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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

[Connection between finger task movements and contralaterally associated movements in children].

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the connection between finger task movements (TM) and contralaterally associated movements (CAM). In Experiment I, 40 children ranging in age from five to six were required to play "marbles" (TM) with the right thumb or forefinger, while two investigators checked CAM on their left fingers. The result showed the local relation between TM and CAM wasn't strictly symmetric. In Experiment II, 60 children ranging in age from five to seven were required to consciously control their contralateral finger movements while they played TM. Following three conditions were provided; 1) The free condition with no control, 2) the inhibitory condition with conscious inhibition of CAM, and 3) the imitative condition with a typical CAM pattern. Findings were that, though all children could inhibit CAM consciously, the five-year-olds couldn't. Furthermore, TM performance improved in the lower performance group, but it deteriorated in the higher group in association with the contralateral control. These results suggest that there is a cooperative and reciprocal relationship between TM and the contralateral finger movements.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Movement prediction and movement production.

The prediction of future positions of moving objects occurs in cases of actively produced and passively observed movement. Additionally, the moving object may or may not be tracked with the eyes. The authors studied the difference between active and passive movement prediction by asking observers to estimate displacements of an occluded moving target, where the movement was driven by the observer's manual action or was passively observed. In the absence of eye tracking, they found that in the active condition, estimates are more anticipatory than in the passive conditions. Decreasing the congruence between motor action and visual feedback diminished but did not eliminate the anticipatory effect of action. When the target was tracked with the eyes, the effect of manual action disappeared. Results indicate distinct contributions of hand and eye movement signals to the prediction of trajectories of moving objects.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Torsional movements of the human eye. I. Torsional movements on inclining the head towards the shoulder].

The characteristics of the torsional eye movements during head tilting were investigated. Different conditions were used in the experiments. The subjects were in sitting and lying positions in the light and in the dark. A new method of recording with the suction device of Yarbus and the simple optical system allowed to have records without some redundant components of movement. This made record processing less complex and more accurate. The torsional drift in the slow phase of the eye movement was found present under any conditions. When being recorded simultaneously both eyes in man were in identical and synchronous movement.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed1998

Axial movements are relatively preserved with respect to limb movements in aphasic patients.

Apraxia is commonly manifested during the acute stage following left hemisphere cerebrovascular accident and typically co-occurs with aphasia. We examined 30 acute stroke patients with aphasia and apraxia in order to determine if such patients show evidence of preservation of selective subclasses of movements. Although Geschwind noted the preservation of axial movements to command in aphasic apraxic patients, his views were subsequently refuted. However, we found that aphasic apraxic patients of varying degrees of severity, including patients with global aphasia, showed relative preservation of axial movements to command and imitation. Theoretical interpretations and implications for acute neurologic rehabilitation are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Parietal area 5 neuronal activity encodes movement kinematics, not movement dynamics.

A previous study reported that proximal-arm related area 5 neurons showed continuously-graded changes in activity during unloaded arm movements in different directions (Kalaska et al. 1983), which resembled the responses of primary motor cortex cells in several respects (Georgopoulos et al. 1982). We report here that loading the arm reveals an important difference between cell activity in the two areas. Loads were continuously applied to the arm in different directions. The loads produced large continuously-graded changes in muscle activity but did not alter the handpath or joint angle changes of the arm during the movements. The activity of most area 5 cells was only weakly affected by the loads, and the overall pattern of population activity was virtually unaltered under all load conditions. This indicates that area 5 activity encodes the invariant spatial parameters (kinematics) of the movements. In contrast, many motor cortex cells showed large changes in activity during loading, and so signal the changing forces, torques or muscle activity (movement dynamics; Kalaska et al. 1989).

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Infants' recognition of a face revealed through motion: contribution of internal facial movement and head movement.

