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PubMed1988

Phonetic analyses of the speech development of babies with cleft palate.

Phonetic transcription was completed of the vocalizations of 23 babies with cleft palate at 9 specified ages from 3 to 36 months of age. Frequency of occurrence was calculated for: (1) consonant place features, (2) consonant manner features, (3) stop types, (4) fricative types, (5) vowel place features, and (6) vowel height features. The data are discussed for the entire population, for those babies with greater palatal tissue for whom palatoplasty was conducted at or prior to 12 months of age and for those babies with lesser tissue for whom palatoplasty was conducted after 12 months of age. Results suggest that (1) neither group used oral place features at the rate produced by babies born with intact velopharyngeal mechanisms, but that (2) the greater tissue group exhibited somewhat higher emergence of oral stop and fricative productions.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1984

[Importance of the phonetic structure of words for their intelligibility under noisy conditions].

It was exeperimentally established that the understanding of the one- and two-syllable words depends on their phonetic structure (the presence of definite combinations of letters) as well as on the place of the accent. The force of the pronouncing of the separate words was also established not to essentially affect their understanding. The work is aimed at the working out an operator's word stock so that the words easily vulnerable by noise to be substituted for their synonyms or avoided.

Female↗
PubMed1997

[Comparison of different phonetic materials for perceptive analysis of dysphonia].

The authors describe a prospective study whose aim was to analyse the influence of the choice of phonetic material on the judgment of the panel. De Krom has already reported an experiment in which perceptive analysis showed that a sustained vowel was a useful material provided that the attack transitory was included (so called complete sustained vowel). He also showed that the panel gave more consistent results with speech or the complete sustained vowel than with the stable part of the sustained vowel. Our first objective was to find out whether we agreed with Krom's results, because for the study in the Dutch language to be applied to the French language, it was necessary to carry out an experimental validation given the cultural differences which might prejudice the results. In additional, we thought it likely that some acoustic information which was present in the attack transitories and was lacking in the stable part of the sustained vowel would run the risk of under-valuing the dysphonia in a study carried out on the stable part of sustained vowels. Our second objective was therefore to demonstrate that in cases of dysphonia, assessment based on the stable part of sustained vowels would be more lenient than those based on speech. The study was carried out using 80 voice samples from 60 dysphonic patients and 20 control subjects. The panel was made up of 7 experienced listeners. Agreement in the jury was judged by the percentage of identical responses given on 3 different presentations of each speech sample. This study showed no differences in the agreement of panel members over the three types of material by changing the severity of classification by the panel was analysed as follows: 1--Pearson r correlation coefficient, comparing on the one hand speech (the reference variable), and on the other samples of the complete vowel and the isolated stable part of the valve (tested variables). 2--A linear regression analysis. Our results confirm that assessments carried out on a sustain/vowel tend to cause a more lenient assessment than those carried out on speech. The assessment carried out on sustained vowels when the attack transient is included were of similar valued to those carried out using speech.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Left temporal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia: event-related potential and behavioral evidence from phonetic and tonal dichotic listening tasks.

BACKGROUND: Asymmetric reduction of the P3 event-related potential (ERP) has provided evidence of left temporal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia. Prior studies have been limited by reliance on simple target detection (oddball) tasks with pure tones. This study investigated the time course and topography of ERPs to binaural syllables or complex tones in dichotic listening tasks. METHODS: Event-related potentials of 26 patients meeting criteria for schizophrenia (n = 19) or schizoaffective disorder (n = 7) and 26 healthy controls were recorded from 30 scalp electrodes during 2 dichotic tasks in which different syllables or complex tones were simultaneously presented to each ear. A principal components analysis was used to derive factor scores corresponding to overlapping components in ERP waveforms--N1, N2, P3, and a late-positive potential. RESULTS: Healthy controls showed a right ear advantage for perceiving dichotic syllables, which was associated with greater N2 amplitude at left than right temporoparietal sites. Patients with schizophrenia did not show either this perceptual or N2 asymmetry. Patients also had smaller late-positive potential amplitude when compared with controls for both syllables and complex tones, with greatest decrement over left temporal sites. CONCLUSIONS: A right ear advantage in healthy adults for perceiving consonant-vowels was associated with a left-lateralized ERP component peaking at 200 milliseconds after syllable onset (N2). Patients with schizophrenia failed to show either of these task-dependent asymmetries, which may indicate a dysfunction of left temporal regions involved in phonetic classification. A task-independent asymmetric reduction of a later positive potential in patients with schizophrenia resembled left temporal P3 reductions reported for auditory oddball tasks.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1999

Influence of acoustic masking noise in fMRI of the auditory cortex during phonetic discrimination.

The application of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study activation of auditory cortex suffers from one significant confounding factor, namely, that of the acoustic noise generated by the gradient system, which is an integral part of the imaging process. Earlier work has shown that it is indeed possible to distinguish cortical activation resulting from presentation of auditory stimuli despite the presence of background noise from the gradient system. The influence of acoustic noise from the gradient system of the MRI scanner on the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response during functional activation of the auditory cortex has been investigated in six healthy subjects with no hearing difficulties. Experiments were performed using gradient-echo echoplanar imaging (EPI) and a verbal, auditory discrimination paradigm, presented in a block-wise manner, in which carefully aligned consonant-vowel syllables were presented at a rate of 1 Hz. For each volunteer the experiment was repeated three times with all parameters fixed, except slice number, which was 4, 16, or 64. The positioning of the central four slices in each experiment was common. Thus, the fraction of TR during which the stimulus is on but no imaging is being performed, varies from almost zero, in the case of 64 slices, to over 8 seconds, in the case of four slices. Only the central four slices were of interest; additional slices simply generated acoustic noise and were discarded. During the four-slice experiment, all subjects showed a robust BOLD response in the superior temporal gyrus covering the primary and secondary auditory cortex. The spatial extent and the z-scores of the activated regions decreased with longer duration of gradient noise from the scanner. For a phonetic discrimination task, the results indicate that presentation of the stimulus during periods free from scanner noise leads to a more pronounced BOLD response.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Phonetic rehabilitation after laryngectomy.

