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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Effect of pectin, wheat bran and cellulose on serum lipids and lipoproteins in rats fed on a low- or high-fat diet.

1. Four groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 6 weeks on a diet with a low-fat content (50 g/kg) and another four groups were given a diet rich in fat (250 g/kg) and cholesterol (12 g/kg). In both cases, the basal diets were either fibre-depleted or supplemented with cellulose (60 g/kg), wheat bran (100 g/kg) or low-methoxyl pectin (100 g/kg). 2. Low-methoxyl pectin displayed the most hypocholesterolaemic effect and decreased the cholesterol content of the very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL), when the low-fat diet was given. When rats were fed on the high-fat diet, pectin no longer had a hypocholesterolaemic effect but still decreased the VLDL-cholesterol content. Pectin lowered serum triglyceride and VLDL-triglyceride levels only when the low-fat diet was given. 3. Wheat bran exerted no hypocholesterolaemic effect in rats fed on the low- and high-fat diets, but decreased the cholesterol content of VLDL and lowered serum triglycerides and VLDL-triglycerides when the high-fat diet was given. 4. Purified cellulose had no significant effect on plasma lipids. 5. As shown by multivariance analysis, low-methoxyl pectin and wheat bran both beneficially modified the serum triglyceride and cholesterol variables except VLDL-triglycerides. However, the magnitude of the effect of each individual type of fibre was dependent on the fat and cholesterol content of the diet, suggesting the existence of different mechanisms of action.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of dietary high- and low-methylated citrus pectin on the activity of the ileal microflora and morphology of the small intestinal wall of broiler chicks.

1. A study was conducted with broiler chicks to evaluate the effects of dietary high-methylated citrus pectin (HMC) or low-methylated citrus pectin (LMC) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, morphology of the small intestinal wall and ileal microbial activity. 2. Both pectin products were tested at a dietary content of 30 g/kg using a diet based on maize and soya flour. 3. Inclusion of HMC in the diet depressed weight gain and food utilization significantly. With a dietary addition of LMC there were only small decreases in weight gain and food utilisation. 4. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat, starch and amino acids, nitrogen retention and metabolisable energy value were reduced significantly when HMC was added to the diet. The addition of LMC to the diet reduced fat and ash digestibility and metabolisable energy value significantly. 5. Inclusion of LMC in the diet increased ileal viscosity marginally, whilst HMC had such an effect that the supernatant could not be extracted. Microbial activity in the ileum, particularly that of Enterococci, Bacteroidaceae, Clostridia and E. coli, was increased significantly with dietary addition of HMC. Inclusion of LMC in the diet did not greatly affect microbial activity as only the number of Clostridia was increased. 6. The addition of HMC to the diet markedly affected the morphology of the intestinal wall and significantly increased the number of goblet cells per 100 villus cells and the sucrase isomaltase activity was increased significantly. However, the morphology of the intestinal wall was hardly affected by LMC, whereas the number of goblet cells per 100 villi cells was significantly increased. 7. Results of the present study indicate that the inclusion of water-soluble pectins in diets of chicks changes ileal microbial activity and the morphology of the small intestinal wall. The magnitude of these changes depends on the degree of methylation of the pectins.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pectin gel vehicles for controlled fragrance delivery.

Using citronellal as a model compound, pectin gels formulations were evaluated for the controlled fragrance release by kinetic and static methods. The pectins with higher degrees of esterification induced a stronger molecular association with the nonpolar fragrance. This resulted in a prolonged duration of fragrance release and the limitation of fragrance adsorption to the receptor skin layers. The increase in pectin concentrations suppressed the fragrance release by a diffusion mechanism. Blocking the carboxyl groups of pectin with calcium ions reduces the hydrophilicity of pectin and provides physical barriers for citronellal diffusion. The pectin/calcium microparticles are promising materials for controlled fragrance release.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed1999

Studies on pectins as potential hydrogel matrices for controlled-release drug delivery.