The experiment reported here explores 3-month-old infants' ability to recognize a human face from a specific motion pattern lacking static facial features. A woman's face was covered with black makeup and numerous white triangles. It was videotaped while the woman was pretending to interact with a baby. A soft rubber mask was prepared likewise and was videotaped while being moved and deformed by hand. In one condition, the face or mask showed facial movement only, while in a second condition there was internal movement plus head movement. The two stimuli were presented either in upright or in upside-down orientation. Results of 48 subjects indicate that the discrimination of face and mask was easier when the stimuli were presented upright. The absence of head movements did not influence the discriminability. These results suggest that 3-month-old infants organize the moving triangles on the face in the upright orientation into a coherent facelike structure.

Discrimination Learning↗
PubMed1985

Performance of complex arm movements and facial-movement sequences after cerebral commissurotomy.

Two patients with presumed complete midline section of the interhemispheric commissures and two patients with partial section were asked to copy complex arm movements and facial-movement sequences. Their performance was compared with our previously published findings on these tasks for patients with unilateral removals from the frontal, temporal or parietal region. On the arm-movement task, the commissurotomized patients were impaired equally with either the left or right arm and were as poor at performing this task as patients with excisions of left parietal cortex. On the face-movement task, commissurotomized patients performed very poorly, scoring significantly lower than all excision groups. There was no significant difference on either task between the performance of the patients with partial and those with complete sections.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Force uncertainty of voluntary movement and human movement-related potentials.

Five movement related potentials, the Bereitschaftspotential (BP), the pre-motion positivity (PMP), the motor potential (MP), the first negative potential during the movement (N1) and the late positive component (LPC) were recorded from human subjects performing right index finger flexions under conditions when the resistive forces (70 N/cm or 10 N/cm) were predictable and when they were unpredictable. The BP was larger prior to the larger force in the certain condition. In the uncertain condition, the BP was similar to that associated with the larger force in the certain condition suggesting that the subjects tended to prepare for the heavy resistance when confronted with force uncertainty. The MP revealed enhanced negativity over the left parietal cortex when the force was unpredictable. The N1 was significantly larger during the high force movement, especially in the uncertain condition. The results support the view that pre-movement compensation for force unpredictability does exist as reflected by the MP over the parietal areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Exposure to physical movement in chronic back pain patients: no evidence for generalization across different movements.

This study investigated whether the effects of exposure to one movement generalize towards another dissimilar movement in patients with low back pain. Thirty-nine patients (11 male, 28 female; mean age=43.49 yrs) were requested to perform two movements twice, i.e. bending forward and straight leg raising. During each of the four trials, baseline pain, expected pain and experienced pain were recorded. Analyses revealed that patients initially overpredicted pain, but after exposure the overprediction was readily corrected. This exposure effect did not generalize towards another dissimilar movement. The above pattern of results was only characteristic for patients reporting a high frequency of catastrophic thinking about pain. Low pain catastrophizers did not overpredict pain. The results are discussed in terms of the view that exposure may be better conceived of as the learning of exceptions to a general rule.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A kinematic analysis of evasive dodging movements used during food protection in the rat (Rattus norvegicus): evidence for sex differences in movement.

Food-deprived rats (Rattus norvegicus) will protect their food by dodging away from a conspecific. A detailed kinematic analysis of these movements in adult rats shows that each sex uses sex-typical movements. Females move their snout through a greater spatial curvature, and their snout achieves a greater velocity, relative to the pelvis, than males. Males make more hindpaw steps than females and achieve a more simultaneous movement of the fore- and hindquarters. This suggests that females pivot around a point more posterior on the body than males. The finding that functionally similar patterns of movement have a sex-specific organization provides a new dimension for the study of sex differences. These differences are discussed in relation to sex differences in sex-typical behaviors, associated body structure, and neural control.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The cyclic alternating pattern plays a gate-control on periodic limb movements during non-rapid eye movement sleep.

Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) is a disorder characterized by a cyclic pattern of motor phenomena and EEG changes (mostly arousals), both recurring at approximately 20- to 40-s intervals. The periodicity of the PLMS phenomena recalls the physiological EEG arousal rhythm of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep known as the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP). During CAP, arousals and arousal-equivalent features do not appear as isolated events but periodically intrude (phase A) between intervals of background EEG activity (phase B). Though the A phases can be expressed by a variety of EEG patterns, each with a different arousal impact on polygraphic parameters, overall CAP is a sequence of biphasic cycles reflecting a condition of unstable sleep. Twelve middle-aged PLMS subjects complaining of poor sleep were polygraphically compared with 12 age-matched and gender-matched healthy volunteers (controls). With respect to controls, the PLMS recordings showed an enhancement of the more powerful arousals and presented significantly increased amounts of CAP time (+45 min) and CAP rate (+15%). Of all the jerks detected in NREM sleep, 92% occurred in CAP, with the great majority of limb movements (96%) associated with phase A. Ninety-four percent of the nocturnal jerks coupled with phase A started jointly with the onset of the phase or when the latter had already begun. In particular, most of the myoclonic events (67%) occurred in the first 2.5 s of the A phase. The CAP cycles coupled with periodic movements were significantly longer than those without motor events (+6.4 s). Compared to the American Sleep Disorders Association's rules for scoring EEG arousals, the CAP framework offers a more extensive insight into PLMS. In effect, the present study indicates an entrainment of nocturnal myoclonus by means of CAP and sheds light on the complex interactions between arousal mechanisms and motor phenomena during sleep.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Trout sperm motility. The transient movement of trout sperm is related to changes in the concentration of ATP following the activation of the flagellar movement.

For freshwater fish the motile period of sperm is extremely brief, even after a dilution in isotonic media. This result is in contrast to most other animals (ranging from invertebrates to mammals), in which sperm are generally motile for at least several hours. We have analyzed the reasons for the brevity of this movement by studying the relationships between the metabolism of trout sperm and the activation of their motility upon dilution. Sperm motility was not initiated when the dilution medium contained an elevated concentration of potassium (20-40 mM), but dilution in an isotonic solution of sodium chloride triggered an immediate activation of motility, and sperm swam vigorously. Motility of sperm decreased rapidly and 15 s after dilution sperm were moving slowly in small circles. Sperm became abruptly immotile at 20-30 s and flagella straightened. When millimolar concentrations of Ca2+ were also present in the dilution medium, movement did not stop abruptly, flagella kept beating and stopped only after 1-2 min. When sperm remained immotile they retained a high concentration of ATP. The activation of motility induced a rapid decrease of ATP. In the absence of calcium, and after the cessation of motility, ATP increased slowly back to its original concentration. In the presence of millimolar concentrations of calcium the concentration of ATP decreased to a very low level and remained low thereafter. The progressive decrease of the flagellar beat frequency, that had been observed during the period of trout sperm movement, might be related to the rapid exhaustion of intraflagellar ATP. Motility could be reinduced in sperm that had recovered high concentrations of ATP, demonstrating the functional integrity of the motile apparatus even after flagellar arrest. In conclusion we suggest that the maximum duration of trout sperm motility, at most 2 min (as a consequence of a depletion of ATP during the movement), is due to a low mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1991

Ranges of movement at the shoulder complex using an electromagnetic movement sensor.

There are few published data on the ranges of available motion at the shoulder and no clinical technique for the assessment of three dimensional movement. An electromagnetic movement sensor (Isotrak), which makes three dimensional measurements of shoulder movement and measures the ranges of flexion, extension, abduction in the neutral position, abduction preceded by external rotation, and internal rotation achieved by placing the hand as far up the back as possible, was used to study 16 normal subjects. Intraobserver repeatability was good, and a study of five subjects by two observers showed no significant difference between single measurements made by each. The measured ranges were in broad agreement with published data, though they tended to be smaller. This was attributed to either the bulk of the mounting for the movement sensor or to the immobilisation of the elbow and hence the biceps muscle. Women had greater ranges, except for externally rotated abduction.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Smooth pursuit eye movements and saccadic eye movements in patients with delusional disorder.

