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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Comparison of clinical and physical measures of image quality in chest and pelvis computed radiography at different tube voltages.

The aim of this work was to study the dependence of image quality in digital chest and pelvis radiography on tube voltage, and to explore correlations between clinical and physical measures of image quality. The effect on image quality of tube voltage in these two examinations was assessed using two methods. The first method relies on radiologists' observations of images of an anthropomorphic phantom, and the second method was based on computer modeling of the imaging system using an anthropomorphic voxel phantom. The tube voltage was varied within a broad range (50-150 kV), including those values typically used with screen-film radiography. The tube charge was altered so that the same effective dose was achieved for each projection. Two x-ray units were employed using a computed radiography (CR) image detector with standard tube filtration and antiscatter device. Clinical image quality was assessed by a group of radiologists using a visual grading analysis (VGA) technique based on the revised CEC image criteria. Physical image quality was derived from a Monte Carlo computer model in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, of anatomical structures corresponding to the image criteria. Both the VGAS (visual grading analysis score) and SNR decrease with increasing tube voltage in both chest PA and pelvis AP examinations, indicating superior performance if lower tube voltages are employed. Hence, a positive correlation between clinical and physical measures of image quality was found. The pros and cons of using lower tube voltages with CR digital radiography than typically used in analog screen-film radiography are discussed, as well as the relevance of using VGAS and quantum-noise SNR as measures of image quality in pelvis and chest radiography.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of Z-axis automatic tube current modulation technique with fixed tube current CT scanning of abdomen and pelvis.

PURPOSE: To compare image quality, diagnostic acceptability, and radiation exposure associated with 16-section multi-detector row computed tomographic (CT) examinations of abdomen and pelvis performed with z-axis modulation technique of automatic tube current modulation and with manual selection of fixed tube current. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-two consecutive subjects (mean age, 60 years; age range, 19-84 years; male-to-female ratio, 35:27) underwent follow-up CT of abdomen and pelvis with use of a 16-section multi-detector row scanner and z-axis modulation technique (10.5-12.0-HU noise index, 10-380 mA). Scanning parameters included 140 kVp, 0.5-1.0-second gantry rotation time, 0.938:1 beam pitch, and 5-mm reconstructed section thickness. For each subject, images obtained with z-axis modulation were compared with previous images obtained with fixed tube current (200-300 mA) and with other parameters identical. Images were compared for noise and diagnostic acceptability by two subspecialty radiologists using a five-point scale (1, unacceptable; 3, acceptable; 5, excellent) at five levels: upper liver at diaphragm, porta hepatis, right kidney hilum, iliac crest, and upper margin of acetabulum. Tube current and gantry rotation time used for acquisitions at these levels were recorded. Data were analyzed with parametric and nonparametric statistical tests. RESULTS: Although no significant differences were found (P =.34), images acquired with z-axis modulation at the levels of the upper liver (diaphragm) and acetabulum had a higher noise and lower diagnostic quality, compared with images acquired with fixed tube current. Compared with fixed tube current, z-axis modulation resulted in tube current-time product reduction in 54 (87%) of 62 examinations (mean reduction, 71.2 mAs) and increase in eight (13%) (mean increase, 17.0 mAs). CONCLUSION: Compared with manually selected fixed tube current, z-axis automatic tube current modulation resulted in reduced tube current-time product and similar image noise and diagnostic acceptability at CT of abdomen and pelvis.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1996

Noncritical soft tissues of the female pelvis: serial MR imaging before, during, and after radiation therapy.

PURPOSE: To present the findings of the irradiated noncritical soft tissues of the female pelvis at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging within 18 months after radiation therapy (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The soft tissues of the pelvis of 24 women with advanced cervical carcinoma were studied in 240 MR examinations scheduled before, three times during, and 7 weeks and 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after RT. Two radiologists visually evaluated the signal intensity (SI) of the subcutaneous fat, muscles, and presacral space (PS) on T1- and T2-weighted and short inversion time inversion-recovery images. RESULTS: SI compatible with edema appeared in the PS, pelvic muscles, and subcutaneous fat within 3 months after the end of RT and was observed in 23 (96%) of the 24 patients. During the observation period, the edema subsided. Eighteen months after treatment, edema in the PS was seen in 12 (50%) of the 24 patients. CONCLUSION: The soft tissues of the female pelvis showed a characteristic pattern of varying edema after irradiation.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Rapidly relapsing squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis associated with paraneoplastic syndromes of leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and hypercalcemia.

