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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Fracture of the penis and the result of surgical management.

Twenty-nine patients with fracture of the penis were treated between January 1983 and January 1987. The mean age was 26 years (range 18-61 years) and 25 of them (86.2 per cent) were single. The first four patients were managed conservatively with bad results in three cases. Immediate exploration with repair of the tear of the tunica albuginea was carried out in 25 patients, who all had excellent results with retained potency and only mild pain during early intercourse that disappeared within the first 4 months. Urethral injury in association with fracture of the penis was not seen in this series. In view of the good results we recommend immediate surgical repair in cases of fracture of the penis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Hair coil strangulation of the penis.

Strangulation of the penis caused by a coil of hair is uncommon. It can produce varying grades of injury that may result in a urethral fistula or even gangrene of the glans. Therefore it is important to be aware of this condition so that the strangulating hair can be removed and treatment instituted. The authors describe 15 boys who presented with hair coil strangulation of the penis. Their age range was 5 to 11 years. All were previously circumcised. Three boys had a superficial injury, and 11 had a more severe injury that resulted in a urethral fistula. One boy presented with gangrene of his glans penis, which resulted in autoamputation. One-stage repair was performed in 10 boys. The first three had recurrence of the fistula, and hence the technique was modified for the remaining seven patients. The latter technique proved simple and satisfactory.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Rapidly and slowly adapting mechanoreceptors in the glans penis of the cat.

Sixty-one single mechanoreceptive fibers were surgically isolated from the dorsal nerve of the penis in anesthetized, mature, and sexually intact male cats. Impulse activity was recorded extracellularly. Receptive fields on the glans penis were stimulated with an accurate computer controlled mechanostimulator. Thirty-four units were categorized as rapidly adapting (RA) based on the absence of a response to sustained skin displacement. The remaining were slowly adapting (SA) units responding to sustained displacement. Most of the SA units were located in the distal smooth glans whereas RA units predominated in the proximal spiny glans. Displacement thresholds were significantly lower for RA units. All units encoded indentation velocity although the SA units were better suited to discriminate slowly moving stimuli. In addition, SA units encoded sustained displacement amplitude. Male cats with a denervated glans penis display disoriented mounting behavior disabling intromission. The presence of distally located SA mechanoreceptors suggests they may be the primary penile proprioceptors, mediating, along with the RA mechanoreceptors, successful completion of intromission.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Nerve conduction velocity of dorsal nerve of penis: a modified technique.

The dorsal nerve of the penis is involved in sexual function. Until now, the nerve conduction velocity (NCV) of the dorsal nerve of the penis has been measured by dividing the distance between the stimulating and the recording electrodes by the latency to the negative peak of the action potential. With the penis stretched with a 1 lb weight, the NCV in normal men was 33 m/sec +/- 3.8. Measuring the NCV in this way, we became aware that when we decreased the distance between the stimulating and the recording electrodes, the velocity decreased. Furthermore these different measurements were linearly related. Taking this into account, we calculated the NCV with mathematical formula. In normal people, it turned out to be faster than reported previously.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1992

Fracture of penis: diagnosis and management.

Fracture of the penis is a rupture of the rigid corporeal body. Nine consecutive patients with this malady were managed by an operative repair, which included degloving of the penis, evacuation of the hematoma, and closure of the corporeal tear. Postoperatively all patients reported excellent rigidity of a straight penis. We conclude that operative management of a fractured corporeal body is safe and effective.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A possible neural source of nitric oxide in the rat penis.

NADPH diaphorase staining was used to indicate the presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in whole mounts of rat major pelvic ganglion (MPG) and sections of rat penis. Many stained neurons were observed in the MPG and were distributed in a manner identical to that of retrogradely labelled penile neurons described previously. Staining was also observed within many axons of the penile (cavernous) nerve and in varicose terminals associated with various tissues of the penis. The results suggest that many, if not all, penile neurons of the MPG contain NOS and that a neural source of NO within the penis is likely.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Central nervous system innervation of the penis as revealed by the transneuronal transport of pseudorabies virus.

