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PubMed2004

Alfred C. Kinsey and the politics of sex research.

In view of the recent phase of political opposition to sex research and intense public interest in Alfred C. Kinsey, this paper considers the impact that Kinsey's research has had on the political process in the past 50 years. Initial reactions to Kinsey's research that remain relevant today include "normal" people don't participate in sex surveys, sex surveys are intended to promote homosexuality, and asking people about their sex lives in a nonjudgmental fashion promotes immorality. Episodes of political opposition are documented, and the long-running anti-Kinsey campaign and its impact on the political process are described and discussed. Reasons why people might still oppose sex research are considered, and conclusions are reached about how sex researchers might deal with this problem.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1991

Impact of the political violence in Natal on emergency surgical services of a tertiary hospital.

In order to investigate the impact of the political violence in Natal on a tertiary hospital's emergency surgical services, 5 days in February 1990 (based on newspaper reports of political violence) were identified and matched for the day of week and time of month to obtain comparable control days in February 1989. Data for each of the 10 days were obtained from casualty department attendance registers and a 40% random sample of emergency outpatients' charts. Comparing violence to control days, the total number of patients treated in casualty increased by 9.6% (1,915 v. 1,747), first visits to casualty by black patients increased by 34.4% (1,741 v. 1,295) and emergency patients treated in the casualty department increased by 29.6% (206 v. 159). Gunshot injuries accounted for 21.4% and 3.1% of surgical emergencies on violence and control days, respectively (relative risk 6.79; 95% confidence interval 2.76-16,73; P less than 0.001). Men comprised 76.2% and 65.4% of surgical emergencies on violence and control days, respectively (P less than 0.05). The mean age of surgical emergency patients with gunshot injuries was 26.4 years on violence days and 31.4 years on control days. Among surgical emergencies, gunshot injuries accounted for 19.2% of ward admissions on violence days compared with 5% on control days. Political violence in Natal increased the utilisation of tertiary hospital emergency surgical services, particularly for young black men with gunshot injuries requiring inpatient care. Until there is peace in this region, tertiary hospital emergency surgical services need to be strengthened and prepared to cope with the trauma resulting from the political violence.

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1989

Conflict resolution: applying the political model to the RCT proposal.

The political model, as described by various authors, provides a powerful and effective approach to dealing with the complex issues that confront nursing. This article demonstrates that the political model may be employed as a useful method for reaching a favorable resultant action on the registered care technologist conflict issue. The problem-solving approach of the political model can be applied to individual, group or organizational conflict. The politically astute person using this model will gain insight into negotiating, policy-making and the allocation of scarce resources.

American Medical Association↗
PubMed1985

Political orientation and occupational values of college youth, 1969 and 1981: a shift toward uniformity.

McFalls and Gallagher (1979) have found a strong relationship between the occupational values and political orientations of college students. Their study was based on the results of a sample survey conducted in 1969. However, the political climate on college campuses has changed dramatically, and so has the nature of the job market. A new survey was conducted in 1981 which was identical to the 1969 survey. Its objective was to determine if the same political group differentials in occupational values which existed in the politically tumultuous late sixties and early seventies still hold in the more placid 1980s. The findings are reported here.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

Becoming a more politically active nurse.

From the earliest days of nursing's history, the profession has been known for promotion of human rights, opposition to injustice and inequity, and advocacy on behalf of those who could not advocate for themselves. These accomplishments have been achieved through the efforts of politically active nurses within our ranks. This article establishes why nurses need to be involved politically, examines levels of political participation, considers barriers to such participation, and provides strategies for the nurse interested in becoming more politically involved.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

[Hospital infections in Brazil. Government actions for their control as expressions of social politics in the health area].

The authors study the hospital infections evolution em Brasil and the demands for its control until its establishment by governmental actions. For a better understanding and analysis of the social actors' dispute process, their needs and interests and the relation with the governmental sector to the establishment of a certain state politics, a theoretical reference that enabled to elaborate the whole of social structure elements was searched. This theoretical reference should also take the filled of the relation between Society, State, Actors and Social Politics as its main question. In order to allude to these specific actions and its intervention range, it was necessary to make a distinction between the state politics modalities and the implementation responsibilities. Based on empirical material, it was possible to trace these demands, conforming on technological-assistencial models thorough the working process indicators. Other empirical categories levels was demanded to approach to the theoretical reference: specific conjectures, welfare medical assistance, the clinical intervention model and the quality movement. All the time, the analysis of the demands and the established project aimed the relation between the instruments and their purposes with themselves and with the health general politics, showing its implications.

Brazil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Public health as a county government priority: problems and solutions for the political arena.

