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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Step test predictions of maximum oxygen uptake before and after an employee fitness programme.

The Canadian Home Fitness Test has been administered to two large office populations on three occasions over a 9 month period. At the control company (87M, 89F), there was some improvement of test scores from the initial to the final visit (decrease of heart rate in 6th minute of exercise 5.7 beats X min-1 in men, 9.5 beats X min-1 in women); this may reflect habituation to the test procedure. At the experimental company (180M, 258F), employees were given the opportunity of participation in an Employee Fitness Programme. High adherents to this programme (61M, 97F) showed a substantial decrease of 6 min exercise heart rate (12.8, 16.0 beats X min-1) with an increase of CHFT duration (2.59, 2.33 min) and VO2max (Jetté prediction, 3.8, 2.9 ml X kg-1 min-1). These changes were much larger than in either the control group, or in "non-participants" (54M, 46F) and "drop-outs" (19M, 48F) in the experimental company. Low adherents to the fitness programme (46M, 67F) occupied an intermediate position. Given accurate pulse counting, about a sixth of the high adherents would have detected no change of CHFT score if a single test was carried out after completing 6 months in the fitness programme; however, in some of these subjects there may indeed have been no training response. Because it gives a low weighting to exercise heart rate, the Jetté equation indicates a smaller effect of training than the Astrand nomogram.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Molecular genetics of open-angle glaucoma, moving from gene localization to predictive testing.

It has long been suspected that genetic factors play a role in open-angle glaucoma. Only recently, however, has the molecular basis of such factors begun to be established, with the primary localization of the GLC1A locus for juvenile-onset and early-onset autosomal dominant open-angle glaucoma on chromosome 1q. These findings are clinically significant in that they allow familial screening of individuals at risk for glaucoma before the onset of irreversible visual impairment. A physical map of the GLC1A genomic region is now available, and the actual GLC1A gene might be identified in the near future. Nevertheless, open-angle glaucoma is a genetically heterogeneous entity, and additional loci have been mapped or proposed. Identification of open-angle glaucoma genes should provide invaluable clues to the disorder's pathophysiology. It could also aid in conceiving novel therapeutic agents and broadening the screening of at-risk subjects.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2004

Short-term psychological impact of predictive testing for Machado-Joseph disease: depression and anxiety levels in individuals at risk from the Azores (Portugal).

OBJECTIVE: The short-term impact of the pre-symptomatic genetic test (PT) for Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) in the Azores (Portuguese Islands) was assessed in 46 individuals at risk who completed the PT Program. METHODS: Scores for depression and anxiety were used as indicators of the subjects' emotional status immediately before the PT and 1 year after disclosure of the results. RESULTS: Global levels of participation in the Azorean PT Program for MJD were high (20.7%), particularly in Flores Island (35.8%). For the total sample, mean scores of depression and anxiety before and after the PT presented without clinical significance. No differences were found for depression and anxiety scores before and after the PT. Furthermore, when grouped by test results (carriers/non-carriers), there were no differences between pre- and post-test levels. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that the test result did not cause a decrease in the psychological well-being of the individuals tested. The high number of participants performing the PT in the small and isolated community of Flores Island, where MJD represents a source of stigma, was interpreted as an indication that in this particular population the PT offers the individuals at risk the possibility of liberating from a stigma, and, hence, from exclusion.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Combined dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone test predicts treatment response in major depression - a potential biomarker?