Transneuronal tracing techniques were used in order to identify putative spinal interneurons and brainstem sites involved in the control of penile function. Pseudorabies virus was injected into the corpus cavernosus tissue of the penis in rats. After a four day survival period, rats were perfused with fixative and virus-labelled neurons were identified by immunohistochemistry. Postganglionic neurons were retrogradely labelled in the major pelvic ganglia. In the spinal cord, sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons were labelled transneuronally. Presumptive interneurons were also labelled in the lower thoracic and lumbosacral spinal cord in locations consistent with what is currently known about such interneurons. In the brainstem, transneuronally labelled neurons were found in the medulla, pons and hypothalamus. Regions consistently labelled included the nucleus paragigantocellularis, parapyramidal reticular formation of the medulla, raphe pallidus, raphe magnus, A5 noradrenergic cell group, Barrington's nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. This study confirmed previous studies from our lab and others concerning the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons innervating the penis. The number, morphology and location of these neurons were consistent with labelling seen following injection of conventional tracers into the penis. The brainstem nuclei labelled in this study were also consistent with what is currently known about the brainstem control of penile function. The labelling appeared to be highly specific, in that descending systems involved in other functions were not labelled. These results provide further evidence that the pseudorabies virus transneuronal tracing technique is a valuable method for identifying neural circuits mediating specific functions.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1990

Immunohistochemical study of neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers in the human clitoris and penis.

The occurrence and distribution of neuropeptide Y in the human clitoris and penis was investigated by light immunohistochemistry. Neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibers were detected in the tunicae of arteries and veins as well as among trabecular smooth muscle. The distribution pattern of the peptide was similar in both organs although a higher density of immunoreactive nerve fibers was detected in the penis. The immunolocalization of neuropeptide Y was also compared with that of neuron-specific enolase, a neuronal marker which labels the entire nerve network. It is suggested that neuropeptide Y is involved in the physiology of the penis and the clitoris, affecting vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Magnetic resonance imaging of the penis: normal anatomy.

This study was undertaken to investigate the magnetic resonance anatomy of the normal penis, by means of the use of a new designed surface coil specific for the study of male external genital organs. The combined evaluation of T1- and T2-weighted images obtained by choosing different repetition and echo time values together with an appropriate selection of scanning planes oriented according to various angles of incidence strongly contributed to perform a complete morphological analysis of the penis and constantly revealed fine anatomical details of diagnostic and clinical significance. Among these, the magnetic resonance examination (data referred to a 0.5 T apparatus) allowed a precise morphological differentiation of the penile covering tissues, such as outer skin, dartos tunica and hypodermal connective; the vascular characterization of cavernous tissue, belonging to corpora cavernosa and spongiosum urethrae, of deep arteries and superficial dorsal vein(s); the resolution of the albuginea and the identification of the urethral lumen. Such a capability of magnetic resonance imaging in providing accurate demonstration of penile structures without technical artifacts and use of ionizing radiations makes the actual technology able to cooperate efficaciously with computerized tomography and diagnostic sonography for an efficient clinical assessment of penis diseases.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Differentiation of mesenchymal tissues during phallic morphogenesis with emphasis on the os penis: roles of androgens and other regulatory agents.

This article reviews various aspects of differentiation and growth of phallic mesodermal tissues with special reference to the os penis. In many species of certain mammalian orders the penile interior contains an os penis or baculum with bona fide bone. Mechanisms of phenotypic sex differentiation and the androgenic regulation of morphogenesis of genitourinary tracts of both sexes are first overviewed. Thereafter the various mesodermal tissues in fully developed penes and clitorides are discussed. The developmental fate of mesenchymal cells in the fetal genital tubercles is then considered in detail, including considerations of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. The review concludes with a discussion of the possible roles of certain polypeptide growth factors acting in concert with androgenic steroids. Special emphasis is placed on the potential role of bone morphogenetic proteins in formation of the os penis in a restricted number of eutherian mammalian taxa.