This work deals with the phonetic rehabilitation of patients after laryngectomy, describing the various types of alaryngeal voice. The rehabilitation was monitored with a computer by means of a specific voice programme which permits the registration, visualization and reproduction of each sound emitted in conjunction with the classification of the principal parameters, thus allowing the patient to check his acoustic feedback.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Phonetically cued word-fluency, gender differences and aging: a reappraisal.

Five-hundred and three normal subjects were given a phonetically cued word-fluency task in order to investigate the controversial issue of the influence of gender and aging on this task. Subjects were requested to say in one minute all the words that occurred to them, beginning with a given letter (F, P and L). Besides the expected significance of education, we observed a female advantage, but not a significant decline in the performance with aging. However, the slope of the line expressing word fluency as a function of age was different between females and males, indicating a greater sensitivity to aging for males. We provide inner and outer tolerance limits for this test in the normal population and give a formula useful for adjusting the raw scores on the basis of gender and education. The results are discussed with reference to previous findings and some hypotheses about the origins of the female advantage in PWF.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

On the distinction between Norwegian [symbols: see text] from a phonetic perspective.

The present study uses electropalatography (EPG) and electromagnetic articulography (EMA) in the description of the articulation of the two East Norwegian fricatives [symbols: see text] in the speech of seven normal adult speakers. The motivation for studying these two phonemes is twofold: there is a merger between the places of articulation of these two fricatives in the speech of the young. A description of the articulation in the speech of mature speakers who have the distinction, may throw light on the mechanisms behind the merger. Furthermore, identifying possible articulatory variation between normal speakers is important in order to establish an articulatory base line for clinical work. Our investigation has shown considerable overlap between the phonetic realizations of the two phonemes, as well as substantial variation between speakers in their articulation. There is, however, a clear acoustic distinction between the two phonemes for all speakers, and the acoustic patterns between speakers are similar.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Speech masking release in listeners with flat hearing loss: effects of masker fluctuation rate on identification scores and phonetic feature reception.

Consonant identification was measured for a stationary and amplitude-modulated noise masker in four listeners with flat cochlear hearing loss, and four age-matched normal-hearing listeners. The masker modulation rate was systematically varied between 2 and 128 Hz. Masking release (MR), that is better identification performance in fluctuating, than in stationary noise, was highest in a masker fluctuating at 8-16 Hz in all normal-hearing listeners. In comparison, MR was only observed in two out of the four impaired listeners. In these listeners, MR was poorer than normal, and peaked at lower rates, that is 2 or 8 Hz. MR corresponded to increased reception of information for voicing, place, and manner between 2 and 64 Hz in all normal-hearing listeners. In impaired listeners, increased reception of information was mainly observed for manner, and mainly reduced for place, but these differences were not significant. For all phonetic features, MR was observed at lower masker fluctuation rates (< or =32 Hz) than in normal-hearing listeners. This study therefore shows that cochlear damage affects MR, both quantitatively and qualitatively.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Sex differences in voice onset time: a developmental study of phonetic context effects in British English.

Voice onset time (VOT) data for the plosives /p b t d k g/ in two vowel contexts (/i a/) for 5 groups of 46 boys and girls aged 5; 8 (5 years, 8 months) to 13;2 years were investigated to examine patterns of sex differences. Results indicated that there was some evidence of females displaying longer VOT values than the males. In addition, these were found to be most marked for the data of the 13;2-year olds. Furthermore, the sex differences in the VOT values displayed phonetic context effects. For example, the greatest sex differences were observed for the voiceless plosives, and within the context of the vowel /i/.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Secant lines in a preliminary study of phonetic reduction of /I/ and /epsilon/.

Two subjects from the X-Ray Microbeam Speech Production Database were examined in their production of the vowels /I/ and /epsilon/ in alveolar and dental consonant contexts. Secant lines, or first-order splines, between the three most anterior pellets were examined at vowel critical times. These critical times were zero crossings in the tangential acceleration of the midpoints of the secant lines. We expected and found, in general, that vowel reduction occurred as a function of vowel duration in measures of the secant line midpoint-to-palate distance and secant line orientation at vowel critical times. The shorter the vowel, the smaller the distance of the secant line midpoints to the palate and the less downward the orientation of the secant lines at the vowel critical times. Phonetic reduction was also apparent in the formant frequencies. There were differences between the speakers in terms of the range of vowel duration and degree of reduction. The subjects differed in the functional parts of the tongue spanned by the secant lines and the shape of their palates. These differences were factors in the observed relations between formant frequencies and the articulatory, secant line measures for each subject.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed1979

Identification of novel phonetic segments by children, adolescents and adults.

The ability of children, adolescents and adults to employ completely novel phonetic information was examined. Three groups of subjects were tested for their ability to identify minimal pairs contrasting voiced and implosive stops in syllable-initial position. Children's performance on this task was significantly superior to both adolescent and adult performance.

Adolescent↗