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[Pathways to psychiatric care. II. "Psie Pole" epidemiological catchment area].

AIM: The aim of this research was to draw a pathway diagram for people with mental disorders in Psie Pole epidemiological catchment area, which significantly differs from Zabkowice epidemiological catchment area because of urbanisation and social status of citizens. Then to compare data characterising both pathways diagrams. METHOD: In the period of two months between 1st February 2001 and 31st March 2001 all patients age 15 and over who applied to the Psychiatric Service in the "Psie Pole" epidemiological catchment area, were assessed by psychiatrists for their eligibility to enter the study. Those who had fulfilled the entry criteria were interviewed using a Polish version of WHO's encounter form (EF) by the mental health professionals during their initial interview. Data from both catchment areas were compared. RESULTS: In the "Psie Pole" and "Zabkowice" catchments areas the main pattern of pathways to psychiatric care was similar. There were significant differences in the symptoms presented, diagnoses and intervals between both epidemiological catchment areas. CONCLUSIONS: The urban/semi urban and social status differences didn't influence the pathways to psychiatric care in "Psie Pole" and "Zabkowice" catchment areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Use of the inferior epigastric artery to revascularize a lower pole renal artery in renal transplant.

The increasing use of living-related donors has increased the incidence wherein the transplant surgeon is required to use special vascular surgical techniques to transplant kidneys with anomalous arterial anatomy. One of the most commonly encountered arterial anomalies is the presence of a lower pole renal artery. In many cases, this artery can be anastomosed to the main renal artery, and the main renal artery can then be anastomosed into the recipient vessel. However, there are cases where the lower pole renal artery is too distant from the main renal artery to allow an anastomosis to be performed. The lower pole renal artery of the graft must be revascularized to avoid ischemic injury to the ureter. Thus, alternate methods for the revascularization of this vessel must be found. We describe the use of the recipient inferior epigastric artery as an arterial supply for the donor lower pole artery. In our case report, this method provided excellent flow to the lower kidney and was documented by later studies.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1994

Anthropometric characteristics and performance related predictors of success in adolescent pole vaulters.

The purpose of this study was to determine the anthropometric characteristics of skilled adolescent pole vaulters and to examine the strength of anthropometric and physical performance variables in predicting vaulting performance (N = 87; age group range 13-18 years). The vaulting height of the subjects ranged from 1.98 to 4.72m (mean 3.58 +/- s.d. 0.536m). The vaulters were classified as ectomorphic mesomorphs with an average somatotype of 1.6-4.2-3.5 (s.d. +/- 0.38-0.94-1.00). One way analysis of variance showed that while measures of stature, physical performance and vault performance significantly increased (p < 0.05) across age groups, somatotype and sum of skinfolds remained stable. Stepwise regression analysis showed the best predictor of vaulting performance was hand grip height (R2 = 0.78, p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that grip height was strongly correlated to vault height (r = 0.88), age (r = 0.72), body mass (r = 0.71), standing long jump (r = 0.69), running speed (r = 0.69), biceps girth (r = 0.66), standing height (0.65), calf girth (0.61) and pull-ups (r = 0.44). It was concluded that the somatotype of skilled young pole vaulters is similar to that of junior Olympic and adult Olympic vaulters, and that this somatotype is a selective factor for this event as early as thirteen years of age. Proficiency in pole vaulting is best predicted by grip height, which is strongly correlated to stature and simple field measures of leg speed and power, and upper body muscular endurance. These findings may be applied to the selection and training of young pole vaulters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

A chest harness and pole-leash for routine transfer of rhesus monkeys from home cage to behavioral test apparatus and back.

A chest harness and pole-leash method to transfer rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) weighing up to 16 kg from home cage to primate restraint chair was designed. The harness was made of leather straps that crossed the chest in an X-fashion, and created a V-neck. The V-neck eliminated the strangulation hazard of neck collars, and minimized interference between the harness and neck hole of restraint chairs. Two pole-leashes attached to 2 points on the harness gave the handler considerable control over the posture of the monkey, making it easier to teach the monkey to walk with a leash and to climb into its restraint chair or test apparatus. During transfer the rigid pole prevented escape and protected the handler from attack. Quick release mechanisms on the pole-leash allowed prompt, complete separation from the animal when it re-entered its home cage.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Lactate response to uphill roller skiing: diagonal stride versus double pole techniques.

