Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PLAY”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Object play in infants with autism: methodological issues in retrospective video analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Using a taxonomy of object play, this study describes methodological issues in using retrospective video analysis and computer-based coding as a research tool for early identification of autism. METHOD: Home videos of 32 infants with autism (n= 11), developmental delay (n= 10), and typical development (n= 11) were edited and analyzed for duration and highest level of object play in four hierarchical categories (exploratory, relational, functional, symbolic) using The Observer 3.0. RESULTS: The three groups had similar levels of engagement with objects, and no statistically significant differences in duration of exploratory play. Higher levels of play were rarely evident at 9-12 months, however, the highest level achieved (functional play) was apparent only in the typical group. CONCLUSION: This study provides the first naturalistic investigation of object play skills in infants with autism ages 9-12 months. It also demonstrates feasibility for using computer-based coding technology within the context of retrospective video analysis methods. Duration of exploratory play was not a discriminating feature of autism at this early age.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2003

The association between playfulness and coping in adolescents.

This study investigated the relationship between playfulness and coping skills in adolescent males both typically developing (TD) and with severe emotional disturbance (SED). Thirty male adolescents (16 TD, 14 with SED) ranging in ages from 14 to 17 years comprised two groups. Each participant was scored on the Test of Playfulness (ToP) (Bundy, 1998) and on the Coping Inventory (Zeitlin, 1985). A significant positive correlation (r = .785; p < .01) was discovered to exist between the adolescents' level of playfulness and their coping skills. Point biserial correlations, between group (TD and SED) and the ToP scores (r = .889; p < .0001) and between group and ABIs (Coping Inventory) (r = .873; p < .0001), revealed that these adolescents came from two distinct groups. As expected, TD adolescents were rated as more playful than those with SED and scored higher in effective coping skills. This study has implications for occupational therapy intervention with adolescents. High correlations between playfulness and coping support the idea of using play and playfulness to improve coping skills particularly the ability to adapt and to approach problems and goals in a flexible manner.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Playfulness in children with traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study.

The sequelae of paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) are well documented as being permanent and pervasive. The impact, however, on how a child approaches the childhood occupation of play, termed 'playfulness,' has been neglected. This prospective analysis of difference study used the Test of Playfulness to compare the playfulness of eight children aged 3-13 years diagnosed with moderate to severe TBI to an age-matched control group. Using Rasch analysis, the TBI group did demonstrate the behaviour of playfulness, but to a significantly lower extent than the control group (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks (T(8) = 0, p = .012). The findings suggest that playfulness is negatively impacted by TBI, and that strategies to legitimise and optimise playfulness be incorporated into therapy practice for this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Children's indoor and outdoor play patterns in Ahwaz City: implications for injury prevention.

A cross-sectional study in Ahwaz city, Islamic Republic of Iran, described children's indoor and outdoor play patterns. A total of 952 pupils aged 7 and 9 years and 942 parents completed questionnaires. Children's favourite activities were: playing football (22.3%), cycling (13.2%) and watching television (12.3%). This differed from those perceived by the parents who reported watching television (20.3%), playing football (13.3%) and playing in street (11.4%). Children reported their favourite places to play were: street (27.4%), park/playground (18.3%) and home (17.8%). There were significant differences in play patterns by age and sex. The play patterns of older children and boys exposed them to more hazardous situations than younger children and girls.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1990

Therapeutic play and the hospitalized child.

It has long been recognized that there are many and varied definitions of play. This article briefly reviews normative play theory, differentiating it from its counterpart, therapeutic play. Three forms of therapeutic play (emotional outlet play, instructional play, and physiologically enhancing play) are described and clinical examples are given.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Cultural differences in Korean- and Anglo-American preschoolers' social interaction and play behaviors.

48 Korean- and 48 Anglo-American children were observed in their preschool settings to examine the role of culture in organizing children's activities and in shaping their pretend play behavior. Observes recorded the presence or absence of preselected social behaviors and levels of play complexity. Parents completed a questionnaire about play in the home, teachers rated children's social competence, and children were given the PPVT-R and a sociometric interview. Korean parents completed an acculturation questionnaire. The findings revealed cultural differences in children's social interaction, play complexity, adult-child interaction and play in the home and in the preschool, adult beliefs about play, scores on the PPVT-R, and children's social functioning with peers. The results suggest that children's social interaction and pretend play behavior are influenced by culture-specific socialization practices that serve adaptive functions.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1996

Play, language, and maternal responsiveness: a longitudinal study of deaf and hearing infants.