Polymeric hydrogels are widely used as controlled-release matrix tablets. In the present study, we investigated high-methoxy pectins for their potential value in controlled-release matrix formulations. The effects of compression force, ratio of drug to pectin, and type of pectin on drug release from matrix tablets were also investigated. The results of the in vitro release studies show that the drug release from compressed matrix tablets prepared from pectin can be modified by changing the amount and the type of pectin in the matrix tablets. However, compression force did not significantly affect the drug release. The mechanisms controlling release rate were discussed with respect to drug diffusion through the polymer matrices, but may be more complex.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1980

Evidence and mechanism for pectin-reduced intestinal inorganic iron absorption in idiopathic hemochromatosis.

The intestinal absorption of iron was measured in 13 patients suffering from idiopathic hemochromatosis by using a double radiotracer technique. For each patient, iron absorption was determined in the fasting state, i.e., under basal conditions, and after an oral indigestible fiber load (9 g/m2 of body surface) with either pectin (group I: eight patients) or cellulose (group II: five patients). The results were compared with those from a group of seven normal control subjects investigated under basal conditions. The patients with haemochromatosis (groups I and II) had a significant increase in the basal value of fractional iron absorption as compared with controls. In the patients of group I, the pectin induced a significant fall in fractional iron absorption (P less than 0.02). In group II, iron absorption rates remained unchanged whether or not cellulose was given. Furthermore, we found in vitro that pectin had a high iron binding activity, while cellulose bound none. From the present study, we conclude that pectin but not cellulose reduces iron absorption by forming unabsorbable complexes with dietary iron. Thus, enrichment of the diet with foods providing significant amounts of noncellulosic dietary fibers, such as pectin, may be useful in the management of hemochromatosis patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Pectin digestion in humans.

The digestibility of pectin, a component of dietary fiber was investigated in humans. The groups studied comprised healthy people with intact gastrointestinal tracts, and patients who had undergone total colectomy followed by ileostomy in the management of ulcerative colitis. The pectin content of the individual plant foods in the diet and the pectin content of the excreta were determined. Some loss of pectin occurred in the small intestine but most of the pectin was degraded in the large intestine.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Plasma beta-carotene response in humans after meals supplemented with dietary pectin.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pectin on plasma response to beta-carotene in humans. Using a crossover design, we evaluated the effect on plasma beta-carotene in seven subjects when 12 g citrus pectin was added to a 2092 kJ (500 kcal) controlled meal with 25 mg beta-carotene. Plasma samples were collected at 0, 8, 30, 48, and 192 h after the meals. Plasma beta-carotene was quantified with the use of HPLC. The increase in plasma beta-carotene concentration was significantly reduced by pectin at 30 and 192 h (paired t test; P less than 0.005 and less than 0.05, respectively). Mean percent increase in plasma beta-carotene concentration at 30 h after the meal with beta-carotene was reduced by more than one-half when pectin was added to the meal. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of pectin may provide one explanation for observations of reduced plasma beta-carotene response in humans after the ingestion of carotenoid-rich foods when compared with equivalent doses of beta-carotene supplements.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effect of pectin, gum arabic and agar on cholesterol absorption, synthesis, and turnover in rats.

A series of five experiments was conducted to determine the effect of pectin, gum arabic and agar (5%) on cholesterol absorption, biosynthesis and turnover in rats. In the study of cholesterol absorption, a tracer dose of labeled cholesterol was included in the last meal. The rats were killed 12 hours later. The proportion of the labeled cholesterol recovered in the whole body was used as an estimation of the efficiency of absorption of dietary cholesterol. Cholesterol biosynthesis was estimated by determining the activity of labeled digitonin-precipitable sterols biosynthesized from labeled glucose which was included in a test meal. In turnover studies, rats were injected intravenously with labeled cholesterol using serum as a vehicle, and the activity of labeled cholesterol in tissues was determined after various time intervals. All three complex carbohydrates decreased cholesterol absorption and pectin had the greatest effect. Pectin and gum arabic increased cholesterol biosynthesis in rats fed a cholesterol-containing diet, but had no effect in a cholesterol-free diet. Pectin slightly increased the turnover of cholesterol, but gum arabic and agar had no effect. This work supports the hypothesis that pectin lowers cholesterol levels by interfering with cholesterol absorption and by increasing cholesterol turnover. The study also suggests that complex carbohydrates differ in their effects on cholesterol metabolism. The reason for these differences remains to be determined.