A critical prerequisite to the promotion of public health in local communities is gaining political support for local public health agencies and their activities. County governments are particularly important sources of support for public health agencies at the county level. This article deals with the issue of the priority given to public health by top county government officials. We determine that public health is generally a low priority issue for county government leaders. The low priority given to public health is, in part, linked to top county officials' lack of recognition of important public health problems and low levels of community group advocacy for public health issues. The problems that face public health in the political arena are related to the fact that many public health activities are not highly visible as political issues. An understanding of the relationship between public health and more politically salient issues can help health officials to raise awareness among county governmental leaders in regard to the importance of supporting public health activities. The data used in this study were collected from a survey questionnaire, which was mailed to 1,430 top county officials in 596 U.S. counties. The survey results were supplemented by observations made during site visits to 12 counties selected from four states.

Government↗
PubMed2003

Service provision for elderly depressed persons and political and professional awareness for this subject: a comparison of six European countries.

OBJECTIVE: Under-treatment of depression in late-life is a subject of rising public health concern throughout Europe. This study investigates and compares the availability of services for depressed elderly persons in Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. Additionally, it explores factors that might contribute to an adequate services supply for depressed elderly people. METHOD: Review of the literature and guide supported expert interviews. Analysis of the practice of care provision for depressed elderly persons and of indicators for political and professional awareness, such as university chairs, certification processes and political programmes in gerontopsychiatry. RESULTS: Only Switzerland and the UK offer countrywide community-oriented services for depressed elderly persons. Clinical experience in treating depression in late-life is not regularly acquired in the vocational training of the concerned professionals. Indicators suggest that the 'medical society' and health politics in Switzerland and the UK regard psychiatric disease in the elderly more importantly than it is the case in the other investigated countries. CONCLUSIONS: Service provision for depressed elderly persons seems to be more elaborated and better available in countries where gerontopsychiatry is institutionalised to a greater extend in the 'medical society' and health politics.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Max Eitingon and a question of politics.

Max Eitingon is thought not to have left behind original theoretical work, despite the fact that he wrote some 40 articles and a dozen psychoanalytic congress reports. He has been almost forgotten over the years, even though he occupied an important political place in the history of the psychoanalytic movement. In recent times, he has again become a subject of attention. In this article the author takes a look at Eitingon as an activist who was intensely involved in the social and political struggles of his time. He represents the political aspect of psychoanalysis on two counts: first, within the psychoanalytic movement, where he had a particular role in the institutionalizing of psychoanalysis, and, second, in relating it to wider social and political ends.

Austria↗
PubMed2000

Perceptions of organizational politics as a moderator of the relationship between conscientiousness and job performance.

Meta-analytic studies of the relationships between the five-factor model of personality constructs and job performance indicate that conscientiousness has been the most consistent predictor. Recent research has sought to identify situational factors that may explain additional variance beyond what has been reported by simple bivariate relationships. The authors hypothesized that perceptions of organizational politics would moderate the relationship between conscientiousness and job performance. Data collected from 234 male and 579 female workers in 4 organizations indicated that conscientiousness was related to job performance among workers perceiving average to high levels of organizational politics but unrelated to performance among workers perceiving low levels of organizational politics. Moreover, perceptions of organizational politics were negatively related to job performance only among workers of average to low levels of conscientiousness.

Efficiency↗
PubMed2005

The relationship between perceptions of politics and depressed mood at work: unique moderators across three levels.

The authors examined the unique moderating potential of need for achievement, perceived organizational support, and faith in management on the relationship between perceptions of politics across 3 hierarchical levels (one's peer level, 1 level up, and at the highest level in the organization) and depressed mood at work. Results from 173 full-time employees, representing a wide range of occupations, supported the hypotheses. Specifically, the authors found that need for achievement interacted with perceived politics at one's peer level, perceived organizational support interacted with perceived politics at 1 level up, and faith in management interacted with politics perceived at the highest levels in the organization to relate to depressed mood at work. Contributions of this study, strengths and limitations, and future research directions are provided.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Rehabilitating health services in Cambodia: the challenge of coordination in chronic political emergencies.

The end of the Cold War brought with it opportunities to resolve a number of conflicts around the world, including those in Angola, Cambodia, El Salvador and Mozambique. International political efforts to negotiate peace in these countries were accompanied by significant aid programmes ostensibly designed to redress the worst effects of conflict and to contribute to the consolidation of peace. Such periods of political transition, and associated aid inflows, constitute an opportunity to improve health services in countries whose health indicators have been among the worst in the world and where access to basic health services is significantly diminished by war. This paper analyzes the particular constraints to effective coordination of health sector aid in situations of 'post'-conflict transition. These include: the uncertain legitimacy and competence of state structures; donor choice of implementing channels; and actions by national and international political actors which served to undermine coordination mechanisms in order to further their respective agendas. These obstacles hindered efforts by health professionals to establish an effective coordination regime, for example, through NGO mapping and the establishment of aid coordinating committees at national and provincial levels. These technical measures were unable to address the basic constitutional question of who had the authority to determine the distribution of scarce resources during a period of transition in political authority. The peculiar difficulties of establishing effective coordination mechanisms are important to address if the long-term effectiveness of rehabilitation aid is to be enhanced.

Cambodia↗
PubMed2004

Witnessing the effects of political violence in families: mechanisms of intergenerational transmission and clinical interventions.

