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PubMed2003

The concentrations and bioconcentration factors of copper and zinc in edible mushrooms.

Copper and zinc contents have been determined in up to 28 species of edible mushrooms from different sites in the province of Lugo (NW Spain). Two hundred thirty-eight collected samples were analyzed by an anodic stripping voltammetric technique using a drop mercury as the working electrode. The results showed that the element concentrations were species-dependent, and the highest metal levels corresponded to the following species: Calvatia utriformis (235.5 mg Cu/kg), Macrolepiota procera (217.8 mg Cu/kg), and Agaricus macrosporus (217.7 mg Cu/kg) and Calvatia utriformis (265.8 mg Zn/kg), Lactarius delicious (231.0 mg Zn/kg), and Agaricus macrosporus (221.3 mg Zn/kg) for Cu and Zn, respectively. All mushroom species bioaccumulated copper and zinc. Nevertheless, some individual samples of the species, such as Hydnum repandum, Cantharellus cibarius, and Coprinus comatus, were bioexclusors (BCF < 1). The hymenophore in mushrooms showed higher mean metal levels than the rest of the fruit bodies, with statistically significant differences. The copper and zinc concentrations were compared to literature data and levels set by legislation. It can be concluded that the consumption of these mushrooms cannot be considered a toxicological risk, and they provide an important nutritional requirement to the diet.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2005

Medicinal mushroom modulators of molecular targets as cancer therapeutics.

Empirical approaches to discover anticancer drugs and cancer treatments have made limited progress in the past several decades in finding a cure for cancer. The expanded knowledge of the molecular basis of tumorigenesis and metastasis, together with the inherently vast structural diversity of natural compounds found in mushrooms, provided unique opportunities for discovering new drugs that rationally target the abnormal molecular and biochemical signals leading to cancer. This review focuses on mushroom low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites targeting processes such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, cell cycle regulation, and signal transduction cascades. Also discussed in this review are high-molecular-weight polysaccharides or polysaccharide-protein complexes from mushrooms that appear to enhance innate and cell-mediated immune responses, exhibit antitumor activities in animals and humans, and demonstrate the anticancer properties of selenium compounds accumulated in mushrooms.

Agaricales↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacological study of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) extract on isolated guinea pig trachea smooth muscle.

Mushroom farm workers suffer from respiratory symptoms during the farming of mushrooms. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) extract (OME) on isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle in vitro. Isolated guinea pig tracheal tissue from 27 nonsensitized guinea pigs were studied. The OME was obtained from indoor mushroom growing fields and prepared as a 1:10 w/v aqueous solution. Dose-related contractions of nonsensitized guinea pig trachea were demonstrated using these extracts. The OME contained significant quantities of bacterial components (eg., endotoxin: 43,072.92 EU/mg). Parallel, pharmacological studies were performed by pre-treating the tissues with mediator-modifying agents including atropine, indomethacin, pyrilamine, BPB, acivicin, NDGA, captopril, TMB8 and capsaicin. Atropine consistently and strikingly reduced the contractile effects of this extract. These observations suggest an interaction of the OME with parasympathetic nerves or more directly with muscarinic receptors. Pretreatment with TMB8 (inhibitor of intracellular calcium mobilization) also significantly blocked the constrictor effect of OME, indicating a role of calcium mobilization in the constricting effect of OME. Inhibition of contraction by blocking of other mediators was less effective and varied depending on the drug. We conclude that OME causes a dose-related airway smooth muscle constriction by nonimmunological mechanisms involving a variety of airway mediators and possibly cholinergic receptors. This effect is not dependent on pre-sensitization of the guinea pigs.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed2003

Comparative study on the growth and yield of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom on different lignocellulosic by-products.

Eight lignocellulosic by-products were evaluated as substrates for cultivation of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus ( Jacq. ex. fr) Kummer. The yields of mushroom on the different substrates were 183.1, 151.8, 111.5, 87.8, 49.5, 23.3, 13.0 and 0.0 g for composted sawdust of Triplochiton scleroxylon, rice straw, banana leaves, maize stover, corn husk, rice husk, fresh sawdust, and elephant grass, respectively. The biological efficiency (BE) followed the same pattern and ranged from 61.0% for composted sawdust to 0.0% for elephant grass. The yield of mushroom was positively correlated to cellulose ( r(2) =0.6), lignin ( r(2) =0.7) and fibre ( r(2) =0.7) contents of the substrates. Based on the yield and BE of the substrates tested, rice straw appeared to be the best alternate substrate for growing oyster mushrooms.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1996

Concentrations of mercury, copper, cadmium and lead in fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms in the vicinity of a mercury smelter and a copper smelter.