Absorption↗
PubMed1980

Effects of dietary pectin and fat on the small intestinal contents and exocrine pancreas of rats.

The effects of dietary pectin and fat level on digestive enzyme activities in the pancreas and small intestine and on intestinal bile acid levels were investigated. In unfed rats, dietary pectin did not influence the pancreatic enzymes studied, but a higher level of corn oil in the diet lowered the amylase activity in the pancreas, increased pancreatic lipase activity and slightly lowered the chymotrypsin and trypsin activities. Diet did not change the dry weight of the pancreas. In the fed rats, dietary pectin increased the dry weight of the small gut wash plus the mucosal scraping. Dietary pectin increased the small intestinal lipase and chymotrypsin levels and at the low level of fat only, increased amylase and trypsin activities in the small intestine of fed rats. Intestinal lipase levels were higher and amylase levels lower in rats consuming the high level of corn oil. These results indicate that changes in dietary fat level led to changes in the amylase and lipase content of secreted pancreatic juice and that differences in absorption associated with diets containing pectin could be the result of increased material in the small intestine.

Amylases↗
PubMed1992

Prickly pear (Opuntia sp.) pectin reverses low density lipoprotein receptor suppression induced by a hypercholesterolemic diet in guinea pigs.

The effects of prickly pear pectin on plasma LDL metabolism were investigated by feeding guinea pigs either a diet containing 15 g/100 g lard and 0.25 g/100 g cholesterol (LC diet) or the LC diet in which cellulose was partially replaced (2.5 g/100 g) by prickly pear pectin (LC-P diet). The LC-P diet lowered plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations by 33% (P < 0.001). Low density lipoprotein composition was modified by intake of prickly pear pectin; the relative percentages of free and esterified cholesterol were lower and triglycerides were higher in LDL from animals fed the LC-P diet (P < 0.05). Intake of prickly pear pectin did not affect hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity; however, hepatic free and esterified cholesterol concentrations were lowered by 46 and 64%, respectively. Hepatic apolipoprotein B/E receptor expression (Bmax) was 60% higher in animals fed the LC-P diet (P < 0.01). Similar to the in vitro data, receptor-mediated LDL fractional catabolic rates were 190% higher in animals fed the LC-P diet (P < 0.05), whereas apolipoprotein LDL flux rates were not affected. Apolipoprotein LDL pool size and fractional catabolic rates exhibited a significant correlation (r = -0.52, P < 0.01). These data indicate that an increase in apolipoprotein B/E receptor expression is a major metabolic response by which intake of prickly pear pectin decreases plasma LDL concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

An increase in reactive oxygen species by dietary fish oil coupled with the attenuation of antioxidant defenses by dietary pectin enhances rat colonocyte apoptosis.

