SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PROFESSIONS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

The profession of medicine and the public: examining Americans' changing confidence in physician authority from the beginning of the 'health care crisis' to the era of health care reform.

Recent work on the sociology of the professions, in general, and on the profession of medicine, in particular, target dramatic changes in the organization of social institutions, "boundary work" among professionals, and the implications of both for professional power. However, public attitudes cited in theories as a critical linchpin of professional status remain relatively unexplored in the face of these changes and widespread contentions of public dissatisfaction. Using data from the 1976 National Survey of Access to Care (Aday, Andersen, and Fleming 1980) and the 1998 General Social Survey (Davis, Smith, and Mardsen 1998), we take advantage of a unique opportunity to compare the public's attitudes across a 20-year period. We examine individuals' evaluations of the way physicians do their work and their ability to confront health problems. Three findings support a complex view of public sentiments. First, while public confidence in physicians remains relatively high, we document a crystallization of attitudes reflecting greater negative and fewer positive sentiments. Second, while neither the structure of attitudes nor the role of sociodemographic characteristics in explaining attitudes has significantly shifted over time, in 1998 health status and insurance status are correlated with negative attitudes. Third, using General Social Survey time trend data on the confidence in medicine compared to other professions (science and education), we find support for a general public response to social institutions, with confidence in medicine tracking closely with confidence in science in level, and education in pattern. We end with four possible explanations of our findings, including and a general discussion of the role of the public in the professional status of physicians and its implications for social change in the institution of medicine.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗

PubMed1996

['Thou completeth his work'. On the development of the nursing profession (1880-1925)].

From the very beginning the modernization of the nursing profession, which began in the 1880s, was deeply influenced by leading figures in the medical profession. Liberal-minded doctors initiated the nursing reforms and implemented their ideas in a training and examination system for nurses, in textbooks, in the nursing organization and in the nursing professional journal. In 1921, the nursing education programme was embodied in legislation based on their views. This article focusses on the question as to why nurses did not succeed in developing their own professional image without the assistance of physicians. Even the nurses' pressure group, the union Nosokómos, could not change their subordinate position. The weak social position of the nurse, the 'treachery' of the first generation of prominent matrons and finally the lack of support of the women's rights movement prevented the nurses from modelling the profession according to their own concepts.

History, 19th Century↗

PubMed2001

Recredentialing in the allied health professions.

Credentialing of allied health professionals is used to assure the public that they are receiving care from competent individuals, and recredentialing is a means to demonstrate continuing competence. There is considerable variability in the requirements that allied health professions have for recredentialing. Of the 16 national credentials representing 14 allied health professions that were included in this study, 50% had no continuing education (CE) or retesting requirement in order to maintain the credential. The remaining 50% required CE in amounts ranging from 10 to 50 hours per year, with a mean of 18.5 hours. One credential requires both CE and retesting. A review of the literature reveals that CE requirements are not linked to improved patient outcomes, and evidence linking retesting to improved outcomes is lacking. Therefore, even though there is external pressure to implement recredentialing requirements for the allied health professions, care needs to be taken to assure that the tools used to ensure continued competence are valid and reliable.

Allied Health Personnel↗

PubMed2002

[Social status and marriage within the medical profession].

BACKGROUND: There are many reasons to expect a high level of homogamy in the medical profession, i.e. that many physicians marry another physician. The question raised here is whether social status--level of academic performance and social origin--influences the probability of finding a partner within the profession. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The answer is based on a sample of 3,500 Norwegian physicians who graduated between 1981 and 1996. Their marriage patterns are analysed by logistic regression models estimating the impact of grades and social origin as well as a number of control variables. RESULTS: A female physician's probability of marrying a male physician increased systematically by grades and was highest among those whose parents had advanced degrees. Among male physicians, the impact of grades varied by social origin. Among men born to parents with a high level of education, their propensity of marrying within the medical profession increased the higher their grades were. Among those without this parental background, no such tendency was found. INTERPRETATION: The results may indicate that female physicians seek to maximize the status of their partners, while men, especially the most ambitious, seek complementary partners. The most attractive men may, however, get early involved in relationships that are not optimal in relation to their career aspirations.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

[Evaluation of the Dutch Individual Health Care Professions Act].