A case history is reported here in which leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and hypercalcemia associated with rapidly relapsing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the renal pelvis were observed. In a 58-year-old man, SCC of the renal pelvis was documented during nephrolithotomy, and right nephrectomy was performed. Local relapse of the tumor occurred rapidly in 2 months' time and hypercalcemia, leukocytosis and thrombocytosis worsened in accordance with tumor volume. Cranial computerized tomography (CT), thorax CT and bone scintigraphy were negative for metastasis. The serum parathyroid hormone level was 28 pg/ml (normal 9- 55 pg/ml). To disclose leukocytosis and thrombocytosis, peripheral smear and bone marrow aspiration were performed and no pathologic finding regarding any hematologic disorder was found; the samples were also BCR-ABL negative and Philadelphia chromosome negative. Production of several factors by tumor cells may be responsible for this paraneoplastic syndrome. The association of SCC of the renal pelvis with this triple paraneoplastic syndrome is an extremely rare occurrence.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1981

Gradient of total [Ca++] in the renal pelvis.

The [Ca++] gradient within the rabbit renal pelvis was compared to its inherent pacemaker frequency. The pelvis was removed from the rabbit, sectioned, and [Ca++] ions assayed using wet ash techniques and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Contraction frequency was measured isometrically in vitro. In the bisected pelvis it was found that both [Cu++] levels and contraction frequency were highest in the proximal section, 9.02 +/- 4.62 mEq/kg, and lower in the distal section, 6.59 +/- 2.43 mEq/kg wet weight. The mean frequency of contraction decreased from 3.69 +/- 0.81 to 2.41 +/- 0.49 min-1 in the proximal and distal regions, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Fibroepithelial polyp in the renal pelvis.

Benign tumors in the renal pelvis are unique and rarely reported. We report a case of a benign polyp in the renal pelvis. A 68-year-old woman presented with a mass in the right renal sinus and underwent right nephrectomy. Histological investigations of the tumor revealed a polypoid angiofibromatous lesion of the renal pelvis which was benign in nature. Final pathological diagnosis was a benign fibroepithelial polyp.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder or renal pelvis in children.

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder or renal pelvis is rare in children. We report 2 children with TCC of the bladder and 1 with TCC of the renal pelvis. One of the two children with bladder carcinoma experienced frequent intravesical recurrences, which is in contrast to the usual clinical course of bladder carcinoma in children. In the 3rd child, renal pelvic carcinoma was found incidentally in a renal pelvis specimen removed during pyeloplasty.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Promoting effect of monosodium aspartate, but not glycine, on renal pelvis and urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rat induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine.

Although the incidences were relatively low, hyperplasias of the renal pelvis and the urinary bladder have been observed in Fischer-344 (F-344) rats after both sodium aspartate and glycine treatments in long-term 2-yr bioassays. In the present study, the effects of these amino acids on development of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN)-initiated urinary lesions were investigated in male and female F-344/DuCrj rats. F-344 rats of both sexes, 6 wk old at the commencement, were given 0.05% BBN for 4 wk and then treated with one of the amino acids at a level of 5.0% in the drinking water for the following 36 wk. Proliferative lesions in the renal pelvis often associated with necrosis and mineralization were increased in the group treated with BBN followed by sodium aspartate, but not by glycine, in both sexes. The same group demonstrated higher incidences of urinary bladder tumors with increased urinary pH and sodium concentration and decreased creatinine and uric acid, but not accompanying crystallization. These results showed a clear promoting effect of sodium aspartate for urinary carcinogenesis in rats. The mechanisms of the effect on the renal pelvis and urinary bladder might be different.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Castleman's disease. Angiofollicular benign lymph-node hyperplasia. Radiological features in the differential diagnosis of vascular tumours of the pelvis.

An unusual case of benign lymph-node hyperplasia (Castleman) in the pelvis is reported and its clinical, histological and radiographic characteristics discussed. The angiographic appearances in this situation have to our knowledge not been described before in the literature. The angiographic features are not diagnostic, being mimicked by a wide variety of vascular tumours in the pelvis. The benign nature of the condition is stressed. BLH should be considered in the differential diagnosis of vascular tumours in the pelvis.