We showed previously that the dietary combination of fish oil, rich in (n-3) fatty acids, and the fermentable fiber pectin enhances colonocyte apoptosis in a rat model of experimentally induced colon cancer. In this study, we propose that the mechanism by which this dietary combination heightens apoptosis is via modulation of the colonocyte redox environment. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 60) were fed 1 of 2 fats (corn oil or fish oil) and 1 of 2 fibers (cellulose or pectin) for 2 wk before determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative DNA damage, antioxidant enzyme activity [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] and apoptosis in isolated colonocytes. Fish oil enhanced ROS, whereas the combination of fish oil and pectin suppressed SOD and CAT and enhanced the SOD/CAT ratio compared with a corn oil and cellulose diet. Despite this modulation to a seemingly prooxidant environment, oxidative DNA damage was inversely related to ROS in the fish oil and pectin diet, and apoptosis was enhanced relative to other diets. Furthermore, apoptosis increased exponentially as ROS increased. These results suggest that the enhancement of apoptosis associated with fish oil and pectin feeding may be due to a modulation of the redox environment that promotes ROS-mediated apoptosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

QUASIMODO1 encodes a putative membrane-bound glycosyltransferase required for normal pectin synthesis and cell adhesion in Arabidopsis.

Pectins are a highly complex family of cell wall polysaccharides. As a result of a lack of specific mutants, it has been difficult to study the biosynthesis of pectins and their role in vivo. We have isolated two allelic mutants, named quasimodo1 (qua1-1 and qua1-2), that are dwarfed and show reduced cell adhesion. Mutant cell walls showed a 25% reduction in galacturonic acid levels compared with the wild type, indicating reduced pectin content, whereas neutral sugars remained unchanged. Immersion immunofluorescence with the JIM5 and JIM7 monoclonal antibodies that recognize homogalacturonan epitopes revealed less labeling of mutant roots compared with the wild type. Both mutants carry a T-DNA insertion in a gene (QUA1) that encodes a putative membrane-bound glycosyltransferase of family 8. We present evidence for the possible involvement of a glycosyltransferase of this family in the synthesis of pectic polysaccharides, suggesting that other members of this large multigene family in Arabidopsis also may be important for pectin biosynthesis. The mutant phenotype is consistent with a central role for pectins in cell adhesion.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2004

Pectin in pig nutrition, a comparative review.

A comprehensive review is given on pectin effects in pigs. Its effects on feed passage and digestion in the small intestine, the composition of ileal digesta and fermentation in the colon are described. Pectins promote fermentation at the terminal ileum and in the first part of the colon. It is shown, that pectin opposite to cellulose is degraded to high extents in the colon. Dietetic effects in relation to composition of ileocaecal digesta, endogenous secretions, buffering and pH-stability, high fermentability of organic matter in the colon and resulting volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the cranial part of the colon and even its possible interactions to colonization of the gut by infectious bacteria are described. Pectin effects concerning volume of the intestinal tract, distribution of VFA and lactic acid, role of endogenous secretions are described. The negative effect of pectins on praecaecal digestibility, their high degradation rates in the large intestine and consequences for their dietetic effects are discussed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of dietary pectin on rapid catch-up weight gain and urea kinetics in children recovering from severe undernutrition.

The rates of weight gain and urea kinetics were measured in 12 children receiving one of two energy dense, isonitrogenous formulae (711 kJ/kg/day, 170 kcal/kg/day) during recovery from severe undernutrition. Both formulations contained added arachis oil but in one a source of complex carbohydrate was added in the form of pectin (3.4% of total energy). The children taking the pectin diet had a rate of weight gain which was highly significantly less (7 g/kg/day) than the children not receiving pectin (14 g/kg/day). Urea production was significantly less on the pectin diet (0.37 +/- 0.07 vs 0.55 +/- 0.18 gN/kg/day). On the pectin diet there was a reduction in the rate of excretion of urea in urine and in the rate at which urea nitrogen was salvaged by the lower bowel, but these differences failed to reach statistical significance.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1997

Studies on amidated pectins as potential carriers in colonic drug delivery.