Language, maternal responsiveness, and developmental play levels were investigated in 43 middle-class dyads at 9, 12, and 18 months: hearing child/hearing mother (hH), deaf child/deaf mother (dD), deaf child/hearing mother (dH). Group dH provides information about play when language is delayed and maternal responsiveness decreased. Group dD provides information on developmental effects of diminished audition. There were no 9-month group play differences. At 12 months, hH infants displayed more representational play than infants in either deaf group (p < .001). At 18 months, hH and dD children displayed more preplanned play than dH children (p = .01). At 12 and 18 months, language was associated only marginally with play levels. Maternal responsiveness was significantly associated with 18-month-olds' preplanned play (p = .01).

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Mechanisms underlying the absence of the pubertal shift in the playful defense of female rats.

Due to the action of testicular hormones in the perinatal period, juvenile male rats engage in more play fighting than juvenile females. Also, following puberty, males, but not females, switch to using adultlike defensive tactics more frequently during play. This change in play is also due to the action of testicular hormones perinatally. In this study, two experiments were conducted to determine if the pubertal transition in defense could be induced in females. For Experiment 1, male and female cagemates were tested before and after puberty with familiar and unfamiliar partners. Even when playfully interacting with subadult males, females did not increase the use of the adultlike defensive tactics. For Experiment 2, neonatal females were either injected with testosterone propionate (TP) or ovariectomized (OVX), and again tested before and after puberty. While the TP-treated females had higher frequencies of play fighting, they did not change their pattern of defense following puberty. The OVX females exhibited the lower frequency of play fighting typical of females, but changed their pattern of defense with increased age. Thus, it appears that the pattern of pubertal change in playful defense typical of males is inhibited by ovarian hormones. The mechanisms by which ovarian hormones could exert this effect on developing females are discussed.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed1999

The roles of phylogeny and sociality in the evolution of social play in muroid rodents.

A composite index incorporating the frequency and structure (target, type of defence, etc.) of play fighting was used to compare the complexity of such play in 13 species of muroid rodents whose behaviour has been previously described. A phylogenetic comparison of the distribution of the complexity of play fighting revealed that relatedness did not predict complexity. The most likely pattern for the ancestral rodent was moderate levels of complexity, from which increases or decreases in complexity then appeared to have evolved independently, at the level of subfamily and genus. Given that phylogeny did not predict the distribution of the pattern of play fighting, an alternative hypothesis was tested. That is, that instead, the distribution was produced by species differences in sociality, as reflected by the degrees of male-female association amongst adults. The analysis revealed that play complexity was unrelated to species differences in sociality, with both highly social and relatively asocial species being equally likely to have high or low levels of play complexity. The implications of these results for the evolution of mammalian play are considered. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Influence of injuries on team playing performance in Rugby League.

All injuries have the potential to impact on individual sporting performance and as a result may influence team playing performance. However, the influence of injuries on team playing performance is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of injuries on team playing performance in Rugby League. All injuries sustained by one semi-professional first grade Rugby League team were prospectively studied during the 2001 competitive season. An injury was defined as any pain or disability suffered by a player during a match. Team playing performance for each match was estimated from the metres gained while in possession of the football, points scored, points conceded, the final points differential and the completion rates of attacking sets of tackles. A total of 294 injuries were recorded. The average metres gained for all matches was 1471 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1383 to 1559) m. The team averaged 42 (95% CI: 32 to 51) points in attack each match and conceded an average of 15 (95% CI: 9 to 21) points in defence. The average completion rate for the season was 65.3 (95% CI: 60.6 to 70.0)%. There was no significant association (p>0.05) between the number of injuries sustained and team-playing performance. These findings suggest that injuries have minimal impact on team-playing performance in Rugby League. Further research on a larger sample (including winning and losing teams), is required to provide a detailed analysis of the influence of injuries on team playing performance in Rugby League.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMed1988

Escalation of feline predation along a gradient from avoidance through "play" to killing.

