0.07) at the seven-true-leaf stage with the Tu-100 treatment than with the control. Mean seed yield per 120 plants at harvest was significantly greater (P< or =0.05) in the second field trial with treatments containing isolate Tu-100. B. subtilis Tu-100 also promoted the growth of hydroponically grown oilseed rape. Plants were approximately 15% greater in dry weight (P< or =0.0001) and 6% greater in length (P< or =0.0025) when grown in the presence of isolate Tu-100 in Hoagland's solution, compared with the noninoculated control. In gnotobiotic studies, the lacZ-tagged strain B. subtilis Tu-100(pUC18) was detected within all roots of oilseed rape. Isolate Tu-100 did not persist in the ectorhizosphere of oilseed rape. Populations of this isolate decreased from 8.5x10(8) colony-forming units (CFU) per seed to approximately 10(2) CFU in the plant ectorhizosphere within 30 days of sowing in autoclaved soil.

Antibiosis↗
PubMed1990

Immunological detection of NADH-specific enoyl-ACP reductase from rape seed (Brassica napus)--induction, relationship of alpha and beta polypeptides, mRNA translation and interaction with ACP.

An antibody has been raised against rape seed enoyl-ACP reductase. This recognizes both the alpha and beta polypeptides of the enzyme. Immunoblotting of fresh seed demonstrates that beta is not present in seed material, and that it is produced by proteolysis during isolation. It is thus deduced that rape seed enoyl reductase is an alpha 4 homotetramer. Leaf material from both rape and Arabidopsis have an enoyl reductase with a similar electrophoretic mobility to the rape seed enzyme when analyzed on SDS-PAGE. Quantitative immunoassay has demonstrated that the enzyme continually increases during lipid deposition, indicating that an increase in this enzyme is required to sustain high levels of lipid biosynthesis. In vitro translation experiments show that the enzyme is nuclear coded and synthesized as a precursor form. Immunogold electron microscopy has demonstrated that enoyl reductase is located in plastids. It is shown that ACP-Sepharose may be used as a matrix in the purification of enoyl-ACP reductase.

Acyl Carrier Protein↗
PubMed2005

Application of immunoaffinity column as cleanup tool for an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay of phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase detection in genetically modified maize and rape.

We have developed a new immunoassay method to detect genetically modified (GM) maize and rape containing phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase (PAT). PAT encoded by Bialaphos resistance gene (bar) was highly expressed in soluble form in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified to homogeneity by Ni2+ affinity chromatography. A simple and efficient extraction and purification procedure of PAT from GM maize and rape was developed by means of the immunoaffinity column (IAC) as a cleanup tool. Purified polyclonal antibodies against PAT was produced and coupled covalently to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Both the binding conditions and elution protocols were optimized. The IAC was successfully employed to isolate and purify the PAT from the various tissues of GM maize (Bt11 and Bt176) and rapes (MS1/RF1 and MS8/RF3). Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures were established further on to measure the PAT protein. GM maize cannot be differentiated from non-GM maize by ELISA. But IAC-ELISA allowed 0.5% GMOs to be detected in MS1/RF1 and MS8/RF3 and 10% GMOs to be detected in Bt11 and Bt176, which makes this method an acceptable method to access PAT protein in GM rapes and maize.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed2003

Chloroplast transformation in oilseed rape.

The chloroplast transformation vector pNRAB carries two expression cassettes for the spectinomycin resistance gene aadA and the insect resistance gene cry1Aa10. The two cassettes are sited between the rps7 and ndhB targeting fragments. Biolistic delivery of the vector DNA, followed by spectinomycin selection, yielded chloroplast transformants at a frequency of four in 1000 bombarded cotyledon petioles. PCR analysis and Southern blot of PCR products confirmed the site-specific integration of aadA and cry1Aa10 into the chloroplast genomes of transgenic oilseed rape. When transgenic oilseed rape leaves were fed to second instar Plutella xylostera larvae, 47% mortality was observed against this insect and the surviving larvae had significantly lower weight than the control. This is the first report of chloroplast transformation in oilseed rape and the introduction of novel genes between the rps7 and ndhB genes in the chloroplast genome. This offers an opportunity for improvement of oilseed rape by chloroplast genetic engineering.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