In 1997 the Dutch Individual Health Care Professions Act on the regulation of professions in health care came into force. This Act introduced a major reorganisation of the legal regulation of health-care professions. The evaluation of the Act, completed in 2002, indicates that the new legal structure has improved the quality of care. Yet several shortcomings have also been found in the Act, in terms of both the concept and the content. These are mainly due to discrepancies between the starting points and the concept of the Act on the one hand and the developments that have actually taken place in health care on the other hand, as well as a rather inactive system of inspection and control. The researchers who carried out the evaluation have formulated several proposals for improving the contents and effectiveness of the Act.

Health Occupations↗

PubMed2003

[The medical profession: why is decline inevitable?].

The deep crisis affecting professions such as doctor or teacher does not seem to us relating to the present juncture. It originates in the particularity of these professions consisting in three requirements necessarily and closely linked that are universal, collective and singular. The singularity of the human being is under questioning since decades. The crisis which is affecting him is, as we think, the first fundamental explanation of the decline of the professions which are concerned with his singularity.

Forecasting↗

PubMed2003

Establishing health informatics as a recognised and respected profession in the UK National Health Service.

The delivery of healthcare is an information dependent process. National government modernisation targets, and drives to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of care delivery systems and processes have the better use of information and IT at their heart. If we are to realise the benefits information and IT developments can bring, we have to ensure we have a suitable cadre of well educated, proactive professional specialists who understand the business of healthcare. The English NHS has an attrition rate of something like 43% amongst its ICT specialists, and there are recruitment and retention problems in a range of other informatics disciplines like medical records, project management and strategic management. A 1999-2000 survey indicated the reasons for recruitment and retention problems. One agreed solution has been to work towards establishing health informatics as a recognised and respected national profession. This is in addition to other national work to establish career pathways, make health informatics as a profession "mainstream", and to provide development opportunities at all levels. This paper sets out the background to the establishment of a profession in UK health services, outlines progress to date, and summarises other national development activity to support health informatics professionals.

Information Management↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The White Paper of the health professions of Catalonia].

The White Paper of the Health Professions of Catalonia (WPHPC) is a strategic document for the development of the health professions. It deals with the main components of the manpower development (education, management and planning) in relation to the health services development required to attain the objectives defined in the Catalan Health Plan. The WPHPC fosters the coherence between social needs and professional competencies required to respond to them, as well as to the quantitative aspects of service needs under adequate standards of quality, effectiveness and efficiency. The WPHPC has followed a methodological process with maximum stakeholder participation and transparency. Citizens, professionals and health organizations have contributed significantly. The conclusions and recommendations of the WPHPC are organized around four axis: the citizenship, the professionals, the health care organizations and the health care model. Key elements are: the requirement of a new social contract between the different stakeholders, the values of professionalism, the need for a new credentialism of professional competencies, innovation in the education process, innovation of governance and management for organization of knowledge, the redistribution of work inside teams requires deregulation and reregulation of the professions, the need for actualized data on workforce and job positions and the permanent requirement of sociological research.

Health Planning Guidelines↗

PubMed2004

Integrating research into the culture of allied health professions: the background and a review of issues in the United Kingdom.

This article reviews the challenges and barriers to change associated with development of a research culture in allied health professions within the higher education sector. We address the cultural upheaval and alterations in ways of working experienced by higher education and the health professions in recent times as a result of government policy as it applies to education and the National Health Service in the United Kingdom. Cooperation between higher education and the National Health Service in developing a culture of research in the health professions is fundamental to achieving evidence-based practice in health care. Improving research capability is hampered, however, by lack of funding and institutional barriers to change and barriers within individuals. Engendering a sense of identity and ownership in relation to change and a strategic approach to the next Research Assessment Exercise are essential if allied health professional programs are to survive within higher education.