BACKGROUND: Exaggerated corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol response to the combined dexamethasone (DEX)/corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) test, indicating impaired regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system, is frequently observed in depression. In the present study, we examined whether change in HPA system function during the first weeks of hospitalization predicts response to antidepressant treatment in major depression and thus constitutes a potential biomarker. METHODS: We conducted the DEX/CRH test in 50 inpatients suffering from severe major depression, once after study inclusion and a second time 2 to 3 weeks later while under continuous antidepressant treatment. RESULTS: We found increased ACTH and cortisol responses to the first DEX/CRH test compared with healthy control subjects. In the second DEX/CRH test 2 to 3 weeks later, 36 of the 50 patients showed an attenuated cortisol response, while 14 patients did not display improvement or exhibited even aggravation of the altered HPA system function. Improved HPA system regulation in the second DEX/CRH test was associated with beneficial treatment response after 5 weeks and a higher remission rate at the end of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that change in HPA system regulation assessed with repeated DEX/CRH tests is a potential biomarker that may predict clinical outcome at follow-up. There is consensus that the drug development process could be improved, once reliable biomarkers become available that help to allow a judgement regarding the efficacy of a novel drug candidate. The combined DEX/CRH test seems to be a promising candidate for such a biomarker.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2005

Can platelet function tests predict the clinical efficacy of aspirin?

"Aspirin resistance" and "aspirin nonresponsiveness" are terms used both to describe both the failure of aspirin to protect subgroups of individuals from severe vascular events and to evoke an appropriate inhibition of platelet function. Several studies utilizing a broad range of platelet function tests have shown that some subgroups of individuals exhibit a reduced or completely missing antiplatelet response to aspirin. The clinical significance of aspirin nonresponsiveness for the prediction of clinical endpoints remains, however, to be determined. Thus far, only three prospective clinical trials have demonstrated a possible relationship between aspirin nonresponsiveness and subsequent vascular events. Most platelet function tests used in respective clinical studies cannot be reliably performed in clinical routine and are not interchangeable for monitoring antiplatelet treatment. There is a need for a simple and reliable assay for predicting the clinical efficacy of antiplatelet therapy. Recent data demonstrate that none of the currently developed assays, including the PFA-100 system, are presently able to accomplish these objectives.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1990

Peak treadmill running velocity during the VO2 max test predicts running performance.

Twenty specialist marathon runners and 23 specialist ultra-marathon runners underwent maximal exercise testing to determine the relative value of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), peak treadmill running velocity, running velocity at the lactate turnpoint, VO2 at 16 km h-1, % VO2max at 16 km h-1, and running time in other races, for predicting performance in races of 10-90 km. Race time at 10 or 21.1 km was the best predictor of performance at 42.2 km in specialist marathon runners and at 42.2 and 90 km in specialist ultra-marathon runners (r = 0.91-0.97). Peak treadmill running velocity was the best laboratory-measured predictor of performance (r = -0.88(-)-0.94) at all distances in ultra-marathon specialists and at all distances except 42.2 km in marathon specialists. Other predictive variables were running velocity at the lactate turnpoint (r = -0.80(-)-0.92); % VO2max at 16 km h-1 (r = 0.76-0.90) and VO2max (r = 0.55(-)-0.86). Peak blood lactate concentrations (r = 0.68-0.71) and VO2 at 16 km h-1 (r = 0.10-0.61) were less good predictors. These data indicate: (i) that in groups of trained long distance runners, the physiological factors that determine success in races of 10-90 km are the same; thus there may not be variables that predict success uniquely in either 10 km, marathon or ultra-marathon runners, and (ii) that peak treadmill running velocity is at least as good a predictor of running performance as is the lactate turnpoint. Factors that determine the peak treadmill running velocity are not known but are not likely to be related to maximum rates of muscle oxygen utilization.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Acute response to captopril as a predictive test for surgery in renovascular hypertension.