Androgens↗
PubMed1996

Androgens are not major down-regulators of androgen receptor levels during growth of the immature rat penis .

This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalent hypothesis that androgens are responsible for the organ-specific down-regulation of penile androgen receptors (ARs) and decline of penile growth in the rat during sexual maturation. Sexually immature male rats (21 days old) were castrated and treated for 3 days ("short-term"), with high doses of: (a) testosterone and the alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride (T/F); (b) dihydrotestosterone (DHT); or (c) finasteride alone (F). Intact and castrate controls received vehicle only. PolyA + RNA was analysed by Northern blot hybridization and ARs were estimated in the penis and ventral prostates by (3-H)R-1881 binding in the cytosol. Short-term castration, with or without F, increased penile AR mRNA, whereas high doses of T/F and DHT reduced it considerably. Although penile cytosol AR concentration in the control castrates, with or without F, paralleled the AR mRNA rise, treatment with androgens left cytosol AR content per organ and AR concentration above those of the intact rat penis despite the drop in AR mRNA. A "long-term" treatment (10 days) on 19-day-old rats with either medium or high doses of T/F and DHT also failed to down-regulate penile cytosol ARs below the intact controls. Western blot analysis of penile cytosol AR levels confirmed these results. Block of pituitary FSH and LH release by a GnRH antagonist in castrates receiving T/F or DHT at high doses did not modify the response. In the case of intact rats, high doses of T/F or DHT actually increased penile cytosol AR content. No difference was observed between T/F and DHT effects. In contrast to what occurs during sexual maturation, the prostate ARs and growth rate responded to all treatments in a similar way to what was observed in the penis. Our results suggest that increases in serum T or DHT are not major factors in the physiological down-regulation of ARs and androgen-dependent growth in the rat corpora cavernosa.

Androgens↗
PubMed2004

[Penis tumours: techniques and indications].

Although penis epidermoid carcinoma is a relatively rare tumour, early identification and treatment are necessary to avoid mutilating and sometimes morbid surgery. Awareness of disease epidemiology is mandatory for preventing the evolution of an underlying tumour (absent or insufficient hygiene, congenital or acquired phimosis, preepitheliomathous lesions such as Bowen's disease). Conservative surgical or radio-therapeutic techniques may be considered, provided the lesion is superficial and with a diameter < 30 mm. In all other cases, penis amputation is necessary. Penis epidermoid carcinoma spreads by vascular and lymphatic diffusion. Dynamic scintigraphy for the identification of a sentinel node and screening of subclinical metastasis is currently under evaluation. In case of palpable inguinal adenopathy, inguinal lymphadenectomy should be proposed if technically performable. Although superficial lymphadenectomy is associated with a low morbidity rate (about 3% of mild complications) deep inguinal Lymphadenectomy is far more morbid and disabling. Compliance with pre- and post-operative measures, and total patient compliance are necessary to minimize as far as possible such morbidity.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed2005

Penis reconstruction using three different operative methods.

To identify the relative success rates, including aesthetic success, of three penis reconstruction techniques, we reviewed 44 cases of penis reconstruction carried out over the past 12 years. The three operative methods we surveyed involved: lower abdominal pedicled fascia flaps; paraumbilical island flaps; and free forearm flaps. Reconstructions survived in only half of the patients receiving lower abdominal pedicled fascia flaps, but 100% success rates were obtained with paraumbilical island flaps and free forearm flaps. The paraumbilical island flap is safe in terms of its blood supply, and the operative procedure is relatively simple in that it does not require microsurgery. Although, the flap is thicker than the forearm skin flap, its shape is satisfactory in slim patients; furthermore, it can be defatted secondarily. The free forearm skin flap provides the best shape, but skilled microsurgery is necessary to carry out the procedure, and damage is likely to the forearm. In conclusion, the best methods to repair defects in the penis in our experience are the paraumbilical island flap and free forearm flap. Lower abdominal pedicled fascia flaps are unsuitable for penile reconstruction and should be used less often.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2006