Angiography↗
PubMed1991

Ultrasound of the pelvis and renal tract combined with a plain film of abdomen in young women with urinary tract infection: can it replace intravenous urography? A prospective study.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in women and intravenous urography (IVU) is a frequently requested radiological investigation for recurrent UTI. The aim of this study was to assess whether pelvic and renal ultrasound combined with a plain film of the abdomen (KUB) could replace IVU as the initial radiological investigation in young women with recurrent UTI. Ninety-four young women with recurrent UTI who were referred for IVU were studied. Ultrasound of the pelvis and renal tract was performed, and information obtained from ultrasound and KUB was compared with that obtained from the IVU examination. Patient management was altered as a result of radiological investigation in eight cases. A case of staghorn calculus and a case of pelviureteric junction obstruction were diagnosed by both IVU and ultrasound with KUB. An intrarenal abscess was diagnosed by ultrasound in a patient with a normal IVU. In addition ultrasound demonstrated significant findings in the pelvis, including ovarian and uterine abnormalities and an ectopic and an intrauterine pregnancy. In all cases the patient had symptoms referable to the urinary tract and a history of documented UTI. The KUB did not yield any unsuspected finding not diagnosed by ultrasound, but did serve to delineate more clearly the extent of calculus disease in two patients. We suggest that ultrasound of the pelvis and renal tract combined with a KUB should be the radiological investigation of choice in young women with UTI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effects of sex hormones on oncogene expression in the vagina and on development of sexual dimorphism of the pelvis and anococcygeus muscle in the mouse.

Neonatal treatment of female mice with diethystilbestrol (DES) is known to induce ovary-independent persistent proliferation and cornification of vaginal epithelium. This irreversibly changed vaginal epithelium persistently expressed higher levels of c-jun and c-fos mRNAs, which was not altered by postpubertal estrogen. Sexual dimorphism was encountered in mouse pelvis and anococcygeus muscle. Postpubertal estrogen changed the shape of the pelvis to the female type and postpubertal androgen changed it to the male type. Neonatal exposure to DES and to the antiestrogen tamoxifen altered the developmental pattern of the pelvis, which contained lower concentrations of calcium and phosphorus than controls. The size of anococcygeus muscle was increased by postpubertal androgen but decreased by postpubertal estrogen. However, neonatal estrogen (DES) exposure permanently enlarged the anococcygeus muscle. Thus, neonatal treatment of mice with estrogen and antiestrogen results in irreversible changes in nonreproductive as well as reproductive structures.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the occurrence of upper urinary tract urothelial tumors (UUTT) in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a clinical and histopathologic study of 33 patients who were diagnosed with a malignant neoplasm in the renal pelvis or ureter in the period of 1994 to 2004, in a single institution. RESULTS: Among the patients with upper urinary tract carcinoma, 70% were males and 30% females, with mean age of 65 +/- 16 years (ranging from 31 to 91 years). Nineteen patients presented renal pelvis tumor (58%), 9 ureteral tumor (27%) and 5 synchronic pelvic and ureteral tumors (15%). Renal pelvis tumors represented 2.8% of all the urothelial neoplasms, and 11.4% of all renal neoplasms treated in the same period. Ureteral tumors represented 1.6% of all the urothelial malignancies surgically managed in these 11 years. Tobacco smoking was the most common risk factor, and analgesic abuse was not reported by those patients. Most carcinomas were high-grade and muscle-invasive. Mean time to diagnosis was 7 months, being hematuria the most common symptom. CONCLUSIONS: A high association was also found between UUTT and bladder urothelial carcinoma. UUTT were mostly seen in men in their seventies and related to a high overall and cancer-related mortality rate. The overall disease-specific survival was 40%, much lower than found in most of the reported series.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts of the pelvis and sacrum.