To test the hypothesis that acute angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition might predict the postoperative blood pressure outcome, a single oral dose of captopril ranging from 12.5 to 100 mg, was given to 26 patients with renovascular disease and its hypotensive effect was compared with that of surgery (21 patients) or of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) (5 patients). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure fell significantly (p less than 0.001) from 179.9 +/- 5.4/114.1 +/- 2.1 to 148.4 +/- 3.8/94.1 +/- 1.9 after captopril and to 141.1 +/- 3.7/88.9 +/- 2.0 at least 3 months after operation. Postoperative pressure values were directly related to those after captopril (SBP: r = 0.65, p less than 0.001; DBP: r = 0.45, p less than 0.05) as were their absolute decrements (SBP: r = 0.70, p less than 0.001; DBP: r = 0.64, p less than 0.001). However, after captopril, individual pressure tended to be higher (and their decrements to be lower) than after operation. 12 out of 19 patients cured by surgery were considered cured by captopril, while 5 out of the remaining 7 were improved and 2 not cured. The 6 patients improved by surgery or PTA were also improved by captopril and the only patient not cured by surgery was not cured by captopril. Therefore, if we consider both cure and improvement as a positive result, the captopril test gave 23 true-positive, 1 true-negative and 2 false-negative responses. Taken together, these data suggest that acute ACE inhibition may be an useful tool in predicting postoperative blood pressure of patients with renovascular disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Pretransplant pulmonary function tests predict risk of mortality following fractionated total body irradiation and allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplant.

PURPOSE: To determine the value of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) done before peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) in predicting mortality after total body irradiation (TBI) performed with or without dose reduction to the lung. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From 1997 to 2004, 146 consecutive patients with hematologic malignancies received fractionated TBI before PBSCT. With regimen A (n=85), patients were treated without lung dose reduction to 13.6 gray (Gy). In regimen B (n=35), total body dose was decreased to 12 Gy (1.5 Gy twice per day for 4 days) and lung dose was limited to 9 Gy by use of lung shielding. In regimen C (n=26), lung dose was reduced to 6 Gy. All patients received PFTs before treatment, 90 days after treatment, and annually. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 44 months (range, 12-90 months). Sixty-one patients had combined ventilation/diffusion capacity deficits defined as both a forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and a diffusion capacity of carbon dioxide (DLCO)<100% predicted. In this group, there was a 20% improvement in one-year overall survival with lung dose reduction (70 vs. 50%, log-rank test p=0.042). CONCLUSION: Among those with combined ventilation/diffusion capacity deficits, lung dose reduction during TBI significantly improved survival.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Using SAT-grade and ability-job performance relationships to test predictions derived from stereotype threat theory.

To examine the generalizability of stereotype threat theory findings from laboratory to applied settings, the authors developed models of the pattern of relationships between cognitive test scores and outcome criteria that would be expected if the test scores of women and minority group members were affected by stereotype threat. Two large data sets were used to test these models, one in an education setting examining SAT-grade relationships by race and gender and the other in a military job setting examining Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery-job performance relationships by race. Findings were not supportive of the predictions arising from stereotype threat theory, suggesting caution in positing threat as a key determinant of subgroup mean test score differences in applied settings.

Achievement↗
PubMed2000

The popliteal lymph node assay in predictive testing for autoimmunity.

A large number of chemicals or metabolites thereof is known to induce or exacerbate autoimmune disease (AID) in man. Due to the complex immunological processes involved, chemical-induced autoimmunity is hardly if ever detected in standard toxicity testing and generally applicable animal models that detect a chemical's potential to induce AID do not exist. The popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA) focusses on the chemical's ability to initiate an immune response rather than on inducing or exacerbating autoimmune reactions, and is regarded a suitable test for pre-screening of immunostimulating and -sensitizing potential. The most simple primary PLNA measures enlargement of the popliteal lymph node (PLN) 6-8 days after subcutaneous injection of a chemical into the footpad distinguishes between immunostimulating and innocent chemicals. The primary PLNA is however unable to assess the involvement of T cells and thus the immunosensitizing potential of a chemical. For this, the secondary and/or modified PLNA is appropriate. The secondary PLNA detects challenge reactions in the PLN to non-sensitizing doses of a chemical in pre-sensitized animals or in unsensitized animals that received an adoptive transfer of pre-sensitized syngeneic T cells. The modified PLNA uses the defined reporter antigens TNP-OVA (T cell-dependent antigen) and TNP-Ficoll (T cell-independent antigen) to distinguish sensitizing from non-sensitizing (IgG1-response or not to TNP-Ficoll) and mere inflammatory from complete innocent (IgG1-response or not to TNP-OVA) chemicals. To date, about 130 compounds (drugs and environmental pollutants) have been tested in either one or more of these PLNAs. Results show a good correlation with documented immunostimulating (both autoimmunogenic and allergic) potential and no false negative chemicals were detected if metabolism was considered. In particular the modified PLNA awaits validation before it can be recommended as a standard test for autoimmunogenic potential.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Do skin prick and conjunctival provocation tests predict symptom severity in seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis?