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the lactate responses to roller skiing with double pole and diagonal stride techniques in eight collegiate or national level cross-country ski racers. Four-minute exercise stages were performed on a ski treadmill at 67, 94, 121, 148, and 174 m.min-1 on a 1.7% grade and at 67, 94, and 121 m.min-1 on a 7.1% grade. Whole blood lactate concentration, heart rate, oxygen consumption (VO2) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined at each exercise stage. Blood lactate concentrations were not significantly different between double poling and diagonal striding at the 1.7% grade. However, the blood lactate concentrations were higher during double poling at the 7.1% grade for all speeds. Blood lactate concentrations were also higher for double poling at the 7.1% grade when compared with diagonal striding at 70% of technique specific peak VO2, a heart rate of 145 and a RPE of 12. We conclude that blood lactate concentrations do not offer physiological justification for choosing one technique over the other when skiing on low grades, but low blood lactate concentrations may provide a physiological advantage for diagonal striding on steep grades.

Exercise↗
PubMed1997

Carboxyl terminus of mitosin is sufficient to confer spindle pole localization.

Mitosin is a nuclear protein of 3,113 amino acids which has been shown to associate with the mitotic apparatus, especially the kinetochore, during mitosis. In this paper we further confirmed its association with the spindle poles in normal monkey kidney CV1 cells by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. When the carboxyl portion of mitosin containing amino acids 2,094-3,113 (named mitosin-pTN) was stably expressed in rat fibroblast Rat2 cells using a tetracycline-inducible system, strong spindle pole association was observed in addition to expected centromere localization. The same results were achieved in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. On the other hand, mitosin-pTC containing amino acids 2,756-3,113 was not targeted to spindle poles. Use of the FLAG epitope [Hopp et al., 1988] genetically fused to each amino terminus of these mutants eliminated possible artifacts due to antibody cross-reaction, since the spindle pole localization of wild-type mitosin was confirmed with a FLAG-tagged mutant by an antibody (anti-FLAG M2 monoclonal antibody) irrelevant to antibodies to mitosin. Our data also suggested a possible interaction of mitosin with the spindle microtubules. Interaction of mitosin with the major parts of the mitotic apparatus further implies an important role in mitosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Partial nephrectomy in cancer of the upper pole of kidney. Anatomical bases].

On the basis of their importance for nephron-sparing surgery in tumors of the superior pole of the kidney, we analyzed 3-dimensional endocasts of the intrarenal structures. In 86.6% the superior pole was related to 3 arteries involved in its resection. Management of the superior (apical) segmental artery is in general simple as well as the ligature of the artery related to the anterior surface of the upper infundibulum. Ligature of the branch of the posterior segmental artery, that is related to the upper infundibulum, is critical due to the risk of injuring this segmental artery with loss of a great portion of renal parenchyma. The posterior segmental artery (retropelvic artery) is involved and must be preserved in all cases of superior pole resection. A retropelvic vein with its upper dorsal plexus was present in 69% of the cases. This vein must be previously ligated to provided safe management of the arteries during superior pole resection.

Carcinoma, Renal Cell↗
PubMed1994

Neuropathologic changes of the temporal pole in Alzheimer's disease and Pick's disease.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the pattern of neuropathologic changes in temporal polar cortex in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in comparison with changes in Pick's disease (PD) and normal elderly cytoarchitecture. DESIGN: Examination of degenerative changes, neurofibrillary tangles, and senile plaques in the temporal poles of 10 patients with AD, three patients with PD, and five age-compatible control subjects, by means of thionein and thioflavine S stains and Alz-50 and ubiquitin immunocytochemistry. SUBJECTS: All patients had a documented history of dementia and AD or PD confirmed on neuropathologic examination. Control subjects were without a history of cognitive impairment or evident neuropathologic changes. OUTCOME MEASURES: Cytoarchitecture, neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, and Pick bodies. RESULTS: All patients with AD showed atrophy of the temporal pole and marked neuronal loss, especially in layers III and V and, to a lesser degree, in layers II and VI. Heavy accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles was found in layers II, III, V, and VI. Patients with PD showed extensive neuron loss throughout, although this appeared to be most prominent in layer III. CONCLUSIONS: Both AD and PD pathologic changes severely affect the layers of the temporal pole that mediate widespread reciprocal connections with temporal and frontal cortices and limbic cortical and subcortical structures. Neural systems that interconnect temporal polar cortex with sensory association areas and memory-related limbic structures are, therefore, disrupted, and it is likely that these lesions play a role in the multifaceted cognitive and behavioral changes of AD and PD.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Laser treatment in subjects with high-risk clinical features of age-related macular degeneration. Posterior pole appearance and retinal function.