In this article, we show that feline predation involves a continuous gradient of activation between defense and attack and that predatory "play" results from an interaction of the two. Benzodiazepines (oxazepam, diazepam) escalated attack toward killing, so that cats that had avoided mice prior to the drug now played with them, cats that had originally played now killed, and cats that killed mice now did so with less preliminary contact. In such shifts, no sharp demarcation between play and predation was evident. Lateral hypothalamic lesions disrupted the escalation of attack. During recovery, attack was escalated once again along the gradient toward killing, but in the absence of both defense and play. A similar result was obtained in intact killers and nonkillers by the application of mild tail pinch. These results suggest that play with prey is a misnomer for predatory behavior that fails to escalate along the gradient between defense and attack. Movement notation analysis revealed that playful movements are adaptive in that they protect the cat from injury.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

Heart rate increase to alcohol administration and video lottery terminal (VLT) play among regular VLT players.

The authors examined heart rate responses to video lottery terminal (VLT) play and alcohol intake. Forty-four VLT players were randomized to an alcohol (mean blood alcohol concentration=0.06%) or a control beverage condition. Heart rate was recorded at pre- and postdrinking baseline and during VLT play. Alcohol participants displayed elevated heart rates relative to controls at postdrinking and VLT play. Controls displayed elevated heart rates during VLT play relative to both pre- and postdrinking baselines, whereas alcohol participants displayed elevations at post- relative to predrinking and at VLT play relative to postdrinking. Heart rate increases from predrinking to VLT play were greater among alcohol participants relative to controls. Results provide novel information that the combination of VLT play and alcohol further intensifies heart rate increase relative to either alone. Implications for pathological gambling and alcohol use disorder comorbidity are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Mental effort-related EEG modulation during video-game play: comparison between juvenile subjects with epilepsy and normal control subjects.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of mental effort exerted during video-game play on features of the EEG in juvenile subjects diagnosed with seizure disorders and in age-matched clinically healthy subjects. METHODS: EEG was recorded from 14 children (9-15 years old) as they played a video game, watched another person playing a video-game, and sat quietly with their eyes open. Seven of the subjects had been clinically diagnosed with seizure disorders, three of whom had also exhibited photosensitivity. RESULTS: Three spectral components of the EEG showed cognitive load-related modulation. The amplitude of a frontal midline theta (6-7 Hz) signal increased with video-game play relative to the watching and eyes open resting conditions. A posterior alpha band (9-12 Hz) signal was attenuated during the playing and the watching conditions relative to the resting condition. A central mu (10-13 Hz) rhythm was attenuated during the game-playing condition. No significant differences were found between the patient and control groups for any of these features. Incidence of epileptiform events did not discriminate test conditions in the children with epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this small sample suggest that video-game play tends to produce similar responses from children with epilepsy and in healthy control subjects. These responses in the juvenile population are similar to responses elicited by increased mental load in normal adult populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A comparison of physiological and anthropometric characteristics among playing positions in junior rugby league players.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the physiological and anthropometric characteristics of specific playing positions and positional playing groups in junior rugby league players. METHODS: Two hundred and forty junior rugby league players underwent measurements of standard anthropometry (body mass, height, sum of four skinfolds), muscular power (vertical jump), speed (10, 20, and 40 m sprint), agility (L run), and estimated maximal aerobic power (multi-stage fitness test) during the competitive phase of the season, after players had obtained a degree of match fitness. RESULTS: Props were significantly (p<0.05) taller, heavier, and had greater skinfold thickness than all other positions. The halfback and centre positions were faster than props over 40 m. Halfbacks had significantly (p<0.05) greater estimated maximal aerobic power than props. When data were analysed according to positional similarities, it was found that the props positional group had lower 20 and 40 m speed, agility, and estimated maximal aerobic power than the hookers and halves and outside backs positional groups. Differences in the physiological and anthropometric characteristics of other individual playing positions and positional playing groups were uncommon. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that few physiological and anthropometric differences exist among individual playing positions in junior rugby league players, although props are taller, heavier, have greater skinfold thickness, lower 20 and 40 m speed, agility, and estimated maximal aerobic power than other positional playing groups. These findings provide normative data and realistic performance standards for junior rugby league players competing in specific individual positions and positional playing groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Shoulder range of motion in elite tennis players. Effect of age and years of tournament play.