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase keeps erection regulatory function balance in the penis.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the regulatory influence of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) on the basal functional states of the NO and RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling pathways in the penis using endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) mutant mice and eNOS gene transfer technology. METHODS: Four groups of mice were used: wild type (WT), eNOS gene deleted (eNOS-/-), eNOS and neuronal NOS gene deleted (dNOS-/-), and eNOS-/- mutant mice transfected intracavernosally with eNOS. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentration, protein kinase G (PKG) activity, activated RhoA, and Rho-kinase activity were determined in penes of WT and both mutant mouse groups. Constitutive NOS and PKG activities, RhoA, Rho-kinase-alpha and -beta isoforms, and phosphorylated myosin light-chain phosphatase target subunit (p-MYPT-1) expressions and Rho-kinase activity were determined in penes of eNOS-/- mice after eNOS gene transfer. RESULTS: Compared with results in the WT penis, eNOS-/- and dNOS-/- mutant mouse penes had significant reductions in NOS activity, cGMP concentration, PKG activity, Rho-kinase activity, and p-MYPT-1 expression (p<0.05) with no significant changes in activated RhoA or in RhoA and Rho-kinase-alpha and -beta protein expressions. After eNOS gene transfer to penes of eNOS-/- mice, Rho-kinase-beta and p-MYPT-1 expressions and total Rho-kinase activity were significantly increased from baseline levels (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that endothelial NO has a role in the penis as a regulator of the basal signaling functions of the NO and RhoA/Rho-kinase erection mediatory pathways. These data offer new insight into the homeostasis of erection regulatory biology.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Bandaged penis.

This is a case of a male in his late 30s who died due to acute myocardial ischemia. His penis was bandaged. The penis was inflamed and had infected abrasions. The possible relevances of such an incidental finding and its contribution to sudden death is explored. The case report shows photographs of the bandage in situ and its components, inflammation of frenulum, injury to the shaft, and the generalized inflamed and mildly swollen penis. These changes were considered to be caused by bites. The micro-photographic findings in the case were of acute myocardial ischemia, pulmonary oedema, and fatty liver.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exposure of neonatal male rats to estrogen induces abnormal morphology of the penis and loss of fertility.

The research objectives are to determine whether estrogen-induced infertility is associated with abnormal morphology of the penis and if morphological alterations can be reversed by testosterone (T). Male pups received diethylstilbestrol (DES) on alternate days from postnatal days 2 to 12. They received T or empty implants at 180 days, were tested for fertility at 188 days, and terminated at 200 days. While 5/7 control males sired pups, only 1/6 did in the DES group, and 0/8 in the DES plus T group. In addition to reductions in penile length and weight, the novel structural change induced by DES, and not reversed by T, was a replacement of cavernous spaces by fat cells in the penis body. Hence, T substitution for 8 days at adulthood did not reverse infertility in rats treated neonatally with DES and provided evidence that infertility probably resulted from absence of cavernous spaces and/or accumulation of fat cells in the penis body.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

[Anatomic study of arterial and venous cavernospongious shunt in the human penis: surgical findings].

The vascularization of the penis corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum of foetus, children and adults was studied via intra-vascular injection with gelatenous india ink. The microscopic vision of sagittal and transvers sections of the penis showed perforate deep arterial system of the cavernosa directly anastomosed the urethral submucosal arteries in order to establish the shunt between the corpora cavernous arteries and spongious arterial network. Those vascular connection systems of the penis provided well diffusion of the drugs.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1999

Correction of completely buried penis using the modified preputial island pedicle flap method.

The buried penis is a rare congenital abnormality caused by a deficiency of penile shaft skin and abnormal attachments of the dartos fascia to Buck's fascia. The basis for surgical correction is directed at freeing the penile shaft from abnormal dartos attachments, refixing dartos fascia to Buck's fascia to prevent retraction of the penis, and providing adequate shaft skin coverage with the inner preputial skin. The authors report a modified preputial island pedicle flap method for correcting the completely buried penis performed on 2 patients (ages 9 months and 1 year) at Nagoya City University Medical School.

Humans↗