BACKGROUND: Aneurysmal bone cysts are benign, non-neoplastic, highly vascular bone lesions. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence, the clinical presentation, and the recurrence rate of aneurysmal bone cysts of the pelvis and sacrum and to examine the diagnostic and therapeutic options and prognosis for patients with this condition. METHODS: Forty consecutive patients with an aneurysmal bone cyst of the pelvis and/or sacrum were treated from 1921 to 1996. Their medical records and radiographic and imaging studies were reviewed, and histological sections from the cysts were examined. Seventeen lesions were iliosacral, sixteen were acetabular, and seven were ischiopubic. Seven involved the hip joint, and two involved the sacroiliac joint. All twelve sacral lesions extended to more than one sacral segment and were associated with neurological signs and symptoms. Destructive acetabular lesions were associated with pathological fracture in five patients and with medial migration of the femoral head, hip subluxation, and hip dislocation in one patient each. The mean duration of follow-up was thirteen years (range, three to fifty-three years). RESULTS: Thirty-five patients who were initially treated for a primary lesion had surgical treatment (twenty-one had excision-curettage and fourteen had intralesional excision); two patients also had adjuvant radiation therapy. Of the thirty-five patients, five (14%) had a local recurrence noted less than eighteen months after the operation. Of five patients initially treated for a recurrent lesion, one had a local recurrence. At the latest follow-up examination, all forty patients were disease-free and twenty-eight (70%) were asymptomatic. There were two deep infections. CONCLUSION: Aneurysmal bone cysts of the pelvis and sacrum are usually aggressive lesions associated with substantial bone destruction, pathological fractures, and local recurrence. Current management recommendations include preoperative selective arterial embolization, excision-curettage, and bone-grafting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Antenatal renal pelvis dilatation: a predictor of vesicoureteral reflux?

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the role of antenatally diagnosed renal pelvis dilatation (RPD) as a predictor of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in infants. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All cases of RPD (i.e., those with a renal pelvis diameter equal to or greater than 5 mm) detected on routine antenatal sonography at our institution over a 3-year period were followed throughout infancy with serial sonographic evaluation. Infants with moderate to severe RPD on the initial postnatal study (i.e., those with a renal pelvis diameter greater than 15 mm) were further evaluated with voiding cystography or nuclear scintigraphy (99mTc-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid or 99mTc-benzoylmercaptoacetyltriglycerine). We have now reviewed all postnatal imaging on these infants. In addition, the records of all infants who presented to our institution with clinically symptomatic VUR during this same period have been retrieved. Antenatal sonograms were available for review in most of these cases. RESULTS: Seventy-six cases of RPD were detected on antenatal sonography at our institution over a 3-year period. Eight cases were lost to follow-up in early infancy. The remaining 68 infants had serial sonography performed throughout infancy. Twenty-five infants showed no evidence of urinary tract dilatation on postnatal sonography. Extrarenal pelves were present in eight cases, and 35 infants had moderate to severe RPD at 72 hr. On further evaluation of this last group with voiding cystography or nuclear scintigraphy, diagnoses were VUR (n = 6), pelvic-ureteric junction obstruction (n = 5), renal dysplasia (n = 1), and congenital megaureter (n = 1). VUR was detected in five male infants and one female infant. Twenty-two infants with moderate to severe RPD had neither an obstructive uropathy nor VUR. During this same period (July 1988-June 1991), 20 cases of VUR were detected at our institution. Antenatal sonograms were available for review in 16 of these cases. These showed evidence of RPD in five fetuses, whereas the remaining 11 antenatal studies were unremarkable. Our results show the positive predictive value of RPD for VUR to be 17%. CONCLUSION: Antenatally detected RPD, in isolation, is a weak predictor of VUR. Postnatal sonographic evaluation is, however, important in this group. Further investigation of infants showing moderate to severe RPD in the neonatal period is merited, as such investigation will lead to early detection of VUR in a significant number of cases (17% of RPD).

Dilatation, Pathologic↗
PubMed1997

Renal pyelectasis in fetuses and neonates: diagnostic value of renal pelvis diameter in pre- and postnatal sonographic screening.