Amidated pectins have been assessed, in-vitro, for their potential value in colonic drug delivery. The monitoring of the release of a model soluble drug, paracetamol, gives a sensitive indication of the behaviour of the pectins under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Inclusion of calcium as a cross-linking agent increased the viscosities of amidated pectin gels to a maximum value. Further addition of calcium reduced gel viscosity and for pectin with a high extent of amidation this led to a reduction in drug release. Release was faster for pectin with less amidation in the presence of calcium; this could be related to matrix erosion. The results of the study suggest that the materials might be of value in colonic delivery either alone or in combination, possibly in the form of a coating.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1992

Pectin decomposition and associated nitrogen fixation by mixed cultures of Azospirillum and Bacillus species.

Cocultures of different Azospirillum species with Bacillus polymyxa or Bacillus subtilis allow the efficient utilization of pectin as carbon and energy sources for nitrogen fixation. The nitrogenase activity obtained with cocultures was as high as 30-80 nmol C2H4 h-1 mL-1, a much higher value than that obtained with pure cultures of either Azospirillum (up to 13 nmol C2H4 h-1 mL-1) or B. polymyxa (up to 2 nmol C2H4 h-1 mL-1) alone. To establish to what extent each partner contributed to nitrogenase activity, acetylene reduction was assayed as a function of time and it was also measured on Azospirillum cultivated in the cultures filtrates of the Bacillus. The results suggested that the nitrogenase activity was mostly produced by Azospirillum. The nitrogenase activity occurred at the expense of the degradation and fermentation products of the pectin. The new pectinolytic species, Azospirillum irakense, utilized both degradation and fermentation products of pectin, whereas the nonpectinolytic strains (Azospirillum brasilense, Azospirillum lipoferum, Azospirillum amazonense) utilized only the fermentation products of pectin, including acetic and succinic acids. These cocultures can be considered as metabolic associations, where the Bacillus produces degradation and fermentation products of pectin, which can be used by Azospirillum species.

Azospirillum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isotonic tube feeding formula induces liquid stool in normal subjects: reversal by pectin.

Diarrhea is one of the most common complications in patients who receive tube-feeding formulas. Since the colon is the final site of water and electrolyte absorption and ultimately determines fecal composition, diarrhea during tube feeding may result from altered colonic function. The lack of dietary fiber, such as pectin, in tube-feeding formulas may be one of the means by which colonic function is affected. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a standard, liquid, commercially available, isotonic tube-feeding formula (ITFF) and the effects of supplementing the ITFF with pectin on colonic function as measured by stool consistency and colonic fluid composition in 13 normal adults. Data were obtained when subjects consumed their regular diet, ITFF, and ITFF supplemented with pectin using the technique of in vivo dialysis of colonic fluid. Ingestion of the ITFF resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of liquid stools compared to a regular diet [median (interquartile range) = 0% (0), 60% (64); p less than 0.01]. Ingestion of the ITFF also resulted in significant decreases in the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and short-chain fatty acids, and increases in pH and osmotic gap in colonic fluid compared to the subjects' regular diet. Supplementing the ITFF with pectin significantly reduced the incidence of liquid stools [0% (0)] and promoted a normalization of colonic fluid composition. The results suggest that the addition of pectin may enhance tolerance to ITFFs.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Alginate-pectin-poly-L-lysine particulate as a potential controlled release formulation.

Drug delivery particulates were prepared using alginate, polylysine and pectin. Theophylline, chlorothiazide and indomethacin were used as the model drugs for in-vitro assessments, and mannitol was the model for assessing paracellular drug absorption across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Alginate and pectin served as the core polymers and polylysine helped to strengthen the particulates. Use of pectin specially helped in forming a more robust particulate that was more resistant in acidic pH and modulated the release profiles of the encapsulated model drugs in the alkaline pH. Alginate and pectin were also found to enhance the paracellular absorption of mannitol across Caco-2 cell monolayers by about three times. The release rate could be described as a first-order or square-root time process depending on the drug load. Use of alginate-polylysine-pectin particulates is expected to combine the advantages of bioadhesion, absorption enhancement, and sustained release. This particulate system may have potential use as a carrier for drugs that are poorly absorbed after oral administration.

Adhesiveness↗