OBJECTIVES: To verify that a few laser lesions in the posterior pole can cause drusen to resolve in patients with age-related macular degeneration, and to document central retinal sensitivity as drusen resolve. DESIGN: In a pilot study, 12 patients considered to be at high risk for sight-threatening complications from age-related macular degeneration were treated with 12 argon laser lesions in the posterior pole, with review for 12 to 24 months. RESULTS: Choroidal neovascularization developed in 1 patient 8 months after treatment, with consequent loss of central vision. In 9 of the remaining 11 patients, high-risk characteristics of drusen were reduced. Four patients had retinal pigment epithelial depigmentation, and all maintained 20/40 visual acuity at 12 months. One patient lost 3 lines of vision due to geographic atrophy after 12 months. Scotopic retinal threshold was elevated before treatment in 8 patients, compared with an age-matched comparison group. Of these, 4 patients underwent retesting 3 to 6 months after treatment, and all had improved thresholds, but only 1 patient sustained the improvement at 12 months. At 12 months, 3 of the 8 patients showed an improvement in their mean retinal threshold. Of those in whom the mean retinal threshold worsened, the mean elevation in threshold was not more than 0.6 log units. CONCLUSIONS: A few laser lesions in the posterior pole leads to resolution of drusen. There does not appear to be an increased risk for choroidal neovascularization. Retinal threshold measurements show no indication of geographic atrophy at 1 year, but cannot be excluded as a late outcome. Laser treatment may reduce the risk for profound sight-threatening lesions in age-related macular degeneration.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

From egg to pole cells: ultrastructural aspects of early cleavage and germ cell determination in insects.

Insect eggs are giant and very complex cells covered by an extremely resistant shell. Both the egg cell and surrounding eggshell express anteroposterior and ventrodorsal polarity. The molecular and cytoplasmic organization of both axes originates during oogenesis and leads to the production of an ooplasmic system which consists of euplasm and deutoplasm (yolk) and contains a nucleus as well as extranuclear determinants of maternal origin. Both are part of the store of information for early embryogenesis. In addition, the deutoplasm serves as raw material and early nutrient supply for building the embryo. The insect egg cell, which is arrested in the first maturation division when released from the ovary during oviposition, will be activated by different stimuli among different species to complete meiosis and start embryogenesis. The zygote nucleus undergoes a number of synchronous mitotic divisions leading to cleavage energids which initially form a syncytial blastoderm and subsequently the cellular blastoderm. In many insects, prior to blastoderm formation, polar granules (or oosome material) are incorporated in a single cell or a small number of cells which bud off at the posterior pole. These so called pole cells give rise to the primordial germ cells. Therefore, polar granules or the oosome material mark the germ line, and while structural counterparts of determinants of body pattern formation have so far not been found, the polar granules or oosome serve as an autonomous ooplasmic determinant for the pole or germ cells. Anteroposterior body polarity can arise independent of the germ plasm.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Mislocalization of oskar product in the anterior pole results in ectopic localization of mitochondrial large ribosomal RNA in Drosophila embryos.

Mitochondrial large ribosomal RNA (mtlrRNA) was identified as a cytoplasmic factor that induces pole cells in uv-irradiated embryos and is localized on polar granules in normal embryos at early stages. Here, we report that mtlrRNA is localized in the anterior pole if oskar products are forced to be localized there. This clearly shows, contrary to the previous report by Ding et al. (1994, Developmental Biology 163, 503-515), that localization of mtlrRNA depends on oskar function even at the anterior pole.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A subpopulation of apoptosis-prone cardiac neural crest cells targets to the venous pole: multiple functions in heart development?

