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PubMed2005

Sexual regret in college students.

A questionnaire study was conducted to assess the relationship between sexual regret and sexual behaviors and demographic factors among 348 college-aged students prior to attending an educational program about sexual health issues. Analyses conducted on the portion of the sample who were sexually active (n = 270) indicated that the majority (71.9%, n = 194) has regretted their decision to engage in sexual activity at least once. The most cited reasons for regret by students included their sexual decision making as inconsistent with their morals (37%), an acknowledgment that alcohol influenced their decision (31.7%), the realization they did not want the same thing as their partner (27.9%), the lack of condom use (25.5%), feeling pressure by their partner (23.0%), and their desire to wait until marriage to have sex (15.4%). The only significant sex difference was that women reported regret due to feeling pressured by a partner more often than men. Multiple and logistic regression analyses indicated that the only significant predictor of regret regarding one's sexual decisions was the number of sexual partners. These results demonstrate the need for sexual educators to incorporate sexual regret into their curricula as the phenomenon of regret is more common than pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, the usual focus of sexuality education.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Do couples grieve differently following infant loss?

13 couples who lost an infant due to a major congenital anomaly were assessed using the Perinatal Grief Scale. Contrary to the research findings of generally less intensity of grief in men, couples did not differ significantly in this respect one-half year after the loss of their infant. On the other hand, there was no strong relationship between the scores of women and men, indicating that, apart from intensity they grieve differently.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1985

Incidence in Italy, genetic heterogeneity, and segregation analysis of cystic fibrosis.

Taking advantage of the availability of an archive of consanguineous marriages that gives accurate estimates of consanguinity in Italy, it has been possible to calculate the increase of first- and second-cousin marriages among 624 couples of cystic fibrosis (CF) parents over the general population. From these estimates, the incidence of CF in Italy has been found to correspond approximately to 1/2,000. In turn, the same data have been used to test the hypothesis of genetic heterogeneity of CF, recently proposed, which is based on the presence of two distinct genetic disorders having similar frequencies. If such a hypothesis were true, the number of first-cousin marriages among CF parents should be significantly higher than that observed in our present study. Finally, the segregation analysis of 624 CF sibships has yielded under multiple selection a segregation ratio of 0.252, confirming the recessive mode of inheritance.

Consanguinity↗
PubMed1987

Toward a theory of human multiple birthing: sociobiology and r/K reproductive strategies.

Using symbols from population biology, a continuum of reproductive strategies can be distinguished ranging from r, the production of large numbers of offspring provided with minimal care, to K, the production of few offspring nurtured intensively. While all humans are at the K end of the continuum, some are proposed to be more so than others. If multiple egg production is part of an r-reproductive strategy, certain facts may be ordered. Compared to mothers of singletons, for example, mothers of DZ twins have a lower age of menarche, a shorter menstrual cycle, a higher number of marriages, a higher rate of coitus, more illegitimate children, a closer spacing of births, a greater fecundity, more wasted pregnancies, a larger family, an earlier menopause, and an earlier mortality. Further, all twins have a shorter gestation period, a lower birth weight, and a greater incidence of infant mortality, with DZ twins having a greater frequency of health disorders, a higher mortality rate, and a lower rate of enrollment in volunteer registries. Multiple birthing also occurs more frequently in families of lower than of higher social status, and in those of African than of European and especially than of Oriental descent.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Soft nanotechnology with soft nanoparticles.

The last decade of research in the physical sciences has seen a dramatic increase in the study of nanoscale materials. Today, "nanoscience" has emerged as a multidisciplinary effort, wherein obtaining a fundamental understanding of the optical, electrical, magnetic, and mechanical properties of nanostructures promises to deliver the next generation of functional materials for a wide range of applications. While this range of efforts is extremely broad, much of the work has focused on "hard" materials, such as Buckyballs, carbon nanotubes, metals, semiconductors, and organic or inorganic dielectrics. Meanwhile, the soft materials of current interest typically include conducting or emissive polymers for "plastic electronics" applications. Despite the continued interest in these established areas of nanoscience, new classes of soft nanomaterials are being developed from more traditional polymeric constructs. Specifically, nanostructured hydrogels are emerging as a promising group of materials for multiple biotechnology applications as the need for advanced materials in the post-genomic era grows. This review will present some of the recent advances in the marriage between water-swellable networks and nanoscience.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Clinical screening and intervention in cases of partner violence.