OBJECTIVE: This study used eye movement tests to examine whether frontal lobe dysfunction is present in delusional disorder. METHOD: Smooth pursuit and voluntary saccadic eye movements of 15 delusional patients, 40 schizophrenic patients, and 40 normal subjects were recorded and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The schizophrenic patients differed significantly from the normal subjects in some smooth pursuit eye movement characteristics, whereas both the schizophrenic and the delusional patients showed more saccades than the normal subjects during the smooth pursuit test. The delusional patients and normal subjects differed significantly in some voluntary saccadic eye movement characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The data support the idea of a biological dysfunction in eye tracking in delusional disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The role of collective identification in social movement participation: a panel study in the context of the German gay movement.

The authors conducted a panel study with two points of measurement throughout a 12-month interval in the context of the German gay movement to test the predictive power of collective identification in subsequent actual social movement participation. Regression analyses including cross-lagged panel analyses clearly confirmed the hypothesized unique predictive value of identification with a formal social movement organization above and beyond the role the collective, normative, and reward motives traditionally considered in social movement research. Of the three motives, the normative motive was particularly predictive. Moreover, data from an additional telephone follow-up (3 years after the initial measurement) suggests that when the conflict with political opponents becomes particularly fierce, identification with the broader recruitment category, which was previously ineffective as a unique predictor, can politicize to such an extent that it also becomes a strong predictor of participation.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Children's autokinetic movement as a function of inferred movement of target shape.

Four target shapes, a control stimulus (circle) and one each representing geometrical (arrow), representational (car), and symbolic (cross) implied movement were presented to 10 children in each of five age groups of boys and girls (4, 6, 8, 10, 12 yr.) in an autokinetic movement task. While there were no differences in direction of perceived movement with regard to the control stimulus (circle), all other target shapes showed a decrease in the effects of implied movement with increases in age. The minor sex differences were not reported.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Mentally retarded and normal children's performance on gross motor reaction- and movement-time tasks with varying degrees of uncertainty of movement.

This study evaluated the effect of uncertainty of movement, as a source of environmental stimuli, on the RT and movement time of 8- and 10-yr.-old mildly retarded and normal boys and girls during a 4.6-m run. With uncertainty of movement, retarded subjects (6 boys, 9 girls) displayed significant increases in both RT and movement time. For normal children (10 boys, 10 girls), no change in performance was noted as the task was simple. These results highlighted the notion of skill constancy and the importance of controlling potential stimuli during skill acquisition.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Observational modeling effects for movement dynamics and movement outcome measures across differing task constraints: a meta-analysis.

The authors conducted a meta-analysis of the observational modeling literature to quantify overall between-participants treatment effects obtained when movement behaviors are acquired. Effects were obtained and reported separately for movement dynamics (MD) and movement outcome (MO) measures. The overall mean observational modeling treatment effects (delta(u)Bi) were 0.77 and 0.17, respectively, for MD and MO measures. The effects reflected a significant advantage of observational modeling over practice-only control conditions. Most important, the magnitude of the obtained effects was far stronger for MD than for MO measures, confirming a distinctive response to observational modeling during motor learning. The advantage for MD measures over observational modeling measures was replicated for different types of tasks. Observational modeling was particularly beneficial for serial tasks (delta(u)Bi = 1.62 and 0.61, respectively, for MD and MO). There were slightly reduced effects for continuous tasks (delta(u)Bi = 1.01 and 0.51, respectively, for MD and MO) and smaller to medium-sized effects for discrete tasks (delta(u)Bi = 0.56 and 0.10, respectively, for MD and MO). The authors discuss those findings with reference to the visual perception perspective on observational modeling, i.e., that demonstrations primarily convey relative motions required to approximate modeled movement behaviors.

Attention↗