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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Preoperative overtraining protects against form learning deficits after lateral occipital lesions in Galago senegalensis.

Bushbabies (Galago senegalensis) trained on a form discrimination task in a two-choice apparatus prior to partial disruption of the central field representation of vision in striate cortex were found to be protected from postoperative deficit. These same animals were deficient in learning novel form discriminations. Pre- and postoperative tests of these subjects on discrimination of fine stripe patterns and of small food objects gave no evidence of reduced epicritic visual capacities. Results are discussed in terms of an interpretive role in form learning for areas of central field representation in primary visual cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Alleviation of overtraining reversal effect by transient inactivation of the dorsal striatum.

In this study, we investigated the role of the dorsal striatum in the acquisition and the use (retrieval) of a specific learning developed during overtraining. The paradigm was such that rats had to respond differentially to two signals in order to obtain food or to avoid an electrical footshock. Overtraining was aimed at eliciting a facilitative effect on discrimination reversal as compared to simply trained rats. In this way, transient inactivation of the dorsal striatum by lidocaine enabled us to investigate, separately, the role of this structure during overtraining and reversal. The data show that inactivating the dorsal striatum before each reversal session prevented the overtraining reversal effect observed in control rats. Moreover, inactivation of the dorsal striatum during overtraining had no effect on the level of discriminative performance just as it did not affect the subsequent facilitative effect on reversal. These results show that even though the striatum might normally be part of a routine automatic system, clearly its contribution is not essential. Indeed, despite inactivation of the striatum in overtrained rats, their ability to develop an efficient selection process that can be used during reversal was observed. However, the integrity of the striatum became essential in order to mediate the modification of behaviour when this behavioural routine formed during overtraining had to be modified during reversal.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed2000

Super-learning of causal judgements.

In three experiments, participants learned which of a variety of foods were capable of causing an allergic reaction in a hypothetical patient during training in which a compound of a treatment and a target food cue was paired with the reaction. In Experiment 1 the causal ratings of the target cue were increased if the treatment cue was pretrained as a preventative cause of the reaction. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that the magnitude of this super-learning is unaffected by the order of compound and treatment cue training. The final study also showed that forward super-learning is not induced solely by simple exposure to the treatment cue prior to compound training but, rather, depends upon training the treatment cue as a preventative cause, whereas retrospective super-learning may be due merely to exposure of the treatment cue. These results are problematic for contingency-based accounts of causal induction but accord with modified and extended associative theories.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The effects of overtraining on mediational processes in elderly males.

To examine the effects of overtraining on mediational processes, 81 male residents (aged 55 or above) of a VA domicillary were tested using a two-choice discrimination task. Upon reaching criterion, the men were given, 0, 15, or 30 overtraining trials and then shifted to either a reversal, intradimensional, or extradimensional task. Analysis of the error scores resulted in a significant initial versus shift task main effect and type of shift by initial versus shift task interaction. Further analysis indicated no difference among the three shift groups for the initial task. However, in the shift task, the reversal group had significantly fewer errors than the other two groups who were not statistically different. Participants thus appeared to be mediationally sufficient when reversal and extradimensional tasks were compared, but mediationally deficient when intra- and extradimensional, and reversal and intradimensional tasks were contrasted. While overtraining had no significant effect, examination of the three way interaction suggested potentially facilitative effects of overtraining and a possible regression effect among participants not receiving overtraining.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Age differences in the retrieval of information from semantic memory.

An experiment was conducted to determine the speed with which old and young individuals could either generate an example of a category or decide if two words were related. In one condition, generation and decision trials were blocked together, while in the other condition trials were mixed randomly. No interactions between age and the mixed/blocked variable were observed in the decision task. However, in the generation task young individuals showed differentially lower reaction times in the blocked trials condition. It was argued that the differences between the performance of the two age groups reflected age differences in the utilization of automatic and effortful processing strategies. A second experiment was performed to examine the activation of semantic memory in an automatized processing task. While there was an overall age decrement in reaction time, the amount of facilitation in the retrieval processes was equal for both age groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Long-term memory of a DRL task in mature and aged rats.

Mature (6 mo.) and aged (26 mo.) rats were trained on a DRL 6-sec schedule. In order to produce equivalent levels of task performance, the mature rats were trained for 16 sessions while the aged rats were trained for 20 sessions. After a 21-day interval, rats were tested for retention of the DRL task. No age-related differences in LTM of the DRL task were found. If the DRL schedule is considered an analog of a recall task, the present results do not agree with Campbell et al. (1980) who found age differences in retention of a FI schedule after 8 days of training. In the present experiment animals were more extensively trained on the task to be remembered. Thus, the present experiment suggests that an age-related difference in LTM, even on recall tasks, will not be significant if aged animals are overtrained on the task to be remembered.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Long-term retention of a theatrical script by repertory actors: the role of context.

Four actors were requested to perform Sartre's No Exit after a retention interval of more than 5 months. Their recall of the play was studied either with the spatial and visual contextual cues normally available during a performance or without such cues. Total recall was still considerable, equalling 85%. The number of paraphrases of, and inferences on, the original text was however quite large (32%), suggesting that the actors had learned their lines according to their meaning rather than as a result of rote memorisation. The context manipulation showed that actors' recall is facilitated by the availability of spatial-visual information, but only to a limited extent. The relative importance of textual and contextual cues in the long-term retention of a play is discussed.

Adult↗