Partner violence is a long-term health risk factor that can potentially have far-reaching, negative consequences on both those abused and their loved ones. The term "partner" is used to define opposite and same sex couples who are in relationships on a continuum ranging from casually dating to marriage. Partner violence includes physical, sexual, psychological, and economic abuse, as well as stalking behaviors. Even though the American Medical Association recommends screening for partner violence at multiple levels, there are many shortcomings of the current screening and intervention practice. Several factors facilitating the ineffectiveness of current practice include a lack of information related to the prevalence, duration, and severity of partner violence; physician s misguided beliefs regarding a victim s desire to disclose; and barriers that the victim faces when deciding whether to disclose partner violence. This article addresses these shortcomings and identifies nurses as an invaluable resource that has been under-utilized for screening and responding to partner violence. Also highlighted is one technique know by the acronym "RADAR" that is designed to address issues of both screening and intervention. Finally, resources for both health care practitioners and victims of abuse are provided.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed2002

Determinants of coital frequency among married women in Central African Republic: the role of female genital cutting.

This paper examines determinants of one aspect of sexual behaviour--coital frequency--among 2,188 married women in the Central African Republic using a secondary analysis of data from the Demographic and Health Survey of 1994-95. Female genital cutting (or circumcision) is practised in the Central African Republic and self-reported circumcision status was included in the questionnaire enabling it to be examined as a possible determinant of coital frequency. Multiple logistic regression was used to find a subset of factors independently associated with coital frequency. Decreased coital frequency was found in those who had longer duration of marriage, those who were not the most recent wife in a polygamous marriage and those who had more surviving children. Coital frequency was higher in more educated women and those not contracepting because they wanted to get pregnant. After adjusting for confounders no association between female genital cutting and coital frequency was found. The extent to which women can control coital frequency in this culture is not known and fertility desires may override any negative effects of circumcision on sexual pleasure. It was therefore not possible to draw conclusions about how female genital cutting affects a woman's desire for sexual intercourse and consequently there is a need to develop research methods further to investigate this question.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder-I phenotype: review of phenomenology and longitudinal course.

OBJECTIVE: Phenomenology, assessment, longitudinal, and psychosocial findings from an ongoing, controlled, prospective study of 93 subjects with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype (PEA-BP) will be reviewed. METHODS: Unlike adult-onset bipolar disorder, for which there were over 50 years of systematic investigations, there were a paucity of rigorous data and much controversy and skepticism about the existence and characteristics of prepubertal-onset mania. With this background, issues to address for investigation of child-onset mania included the following: (i) What to do about the differentiation of mania from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (ii) How to deal with the ubiquity of irritability as a presenting symptom in multiple child psychiatry disorders. (iii) Development of a research instrument to assess prepubertal manifestations of adult mania (i.e. children do not 'max out' credit cards or have four marriages). (iv) How to distinguish normal childhood happiness and expansiveness from pathologically impairing elated mood and grandiosity. RESULTS: To address these issues, a PEA-BP phenotype was defined as DSM-IV mania with elated mood and/or grandiosity as one inclusion criterion. This criterion ensured that the diagnosis of mania was not made using only criteria that overlapped with those for ADHD, and that subjects had at least one of the two cardinal symptoms of mania (i.e. elated mood and grandiose behaviors). Subjects were aged 10.9 years (SD = 2.6) and age of onset of the current episode at baseline was 7.3 years (SD = 3.5). Validation of PEA-BP was shown by reliable assessment, 6-month stability, and 1- and 2-year diagnostic longitudinal outcome. PEA-BP resembled the severest form of adult-onset mania by presenting with a chronic, mixed mania, psychotic, continuously (ultradian) cycling picture. CONCLUSION: Counterintuitively, typical 7-year-old children with PEA-BP were more severely ill than typical 27 year olds with adult-onset mania. Moreover, longitudinal data strongly supported differentiation of PEA-BP from ADHD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The importance of childbearing for Hodgkin's disease: new evidence from incidence and mortality models.