In this era of globalization, when news about political violence can haunt anyone, anywhere, those whose families have suffered political violence in the past are particularly vulnerable to current distress. Skilled in understanding transgenerational processes, family therapists need to be familiar with the mechanisms by which children are exposed to the effects of political violence suffered by their elders-that is, the ways in which they become their witnesses. This article presents a framework for understanding how the trauma of political violence experienced in one generation can "pass" to another that did not directly experience it, and proposes a model to guide clinical intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Tobacco lobby political influence on US state legislatures in the 1990s.

BACKGROUND: Throughout the 1990s the tobacco lobby was a potent political force in US state legislatures advancing its pro-tobacco agenda. OBJECTIVE: To describe the market and political motivations of the tobacco lobby and the strategies they use to achieve these goals in US state legislatures. DESIGN: This study is a content analysis and summary overview of recently released historical tobacco industry documents; tobacco related government documents; and recent state tobacco control policy reports. RESULTS: In the 1990s, the tobacco lobby engaged in a comprehensive and aggressive political effort in state legislatures to sell tobacco with the least hindrance using lobbying, the media, public relations, front groups, industry allies, and contributions to legislators. These efforts included campaigns to neutralise clean indoor air legislation, minimise tax increases, and preserve the industry's freedom to advertise and sell tobacco. The tobacco lobby succeeded in increasing the number of states that enacted state pre-emption of stricter local tobacco control laws and prevented the passage of many state tobacco control policies. Public health advocates were able to prevent pre-emption and other pro-tobacco policies from being enacted in several states. CONCLUSIONS: The tobacco lobby is a powerful presence in state legislatures. Because of the poor public image of the tobacco lobby, it seeks to wield this power quietly and behind the scenes. State and local health advocates, who often have high public credibility, can use this fact against the tobacco lobby by focusing public attention on the tobacco lobby's political influence and policy goals and expose links between the tobacco lobby and its legislative supporters.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Democratization and Political Change as Threats to Collective Sentiments: Testing Durkheim in Russia.

Durkheim argued that acute political crises result in increased homicide rates because they pose a threat to sentiments about the collective. Though crucial to Durkheim's work on homicide, this idea remains untested. The authors took advantage of the natural experiment of the collapse of the Soviet Union to examine this hypothesis. Using data from Russian regions (N = 78) and controlling for measures of anomie and other covariates, the authors estimated the association between political change and change in homicide rates between 1991 and 2000. Results indicated that regions exhibiting less support for the Communist Party in 2000 (and thus greater change in political ideals because the Party had previously exercised complete control) were regions with greater increases in homicide rates. Thus, while democratization may be a positive development relative to the Communist juggernaut of the past, it appears that the swift political change in Russia is partially responsible for the higher rates of violence there following the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Validity of the Internal-External Scale in its relationship with political position.

The study was designed to interpret previous reports of a relationship between left wing political position and externality on Rotter's (1966) Internal-External (I-E) Scale. I-E items phrased in the first person were associated with a criterion measure of locus of control, and externality on the scale predicted inferior performance in a skill-controlled task. However, political position was related to neither the criterion measure of locus of control nor to successful performance in a skill-controlled task. Thus, there was no evidence that political position was related to locus of control in spite of its relationship with the I-E Scale. There was discussion of implications for the validity of the I-E Scale and for studying relationships between personality and political variables.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

[Politicity of care as an emancipatory reference for nursing: getting to know to care better, delivering care to confront, delivering care to emancipate].

UNLABELLED: Politicity of care deals with the intelligent and disruptive handling of help-power. Such notion can mainly be expressed by the trihedron getting to know to care better, delivering care to confront, delivering care to emancipate which, when adapted to the work process in health, may become emancipatory. This theoretical-philosophical reflection explores the ambiguous aspect of care, expressed by being solidary and becoming political. OBJECTIVES: a- to reflect about the politicity of care, as management of help-power, which is capable of emancipatory subversion; b- to discuss the way capitalist societies deal with health care; c- to point out disruptive dynamics to nurses, based on the emancipatory trihedron of care. The main idea of this article is to indicate applicabilities for the conception of politicity of care in the sphere of the nursing work process, signaling emancipatory potentialities.

Nursing↗
PubMed1981

Famine relief and imperial policy in early modern Morocco: the political functions of public health.

There has been no systematic ethnology nor comparative history of public health. In fact, there has been a broad consensus that prior to the arrival of missionaries and colonial health authorities there was no indigenous public health. These assumptions apply to only some settings and do not reflect the general history of public health. The present study concerns public health in the first century of Alawi rule in Morocco, ca. 1670-1790. The early Alawi sultans undertook public health programs, most of which concerned the prevention and relief of mass starvation. Goals of the programs were consistent with other features of their public policies. Effectiveness of the programs was limited partly by technical and scientific factors, but more by political constraints, especially the sultans' higher priorities for political stability than public welfare and public health. These data provide important insights not only into Moroccan social and political history, but also into the more general problem of the political nature of public health.

Disasters↗