A well-described population of cardiac neural crest (NC) cells migrates toward the arterial pole of the embryonic heart and differentiates into various cell types, including smooth muscle cells of the pharyngeal arch arteries (but not the coronary arteries), cardiac ganglionic cells, and mesenchymal cells of the aortopulmonary septum. Using a replication-incompetent retrovirus containing the reporter gene LacZ, administered to the migratory neural crest of chicken embryos, we demonstrated another population of cardiac neural crest cells that employs the venous pole as entrance to the heart. On the basis of our present data we cannot exclude the possibility that precursors of these cells might not only originate from the dorsal part of the posterior rhombencephalon, but also from the ventral part. These NC cells migrate to locations surrounding the prospective conduction system as well as to the atrioventricular (AV) cushions. Concerning the prospective conduction system, the tagged neural crest cells can be found in regions where the atrioventricular node area, the retroaortic root bundle, the bundle of His, the left and right bundle branches, and the right atrioventricular ring bundle are positioned. The last area connects the posteriorly located AV node area with the retroaortic root bundle, which receives its neural crest cells through the arterial pole in concert with the cells giving rise to the aortopulmonary septum. The NC cells most probably do not form the conduction system proper, as they enter an apoptotic pathway as determined by concomitant TUNEL detection. It is possible that the NC cells in the heart become anoikic and, as a consequence, fail to differentiate further and merely die. However, because of the perfect timing of the arrival of crest cells, their apoptosis, and a change in electrophysiological behavior of the heart, we postulate that neural crest cells play a role in the last phase of differentiation of the cardiac conduction system. Alternatively, the separation of the central conduction system from the surrounding working myocardium is mediated by apoptotic neural crest cells. As for the presence of NC cells in both the outflow tract and the AV cushions, followed by apoptosis, a function is assigned in the muscularization of both areas, resulting in proper septation of the outflow tract and of the AV region. Failure of normal neural crest development may not only play a role in cardiac outflow tract anomalies but also in inflow tract abnormalities, such as atrioventricular septal defects.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Localization of the gene for DNA polymerase epsilon (POLE) to human chromosome 12q24.3 and rat chromosome 12 by somatic cell hybrid panels and fluorescence in situ hybridization.

DNA polymerase epsilon [DNA pol epsilon (EC 2.7.7.7)] is one of the four nuclear DNA polymerases in eukaryotic cells. The mammalian enzyme is involved in DNA repair and possibly also in replication of chromosomal DNA. The gene encoding pol epsilon (POLE) was assigned to human and rat chromosomes 12 by Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from mouse-human and mouse-rat somatic cell hybrid panels using human cDNA probe. The human gene was then regionally localized to band 12q24.3 by fluorescence in situ hybridization of metaphase spreads of chromosomes from human lymphocytes using genomic DNA probe. POLE is closely linked to HNF1A, a gene encoding a liver-enriched transcription factor, HNF1 alpha. The two genes thus define a new synteny group retained on human and rat chromosomes 12. Another gene mapping to the same or close-by region as human POLE is a gene for inherited disorder tuberous sclerosis 3, TSC3.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Pseudo-inflammatory chorioretinal degeneration of the posterior pole. Study of a family of four affected generations, associated with tapetoretinal amaurosis (Leber) in the fifth generation.

A description is given of a large family in which a particular form of posterior pole dystrophy occurs, but in which (except for one 21-year-old patient) no symptoms occur before the age of forty. Although it is of dominant transmission through four generations with a high degree of penetrance, slight forms do occur. The disease evolves in 2-4 years and in serious cases there is total loss of the central vision. Peripheral vision is conserved, so that affected patients are never entirely disabled and dependent. Early or slight cases may be precociously detected by angiography or sensitive functional tests (EOG, VER, and perhaps colour vision). The rapid evolution is due to exudative or haemorrhagic phenomena. This observation corresponds with the description of the disease individualized by Sorsby (pseudo-inflammatory posterior pole dystrophy) and is related to colloid degeneration. In the fifth generation a case of Leber's congenital amaurosis occurs, which is difficult to relate to the late posterior pole dystrophy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Sleeve fracture of the superior pole of patella: a case report.