BACKGROUND: We reported in a recent study that parity was inversely related to the incidence of Hodgkin's disease (HD) in Norwegian women younger than 56. In this study, another data set was used to estimate the parity effects on incidence at higher ages, and two different data sets were used to assess how parity influences prognosis. METHODS: Multiplicative hazard models were estimated for incidence. A novel approach, based on mixed additive-multiplicative mortality hazard models, was used to assess differences in prognosis. The analysis was based on register and census data. RESULTS: There was no effect of parity within marriage on HD incidence in women aged 40-80. With respect to prognosis, parity was found to have a beneficial influence in the age group 15-56. Excess mortality among two-child mothers with HD compared to otherwise equal two-child mothers without HD, was significantly lower than the corresponding excess mortality among childless women. However, the same pattern appeared for men. By contrast, there were strong indications of an increase in excess mortality from HD across marital parity for women aged 40-80. CONCLUSION: The results lend support to the view that childbearing confers no long-term protection, but the evidence is far from clear. The physiological processes triggered by pregnancies do not seem to have a beneficial effect on survival. Childbearing before diagnosis may influence prognosis in men as well as women through social or emotional factors, and may also be related to prognosis because of parity-differentials in the general physical constitution. In addition, there is likely to be a positive selection of individuals who want to and are able to have a child after diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Marital transitions and mental health.

Most research identifies marital disruption as a precursor for poor mental health but is generally unable to discount the potential selection effect of poor mental health leading to marital disruption. We use data from nine annual waves of the British Household Panel Survey to examine social selection and social causation as competing explanations. Mental health is measured using the general health questionnaire. We examine mental health at multiple time points prior to and after a marital transition through separation or divorce and compare this process to those who experience widowhood. All groups transitioning out of marriage have a higher prevalence of poor mental health afterwards but for those separated or divorced, poor mental health also precedes marital disruption, lending support to both social-causation and social-selection processes. The processes both preceding and after the transition to widowhood differ, with increased prevalence of disorder centering around the time surrounding the death itself

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Pregnant teens who choose childbirth.

The Family Center is an alternative educational program available by choice to pregnant teen-agers enrolled in Arlington County, VA schools. Students enter the program at various stages of pregnancy and remain until six weeks after delivery. Data from these students were collected for two academic years from clinical interviews in order to describe several characteristics of these pupils with multiple health care needs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Co-occurrence between marital aggression and parents' child abuse potential: the impact of cumulative stress.

Evidence suggests that marital aggression and parent-to-child aggression sometimes occur within the same family, but little is known about why certain families are vulnerable to multiple forms of family aggression. According to family systems theory, negative affect in one family relationship can spread to other family relationships. According to family stress theory, aversive circumstances increase families' vulnerability to disruption and conflict. Based on these theories, the present study tests the hypothesis that cumulative family stresses potentiate the association between marital aggression and parents' child abuse potential. In a series of additive interactional models, husband-to-wife aggression was linked to husbands' and wives' child abuse potential in a context of both high financial stress and high parenting stress but was not linked in a context of low stress. Wife-to-husband aggression was linked to wives', but not husbands', child abuse potential in a context of high stress. These results highlight the potential role of contextual factors in the pervasiveness of aggressive exchanges across multiple family subsystems.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Dental family stress and coping patterns.

This exploratory study of 28 married male dentists and their families was designed to gain an understanding about the stressors that dentists and their spouses experience, the life events and family strains they incur, the behavioral coping patterns they utilize, and their psychosocial characteristics. The study found that although stable dental families did encounter a significant number of stressors arising from both the dental practice and the family, they maintained their sense of balance through strong family coping skills and family resources. The effect of the dentist's office-related stress was directly felt in the family, especially by the spouse. Strong coping patterns resulted when dentists and spouses maintained a balance of time and responsibility, satisfaction in work and family activity, regular communication, sharing of decision making, good physical health, and the inclusion of an active exercise program within multiple demands on their time.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Predicates of personal control among middle-aged and young-old men and women in middle America.

These analyses explore relationships between the conscious general sense of control and :1) personal evaluations of major life domains (health, spouse's health, marriage, parenting, work, leisure): and 2) spouse's evaluations of life domains, within groups defined by gender and age. Respondents include 101 men and 127 women; all are Caucasian; they reside in a middle-class community in the midwestern United States; they are aged forty-three to seventy-six (M = 56); they are all in long-term marriages, with an average of 4.4 children; and 73 percent had at least one child living at home. Evaluations of life domains included self-report satisfaction and investment scales completed after personal interview questions about the domain. There were no gender differences and minimal age differences in levels of sense of control or evaluations of the life domains. However, as expected, multiple regression analyses indicated that the evaluations that contribute to a sense of control vary by gender and be age group within gender group. For men, the sense of control is linked to experiences in work; for younger middle-aged men, satisfaction with health is important; and for older men, investment in marriage is also important. Younger middle-aged women's sense of mastery is tied to satisfaction with mothering and investment in their own health; older women's sense of control is linked to satisfaction with marriage, health, and leisure. Age group patterns may reflect both developmental and cohort effects.

Adult↗