BACKGROUND: In the investigation of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (SAR), quantitative skin and conjunctival allergen challenge tests are used to measure individual allergen sensitivity. These tests are reproducible and relate well to prevalence but their relationship to symptom severity is less well established. OBJECTIVE: We wished to determine if quantitative skin prick tests (QSPT) and conjunctival provocation tests (CPTs) using a single grass pollen allergen extract are reproducible and predict symptom severity in SAR. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed data from 91 participants in a previously published randomized placebo controlled study of low dosage allergen immunotherapy who were randomized to receive placebo treatment. We examined the relationship between pre-seasonal QSPT, CPT and SAR symptoms. RESULTS: We found a high level of reproducibility when repeated measures were compared for both the QSPT (P < 0.001) and the CPT (P < 0.001) and moderate correlation (0.49) between the standard skin prick test (SPT) and the QSPT (P < 0.001). We found weak negative correlation (-0.27) between the QSPT and the CPT (P < 0.001). We found no correlation between seasonal symptom, use of rescue medication or quality of life (QOL) scores and pre-seasonal QSPT or CPT. Conclusion In the assessment of seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis, quantitative skin and conjunctival allergen challenge tests are strongly reproducible, although there is no correlation between these tests and seasonal symptom, use of rescue medication or QOL scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

A predictive test for adverse reactions to contrast media. Preliminary results.

In a prospective study, whole blood samples drawn from patients prior to their being injected with contrast media were incubated with zymosan to activate the complement cascade. The samples were tested for various analytes, including C3a, thromboxane B2 (TxB2), beta thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 (PF4). Of 207 patients receiving contrast media, only eight experienced reactions, which were mild. Levels of the platelet constituents were generally elevated in these patients. Specificity and sensitivity were 89% and 83%, respectively, for the combined TxB2 and PF4 radioimmunoassay data. Using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank sum test, both PF4 and TxB2 were collected with RCM reactions at the R less than .05 level. Although preliminary, the results suggest that RCM reactions are predictable by the in vitro test procedures described.

Complement Activation↗
PubMed1994

Predictive testing for Huntington disease: social characteristics and knowledge of applicants, attitudes to the test procedure and decisions made after testing.

An investigation has been made of the social characteristics and knowledge and experience of Huntington disease (HD) for the first 80 individuals considering presymptomatic testing (applicants) at the medical genetics centres in Edinburgh and Glasgow and of attitudes to the test procedure and decisions made after testing for those who received a result. Sixty-one percent of applicants were female and 31% were over 40 years old. Almost all had a symptomatic parent but 38% did not know HD was in their family until they were over 25 years old and 48% had never received genetic counselling. Thirty-eight percent of applicants first heard of the test at the genetic clinic, 20% from a relative and 20% from the media, but none had received information from their GP. Thirty-one applicants did not have the test because they voluntarily withdrew (17 individuals), their family structure was unsuitable or no informative result was possible (11 individuals), or they were diagnosed clinically as being affected (3 individuals). Those who voluntarily withdrew did not differ significantly from the 49 who received a result in social characteristics or knowledge and experience of HD. Twenty-two individuals were found to be at increased risk (IR) (> 50% of becoming affected) and 27 to be at decreased risk (DR) (< 50% of becoming affected). There was a median period of 9 months between entering the test procedure and receiving a result and the main criticism of the procedure was that it took too long to complete and several individuals experienced considerable anxiety while awaiting their result.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