Allied Health Occupations↗

PubMed2005

[Links between profession and family in the community of Lithuanian pharmacists at the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th centuries].

Little research has been carried out in the sphere of the relations between a pharmaceutical career and family in the historiography of pharmacy history. A peculiar influence of family on the choice of the pharmaceutical way of life came into existence in the period of Lithuanian national revival at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. This article aims to reveal the relations between a Lithuanian family and pharmaceutical career, to analyze the influence of political, social, economic factors on these relations. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th the resistance of Lithuanian peasants against Russification, Polonification manifested in their objective to form Lithuanian intelligentsia. Priestly seminaries became the major centre for preparing new Lithuanian intelligentsia. It was prestigious to become a priest. Moreover, this profession guaranteed material wealth. Young people often left the seminary and started their work in pharmacies where they got a shelter and small 5 rubles earning of a pharmacy apprentice. Such runaways from parents settled in the university cities of czarist Russia and had a purpose to become self-dependent (i.e. to get education) without parents' support. The choice of a woman-pharmacist career, however, was greatly influenced by the profession of her husband. Some educated Lithuanian pharmacists encouraged their wives to choose the same specialty as theirs but such occasions were rare. Sometimes it happened so that pharmacists married, but there were only few Lithuanian women-pharmacists or assistants of pharmacists, and in the period of Lithuanian national revival the point of view on ethnically mixed families was negative. This article discusses about the career of women-pharmacists and the influence of family on the choice of a profession, as well as Lithuanian point of view on ethnically mixed families of pharmacists.

Career Choice↗

PubMed1992

Factors affecting a student's choice of dietetics as a profession.

In order to design more effective recruitment strategies, 419 junior students in 38 coordinated dietetics programs completed self-administered questionnaires to identify factors that attracted them to the profession. The majority (43.9%) first became interested in a dietetics career while in college; 24.9% became interested before or during secondary school; and 17.7% were making a career change. Factors that most frequently led to a career in dietetics were a course in nutrition (32.9%), a friend or relative other than parent (31.0%), and a dietitian (30.3%). Students rated the opportunity to help others (95.2%) and the relationship of nutrition to health (94.0%) as characteristics of the profession that had a highly positive influence on their decision. Interests in health, disease, and health care (70.5%); teaching and health promotion (42.7%); sports and fitness (40.7%); counseling and behavior change (35.6%); and food and cooking (35.4%) were most frequently cited as influencing the choice of a dietetics career. Students were most interested in practicing dietetics as a consultant or in private practice (37.5%) or as a clinical dietitian (34.8%). New and innovative recruitment strategies should target high school and college students and pay special attention to second-career students. Interests such as health, disease, and health care and health promotion and characteristics of the profession such as the opportunity to help others attracted present dietetics students and should be emphasized in recruiting. The best marketing tools may be the practicing dietitian and a course in nutrition.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Health and wellness for women in the profession.

Regardless of gender, dentists can and do experience illness and other problems that may disrupt or impair dental practice, including substance abuse involving alcohol and/or other drugs. As part of the ethical obligation to maintain public confidence through responsible and effective self-governance, the American Dental Association (ADA) and state dental components offer health and wellness resources to members through programs such as CDAD-Dentist Well-Being Committee. Though the percentage of women entering the dental profession has consistently increased, utilization of CDAD resources by female dentists remains low. In order for the profession to fully address the needs of its changing membership, dentists need to understand gender differences associated with risk for abuse of alcohol and other substances; related physical, emotional, and professional effects; and other aspects of professional health and wellness. As more information on substance abuse in female and male dentists emerges, CDAD is prepared to support, educate, and advocate for the health and wellness of all colleagues in the dental profession.

American Dental Association↗

PubMed1991

[The dental profession in The Netherlands before 1865].