We studied glenohumeral rotational range of motion in 39 members of the United States Tennis Association National Tennis Team and touring professional program. We took goniometric measurements of internal and external rotation of dominant and nondominant shoulders at the glenohumeral joint with the humerus at 90 degrees of abduction. We categorized the tennis players by age and by years of tournament play. Results were analyzed by total rotation, internal rotation, external rotation, and dominant-to-nondominant shoulder differences. In our results, dominant internal rotation of the shoulder declined and the difference between dominant and nondominant internal rotation increased with both age and years of tournament play. Men and women tennis players showed the same degree of deficits in range of motion. Significant analysis of variance statistics were calculated for dominant internal rotation with years of total play, dominant total rotation with years of total play, and nondominant total rotation with age. Moderate negative correlations were found between dominant internal rotation and years of total play and dominant total rotation and years of total play. These results indicate a loss of internal rotation that seems progressive with longer periods of play. This loss of internal rotation of the shoulder is an absolute loss of motion because total rotation also decreases. Early detection and a corrective training program should be considered because adaptations may result in deleterious biomechanics affecting both performance and risk of injury.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

The generalized matching law in elite sport competition: football play calling as operant choice.

A mathematical model of operant choice, the generalized matching law was used to analyze play-calling data from the 2004 National Football League season. In all analyses, the relative ratio of passing to rushing plays was examined as a function of the relative ratio of reinforcement, defined as yards gained, from passing versus rushing. Different analyses focused on season-aggregate data for the league as a whole, game-by-game data for the league as a whole, and game-by-game data for individual teams. In all analyses except those for a few individual teams, the generalized matching law accounted for a majority of variance in play calling. The typical play-calling pattern reflected undermatching (suggesting imperfect sensitivity of play calling to yardage-gained reinforcers) and a bias for calling rushing plays. Bias was found to be a function of both the relative risk of turnovers and the relative variability in yards gained associated with passing versus rushing plays. The external validity of the matching analyses was supported by significant correlations between parameters of the generalized matching law and team success on offense and season winning percentage. These results illustrate the broad applicability of the generalized matching law to problems outside of the laboratory.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1990

[The influence of playing the clarinet on the dentomaxillofacial morphology and function].

The purpose of this experiment is to understand the influence of playing the clarinet on the dentomaxillofacial morphology and function. The 12 subjects, selected at random (all adults, 4 men and 8 women) had played the clarinet for more than 10 years. The subjects had anamnesis, oral photo pictures, facial photo pictures, cast model, lateral cephalograms (lateral cephalo) and frontal cephalograms (frontal cephalo) taken when they were in centric occlusion and playing the clarinet. The results were as follows: 1. The facial profile and occlusal relation depend on the subjects. (2 mandibular retrognathism. 4 prognathism and 6 crowding.) 2. No characteristic skeletal pattern was found compared with controls in angle measurement but subjects had a tendency to have large facial height in linear measurement of lateral cephalo. And in denture pattern the lower incisors were linguoclination. 3. Concerning the lateral cephalo, we noticed that the angle of the clarinet in relation to the body axis increased in accordance with the prognathism and decreased with the retrognathism. 4. The subjects don't have identical midline, comparing lower midline to dentofacial midline, when playing, the angle of clarinet to the body was eccentric according to maxillary incisors in frontal cephalo. 5. Anterial and posterial length was short in mandibular arch, analyzing the cast model. 6. The pressure on mouthpiece increased in accordance with the prognathism and decreased with retrognathism. 7. The results of the EMG analysis indicated that the muscle activity of oral sphincter was described as 1). upper lip, 2). lower lip, 3). commisure of lips and differences were found depending on the parts being studied and the sound played on the clarinet. In conclusion, the skeletal and denture problem influence the holding position of the clarinet, embouchure and the way of playing it. In case of mandibular prognathism, when playing, the subjects pressed on their teeth with the clarinet. So B instrument won't do for prognathism because lower incisors are pushed inward as a result.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in handball playing. Mechanisms and incidence of injuries].

A retrospective study was performed on 144 anterior cruciate ligament injuries sustained while playing team handball. The incidence of this severe injury was 1.8% per year or 0.82 injuries per 1,000 playing hours in female athletes playing at a high division level, mainly on synthetic surfaces. The risk in other groups, and when playing on parquet, was considerably lower. The injury mechanisms indicate that a major risk factor was too good friction between shoes and playing surface. 2/3 of the injuries were non-contact injuries, and only 1/10 were caused by foul play. Cutting and jumping were the most common causes of injury. Further research on friction between shoe and playing surface is recommended.

Adolescent↗