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PubMed1989

Personality assessment and counseling psychology.

This article examines the place of personality assessment in counseling psychology. Three areas are considered: (a) the types of tests counseling psychologists use, (b) the perspective counseling psychologists apply to the use of tests, and (c) projective techniques and counseling psychology. Each area is examined, and the issues it raises for counseling psychology are presented. Some conclusions about personality assessment practices in counseling psychology are made, and several directions for future training are identified.

Counseling↗

PubMed2000

Aggression: destructive and constructive aspects.

The concept of aggression was long relegated to the shadow of the libido in psychoanalytic theory, placed among the negative affects by some theoreticians, denied the role of a primary drive among leading writers in clinical psychology, brought to the fore as an adaptive force in ethology, and proved to be a decisive factor in the development of psychosomatic ailments. The second part of the paper reviews experiments using projective techniques, showing that highly creative subjects as opposed to ones low in creativity seem inclined to accept their aggressive impulses. A total denial of these impulses has been typical of women with breast cancer.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Measurement of alexithymia. Recommendations for clinical practice and future research.

The clinical assessment of alexithymia and research investigating its neurobiologic correlates require standardized assessment instruments. Observer-rated questionnaires, self-report scales, and projective techniques are currently available for measuring alexithymia, but most of these lack adequate reliability and validity. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale appears to have excellent psychometric properties, but a multimethod, multimeasure approach will enhance both measurement and further evaluation of the alexithymia construct.

Affective Symptoms↗

PubMed1997

The clinical utilization of early childhood memories.

Early childhood memories (EMs) are discussed as an individual's unique psychological product, capable of revealing basic fantasies around which the individual's character structure is organized. Major theoretical approaches to understanding EMs are surveyed including early Freudian, Adlerian, and Ego Psychological. The more recent Cognitive-Perceptual perspective is also discussed. As EMs are viewed as a projective technique, methods of retrieval and interpretation are described. Case material is presented to demonstrate the utilization of EMs in the course of psychotherapy. In the early phase of therapy, EMs are shown to be of use in establishing therapeutic focus and elucidating dynamic patterns. Within the process of therapy, illustrations are given to demonstrate the use of EMs as an interpretive aid and as a means of monitoring therapeutic change.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

A review and analysis of children's fearful behavior in dental settings.

This paper is a review of the empirical literature dealing with the fearful responses of normal children to dental experiences. The first part of the paper reviews 4 major ways of measuring children's fearful behavior, namely, through behavioral rating scales, self-report measures, projective techniques, and physiological measures. The next section of the paper, dealing with incidence of dental fear and age changes, makes the point that disruptive dental behaviors are seen in relatively few children, with marked diminutions in anxiety occurring in the preschool years. Correlates of dental anxiety and experimental studies of dental fear are reviewed in the final portions of the paper.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Interactive visualization of intercluster galaxy structures in the horologium-reticulum supercluster.

We present GyVe, an interactive visualization tool for understanding structure in sparse three-dimensional (3D) point data. The scientific goal driving the tool's development is to determine the presence of filaments and voids as defined by inferred 3D galaxy positions within the Horologium-Reticulum supercluster (HRS). GyVe provides visualization techniques tailored to examine structures defined by the intercluster galaxies. Specific techniques include: interactive user control to move between a global overview and local viewpoints, labelled axes and curved drop lines to indicate positions in the astronomical RA-DEC-cz coordinate system, torsional rocking and stereo to enhance 3D perception, and geometrically distinct glyphs to show potential correlation between intercluster galaxies and known clusters. We discuss the rationale for each design decision and review the success of the techniques in accomplishing the scientific goals. In practice, GyVe has been useful for gaining intuition about structures that were difficult to perceive with 2D projection techniques alone. For example, during their initial session with GyVe, our collaborators quickly confirmed scientific conclusions regarding the large-scale structure of the HRS previously obtained over months of study with 2D projections and statistical techniques. Further use of GyVe revealed the spherical shape of voids and showed that a presumed filament was actually two disconnected structures.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Validity of projective drawing indices of male homosexuality.

We investigated the hypothesis that certain signs in the Draw-A-Person projective technique reflect male homosexuality. Human figure drawings from gay and 88 heterosexual men, with no clinical psychological symptoms, were submitted to trained raters who were blind to the purpose of this research. The raters independently judged whether 21 signs, previously referenced in the literature as suggestive of male homosexuality, were present in the figure drawings. Only two signs, hair and hips, differentiated between groups. Results were interpreted in the light of changing social attitudes towards homosexuals and methodological problems of prior studies.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Identity processes and perceptions of the life span in chronic mental patients.

This study was an exploratory investigation of identity and life-span perceptions in a sample of thirty-seven chronic mental patients, ranging from twenty-three to sixty-four years of age, using the "life drawing," a projective technique. Age differences were found in the adaptation of identity to the life experiences associated with mental illness. Individuals less than thirty years old were more likely to adopt a "patient identity"; in contrast, the over-forty years-old adapted to their illness through denial. These differences held regardless of psychiatric diagnosis, suggesting a process of identity adaptation more general than is implied in mental disorder diagnostic systems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

Dental fear and behavior management problems in children. A study of measurement, prevalence, concomitant factors, and clinical effects.