The dental profession before 1865 has been described with the help of sources from the 19th century, in combination with prosopographical research. During this period, dentists had no exclusive rights in dentistry: other surgical professions were also involved both with its theory and practice. Their specialised colleagues comprised a group of 137 dentists, largely related to a few Jewish families. This characteristic, underlined by their intensive migration and training within the family, had been responsible for the divergent position of the dentists in Dutch medical legislature of the 19th century. While in the medical profession the organisation and structure (1865) was the first te be revised, followed by a reorganisation of education (1876); in dentistry the recruitment and education had to be reformed (1865-1876) before the building up of a new professional structure. This process speeded up by the rapid mortification of the ancient group of dentists.

History of Dentistry↗

PubMed1991

A follow-up study of allied health educational and career interests of graduates of a high school for health professions.

In response to reports and trends suggesting a national shortage of health professionals, a survey was administered to graduates from Houston's High School for Health Professions, in part to measure their interests in pursuing higher education and careers in the allied health fields. Project administrators were concerned that only 82 of 1,028 survey respondents indicating a career choice (8.0%) expressed interests in allied health. The career choices, educational pursuits, perceptions regarding likelihood of career attainment, and factors influencing career attainment of these 82 respondents were examined. Ultimately, it is believed that many students are unaware of allied health professions, and that others simply do not perceive allied health disciplines as attractive career options. Results of this study are consistent with other reports suggesting that new strategies must be employed nationally to promote greater participation in allied health, especially by groups previously underrepresented in these professions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

The unification of European optometry: how the profession will change after 1992.

The economic integration of the European Community (EC) targeted for 1992 has the potential to change the course of the development of the optometric profession in Europe. One of the goals of this integration is to create within Europe an environment free of professional barriers, such that European professionals will be able to practice their skill anywhere within the Community. Because optometry is practiced so differently among the 12 EC countries, the development of a system of reciprocity for optometric credentials in Europe will be a difficult task. Currently, there exists a strong movement, headed by the Association of European Schools and Colleges of Optometry (AESCO), to unify the profession by creating a European-wide examination for optometry. The implications of such an examination are tremendous in that it will establish a standard for the delivery of optometric care not only for the 320 million people within the EC, but also world-wide. The purpose of this paper is to examine the current status of optometry in Europe, to review efforts by both the EC and AESCO to unify the profession, and to discuss the impact of recent developments on the future of optometry not only in Europe, but throughout the world.

Certification↗

PubMed1991

The medical profession and changing attitudes towards advertising and competition.

This paper examines the attitudes of general medical practitioners towards competition and advertising and the changes that have occurred between 1985 and 1988. The data was derived from a self completion questionnaire, 1500 of which were evenly distributed among the members of five professions; doctors, dentists, lawyers, accountants and veterinarians. General practitioners are now favourably disposed towards advertising by the profession as a whole in an effort to increase awareness of medical services (70% in favour in 1988 compared to only 53% in 1985), but the perceived need for increased business efficiency has lessened (70% in 1988 compared to 78% in 1985). Collegiality continues to be the dominant ideology but this position has weakened slightly. In 1988 only 65% of general practitioners regarded other members of the profession as colleagues rather than competitors, compared to 73% in 1985.

Advertising↗

PubMed1990

The culture of caring: AIDS and the nursing profession.

Caring for persons with AIDS calls upon a range of physical, psychological, social, and spiritual interventions that, in the absence of a cure, can make a palpable difference for patients. The "culture of caring" that nurses bring to bear on the epidemic is shaped by their education and socialization, and by shared background characteristics. The nursing profession has been among the leaders in organizing AIDS care; such care entails stress for individuals at a time when the profession and the health care system are facing a generalized crisis, but nurses have testified to the redeeming significance they find in performing their work. It remains to be seen whether the contribution nurses and their ethos of caring have made will endure to influence the relative status of this profession.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1989

Minorities in the health professions: a current perspective.

This article discusses the problem of adequate minority representation in the health professions. Discussed here are some contours of the vexing problem of adequate minority participation in the health professions and a brief discussion of some programs that appear to be working. By "minority" here we mean underrepresented minorities in the health professions--Afro-Americans, Hispanic Americans, and native Americans. Asian Americans are not an underrepresented minority in this respect.

Education, Medical↗