OBJECTIVE: Pre- and postnatal pyelectasis detected by sonographic screening is of questionable pathologic importance. Therefore, we defined the natural course and diagnostic value of renal pelvis diameter (RPD) during fetal life and the neonatal period as such dilatation was revealed on routine sonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Routine sonography in pregnant women was obtained between gestational weeks 22 and 30. Sonograms were obtained for 1021 fetuses, of which 15 could not be followed up as neonates. The remaining 1006 fetuses also underwent neonatal sonography. All neonates with an RPD larger than 5 mm were followed up sonographically. Neonates with an RPD larger than 9 mm or persistent widening (> 5-9 mm) were examined by voiding cystourethrogram, radionuclide renogram, or both. RESULTS: Thirty fetuses (3%) had an RPD larger than 5 mm. Nine of these fetuses also had an RPD larger than 5 mm as neonates. Of these nine neonates, one had bilateral grade II vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) and two had urinary tract obstructions (one posterior urethral valve and one ureteropelvic junction obstruction). Forty-nine neonates whose results on fetal sonograms had been normal showed an RPD larger than 5 mm on neonatal sonograms. Grade III VUR was found in one boy, and ureteropelvic junction obstruction was found in two boys. The kidneys of 54 neonates who showed an RPD larger than 5 mm without urinary tract obstruction were followed up until an RPD of 0-5 mm was evident. RPD normalized within 1 year of birth, whether VUR was present or not. Symptomatic urinary tract infection was diagnosed in 17 infants who had no renal pelvis dilatation seen on pre-or postnatal screening during the observation period. Seven of the 17 neonates had VUR. Conversely, none of the infants with pre- postnatal dilatation presented with symptomatic urinary tract infection. However, in one neonate an asymptomatic urinary tract infection without VUR was diagnosed by routine urinalysis. CONCLUSION: In our study, we linked renal pelvis dilatation on pre- and postnatal sonograms to obstructive uropathies rather than to vesicoureteric reflux. Prenatal sonography proved less sensitive than postnatal sonography in revealing obstructive uropathies. An RPD smaller than 10 mm on neonatal sonography was of no pathologic significance because renal collecting systems normalized spontaneously in all infants within 1 year of birth. These neonates and infants had no significant risk for urinary tract infection and did not need further evaluation.

Dilatation, Pathologic↗
PubMed2000

Helical CT protocols for the abdomen and pelvis: a survey.

OBJECTIVE: We surveyed members of the Society of Computed Body Tomography/Magnetic Resonance to evaluate current techniques used for helical CT in the abdomen and pelvis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The survey was distributed to 70 members (36 institutions) of the Society of Computed Body Tomography/Magnetic Resonance. The survey included general questions related to abdominal and pelvic helical CT and also asked the members to write a protocol for 12 hypothetical requisitions. RESULTS: Thirty-two members (46%) responded, representing 28 institutions (78%). The number of protocols for helical CT of the abdomen and pelvis at each institution ranges from 2 to 35 (median, 11). IV contrast material is administered for 90% (median) of abdominal and pelvic CT examinations. Nonionic contrast material is used for 68% (median) of these examinations. IV contrast material is used by 100% of institutions for tumor staging protocols except for one institution that does not use IV contrast material for lymphoma staging. Fifty percent of the institutions obtain two- or three-phases of liver images for breast cancer staging. For all protocols, the average collimation and reconstruction interval is 7 mm except for renal (5 mm) and adrenal (4 mm) protocols. Rectal contrast material is administered most commonly for colon cancer staging (39% of institutions). CONCLUSION: There is a wide range in the number of protocols used for helical CT in the abdomen and pelvis among the responding institutions. Most protocols include use of nonionic IV contrast material injected at a rate of 3 ml/sec and a collimation of 7 mm.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed1977

Carcinoma in situ of the renal pelvis. Case report.

A case of carcinoma in situ of the renal pelvis, diagnosed by exfoliative cytology from ureteral specimens and treated by nephroureterectomy, is reported. Urothelial carcinomas in situ are very rare in the renal pelvis, but an increasing number in the bladder have been diagnosed. Urinary cytology plays the most important role in the diagnosis of carcinoma in situ of the renal pelvis and may be used as a screening test of patients exposed to known carcinogens.

Carcinoma in Situ↗
PubMed1979

The renal pelvis and ureteral peristalsis. I. Pelveometry.

The renal pelvis is a visco-elastic organ and serves the double purpose of acting as a pump function and a reservoir. With a "pig-tail" catheter ("William Cook Europe" aps, Søborg, Denmark), placed transrenally in the canine pelvis and external blocking of the pelveoureteral junction, it is possible to change the volume of the canine renal pelvis and register the resulting pelvic pressure. This examination is called pelveometry. In 24 adult, female dogs pelveometry showed a linear relation within the range of 0-5.5 ml and 1-30 mmHg, respectively. The correlations between the measurements and the estimated lines were about or more than 90%. The registrations during increasing and the following decreasing volume change showed different values and another linearity of 50% of the assays. This observation demonstrated the occurrence of hysteresis (c: a viscoelastic reaction of the smooth muscle tissue) and is in accordance with findings in previous investigations of other smooth muscle organs. The linearity within physiological ranges of the two pelvic parameters indicates that the pelvic pressure and the frequency of ureteral peristalsis will be sufficient to describe the urodynamic patterns of the canine upper urinary tract.

Animals↗