A Swedish parental version of the Dental Subscale of Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS-DS) was administered twice to the parents of 52 children aged 4-14 yr, and CFSS-DS was compared with child behavior during treatment. CFSS-DS reached high values for validity and reliability, and scores of 38 or more were found to be related to dental fear. The prevalences, concomitant factors, and clinical effects of dental fear and behavior management problems (BMP) were studied in a representative study population of 4,505 children aged 4-6 and 9-11 yr. Parents of 3,204 of the children (71%) answered a questionnaire containing CFSS-DS, a Short Form of Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS-SF) measuring general emotional status, Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) to measure maternal and paternal dental fear. The dental records were retrieved from the Public Dental Service, and 4,061 complete dental records provided information regarding behavior management problems, caries, fillings, dental treatments and number of missed appointments. The study population had a mean score of 23.1 on CFSS-DS (sd 8.1; range 15-71). Dental fear (CFSS-DS scores > or = 38) was found in 6.7%, and BMP in 10.5% of the children. Both dental fear and BMP decreased with age. Age, general emotional status, and maternal dental anxiety were identified as concomitant factors in the development of dental fear. Experiences of pain during dental treatment increased the risk of developing dental fear and BMP. Dental fear and BMP were associated with missing of dental appointments and deterioration of dental health. A new method using projective techniques to measure child dental fear, the Children's Dental Fear Picture test (CDFP), was developed. Data regarding reliability and validity of CDFP was established in a group of 146 children selected from the questionnaire survey. The testings with CDFP were performed by two trained dentists. CDFP proved to have high interexaminer reliability (88.9%), and to be a valid test. Sensitivity was calculated to 98.5%.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

John N. Buck (1906-1983): did he practically establish clinical psychology in Virginia?

A posthumous biographical profile is presented of John N. Buck, an early clinical psychologist who gained national recognition for his diverse contributions to the field. In addition to developing the House-Tree-Person (H-T-P) Projective Technique and an array of other psychological inventories, he was instrumental in establishing clinical psychology in Virginia. Buck served on the first Examining Board for Certification of Clinical Psychologists in Virginia (and the nation) and was later its chairman. He published his research in peer-reviewed journals and presented guest lectures at respected universities. These professional achievements were quite remarkable in light of the fact that Buck was paraplegic and had no college degree and only scattered formal training in psychology.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed2003

Three wishes and psychological functioning in boys with duchenne muscular dystrophy.

This study examined Three Wishes (a projective technique commonly used with children) in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a fatal, progressive illness (n = 74). A reliable and parsimonious scoring system was developed to code wish type. Probands' responses were compared with unaffected siblings (n = 32) and a male comparison group (n = 43). Contrary to what was expected, the DMD group did not make significantly more health-related wishes than their siblings or the comparison group. Further, no association between health-related wishes and problem behaviors was observed in the DMD group. These findings indicate that, despite increased stressors, boys with DMD present wishes similar to those of their healthy peers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1989

Initial psychological effects of sexual abuse on female children as reflected in the Hand Test.

Previous research regarding the initial effects of sexual abuse on children has varied in terms of methodologies, measurement instruments, and reported findings. Recent studies, however, suggest that projective techniques may be useful in resolving some of these inconsistencies. This study utilized the Hand Test to investigate the initial effects of sexual abuse on female children. Authenticated cases of sexually abused children were compared to a matched sample of presumably nonabused children. Significant differences on six variables were obtained between the groups but, more important, Hand Test patterns emerged which appeared to distinguish among those victims who: (a) were severely traumatized by the abuse, (b) displayed neurotic tendencies, and (c) did not seem to have suffered measurable detrimental effects. It was suggested that these findings may help reconcile conflicting views that have appeared in the literature.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Hand Test scores of panic disordered outpatients sexually abused as children.

A history of childhood sexual abuse has been implicated in a variety of adult psychiatric disorders as more frequent in females than in males and in subjects with more prominent dissociative symptoms such as panic disorder. Previous research has varied greatly in terms of methods, measurement instruments, and reported findings. Recent studies, however, suggest that projective techniques may be useful in resolving some of these inconsistencies. The present study utilized the Hand Test to investigate the late effects of childhood sexual trauma in a group of authenticated cases of panic disordered adult outpatients sexually abused as children compared to a matched sample of presumably nonabused patients. No statistically significant differences on quantitative variables were obtained between the two groups, but the group of outpatients (n = 16) sexually abused as children showed a larger latency to the ninth card of the Hand Test (shock reaction). This may be a potentially useful index in investigating cases of suspected abuse and confirms Wagner's (1983) contention that Card IX has a psychosexual "pull" as documented also by Italian studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The Bene-Anthony Family Relations Test revisited: directions in the assessment of children's perceptions of family relations.

The Bene-Anthony Family Relations Test is designed to assess the child's perception of family relations using projective techniques. This article describes the test and background to its development. The validity of the test is limited by the content of some items and their categorization, though there is evidence that the test can distinguish between populations that differ on other related variables. A survey of professionals who use the test is described. Despite their enthusiasm for it, the majority of respondents had modified the test in some way, and 86% regularly rephrased at least one item from the test. There were several criticisms of the test, including the positive scoring of 'sexualized items'. The respondents were also inconsistent in their administration and scoring of the test. This test is used less frequently in research, possibly because it is not perceived as a sufficiently robust psychometric instrument. However, there is a danger of 'throwing away the baby with the bath water'. Recommendations are made for the development of a test that reliably assesses the child's perception of the emotional content of relations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1960