The growing patella is more vulnerable to osteochondral or avulsion fractures. Avulsion or sleeve fractures can occur at the superior or lower pole. Superior pole fractures are very rare. A case of superior pole sleeve facture of the patella is presented and the treatment described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Mouse polo-like kinase 1 associates with the acentriolar spindle poles, meiotic chromosomes and spindle midzone during oocyte maturation.

We have examined the dynamics of the localisation of the polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) during maturation of the mouse oocyte. Levels of Plk1 protein increase following germinal vesicle breakdown, at which time the enzyme begins to accumulate at discrete positions on the condensing chromosomes and, subsequently, at the poles of the meiotic spindle, which moves towards the cortex of the egg. Interestingly, at metaphase in both meiotic divisions, Plk1 shows a punctate localisation along the broad spindle poles. Moreover, the punctate distribution of Plk1 on the meiotic chromosomes appears at early anaphase to correspond to the centromeric regions. The protein relocates to the spindle midzone during late anaphase and then associates with the midbody at telophase. We have confirmed the specific pattern of immuno-localisation seen in fixed preparations by observing the distribution of Plk1 tagged with green fluorescent protein in living oocytes. We discuss the localisation of the enzyme in light of the structure of the spindle poles, which are known to lack centrioles, and the highly asymmetric nature of the meiotic divisions.

Anaphase↗
PubMed2004

Retinal thickness at the posterior pole in glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

PURPOSE: Ganglion cells with nerve fibre layer contribute a substantial fraction to the retinal thickness (RT). In contrast to the analysis of papillary and peripapillary area, which have shown large variability in normal eyes, the variation of retinal cell density in the perifoveal region is reported to be less than 10%. By measuring RT at the posterior pole we wanted to detect retinal changes due to glaucoma and determine their correspondence with visual field (VF) changes. METHODS: The Retinal Thickness Analyzer (RTA) was used to obtain RT maps in 21 normal eyes, 20 eyes with ocular hypertension and 22 eyes with glaucoma. A green laser slit (540 nm) of the RTA was focused on the retina at an angle and its intersection with the retina was imaged. The distance between the reflections from the vitreo-retinal and retina-retinal pigment interface is directly proportional to the RT. Five locations covering the central 20 degrees were scanned, generating 10 optical cross sections that were transformed into colour-coded RTA maps. Numerical data were presented for the perifoveal and posterior pole region. RESULTS: In glaucomatous eyes significant localised thinning of the retina was present, identified as the increased number of clusters including at least four points that are 2 standard deviations below normal. The minimum retinal thickness was decreased in glaucoma eyes and the perifoveal temporal modulation and perifoveal temporal/nasal asymmetry--indicators of greater RT loss in the temporal and the nasal quadrant, respectively--were higher in eyes with glaucoma, but with overlapping global indices between the groups. In 16 of 22 eyes with glaucoma there was good agreement of RT changes with VF defects. In two eyes with typical glaucomatous damage at the optic disc but without VF defects localised changes of RT were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The RTA enables objective noninvasive evaluation of the posterior pole and could become helpful in diagnosis of glaucoma before the onset of functional damage. However, at present its clinical usefulness is limited by overlapping values of retinal thickness between normal and glaucomatous populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

An in-depth study of accidents involving collisions with utility poles.

This paper summarizes the objectives, methodology, findings, and recommendations of a large-scale study of automobile crashes involving utility poles. In an 8-month survey of accidents, information on site characteristics and accident severity was obtained for a sample of 879 crashes. Randomly-selected samples of 795 sites and 627 vehicles provided control information. An accident-predictor model which identifies accident risk on the basis of site measurements has been derived. The model reveals a range of relative risks in the population of exposed poles of the order of 1000:1, and enables the identification of the relatively small proportion of poles which account for the majority of accidents. The model was used in conjunction with estimates of the costs of accidents to show that a number of remedial treatments are warranted. The hazardous effects of low tyre tread depths and improper tyre inflation pressures are also demonstrated.

Accidents, Traffic↗