Four elements were determined in wild growing mushrooms collected in the vicinity of two metal smelters up to a distance of 6 km between 1990 and 1993. The smelters in eastern Slovakia are 15 km apart. Elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry in 113 samples of 34 species. The values observed in mushrooms from different parts of Bohemia were used as the background levels. Concentrations of mercury were extremely high in mushrooms grown in the mercury smelter area, especially those in Lepiota procera with mean and maximal values of 119 and 200 mg kg-1 dry matter, respectively. Considerably elevated mercury concentrations were also found in the copper smelter area, especially in Lepista nuda with a mean value 84.7 mg kg-1 dry matter. In both species there were also increased copper concentrations exceeding 200 mg kg-1 dry matter and in the copper smelter area there were high lead values in Lepiota procera and Lepista nuda at 26.4 and 15.3 mg kg-1 dry matter, respectively. Mean cadmium concentrations were also increased in the copper smelter area, but with values < 7 mg kg-1 dry matter. Thus, the mushrooms from both areas should not be consumed at all.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1996

Heat resistance of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores in alginate-mushroom puree mixture.

Thermal resistance of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores has been established inoculating spores in alginate-mushroom puree mixture (ungelled) and in alginate-mushroom puree mixture set in calcium chloride (gelled). Data are compared with those obtained suspending the spores in distilled water, mushroom extract and in calcium chloride. Results indicated that, in general, D values obtained in gelled mixture were higher than D values obtained in distilled water, mushroom extract or in ungelled mixture, while the D value in the ungelled mixture was similar to that obtained in distilled water. D121 value in gelled mixture was close to that obtained in 2% (w/v) calcium chloride.

Alginates↗
PubMed1994

Plant growth and gas balance in a plant and mushroom cultivation system.

In order to obtain basic data for construction of a plant cultivation system incorporating a mushroom cultivation subsystem in the CELSS, plant growth and atmospheric CO2 balance in the system were investigated. The plant growth was promoted by a high level of CO2 which resulted from the respiration of the mushroom mycelium in the system. The atmospheric CO2 concentration inside the system changed significantly due to the slight change in the net photosynthetic rate of plants and/or the respiration rate of the mushroom when the plant cultivation system combined directly with the mushroom cultivation subsystem.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1982

The mushroom and the water lily: literary and pictorial evidence for Nymphaea as a ritual psychotogen in Mesoamerica.

In reconstructing early uses of psychotogens in Mesoamerica, mushrooms have occupied the attention of botanists and anthropologists almost the exclusion of other plant motifs. Not all the images and literary fragments extant lend themselves to mycological interpretation. Some authors have interpreted the peltate leaves and flower buds of the psychotogen Nymphaea ampla as being green mushrooms and/or stalked sea shells. The context of presentation, information on the water lily in Maya antiquity, and recent information on the chemistry of this white water lily suggest that we must reassess the role of Nymphaea ampla. In a reevaluation of these ancient literary and iconographic sources, it would seem that both mushrooms and water lilies emerge as important ritual psychotogens. While the contextual use of mushrooms is well known, the water lily has been largely ignored. This presentation provides some perspective on both of these important New World narcotics.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2003

A ribonuclease with distinctive features from the wild green-headed mushroom Russulus virescens.

A ribonuclease with an N-terminal sequence different from those of other ribonucleases has been purified from fruiting bodies of the mushroom Russula virescens. The RNase was adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and Q-Sepharose in 10mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.1-7.3) and on CM-Sepharose in 10mM NH(4)OAc buffer (pH 4.6), unlike other mushroom ribonucleases which are unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose. The RNase demonstrated a molecular mass of 28kDa in both gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In contrast to other mushroom ribonucleases which are monospecific, it exhibited co-specificity towards poly A and poly C. It demonstrated a pH optimum of 4.5, which is lower than values reported for other mushroom ribonucleases, and a temperature optimum of 60 degrees C.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2005

Salmonella enterica serovar Kedougou contamination of commercially grown mushrooms.

During investigation of an episode of Salmonella enterica serovar Kedougou contamination of mushrooms, multiple closely related isolates were obtained from mushrooms and mushroom-growing materials. Contamination apparently originated from sugar beet lime, an alkaline material used in mushroom growing. No associated cases of human infection were detected.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2006

Metal concentrations in edible mushrooms following municipal sludge application on forest land.

In the context of biosolids utilisation in forestry, effects of sludge application on mushroom metal concentration were studied in six sites of maritime pine forests in the South-West of France. Municipal sludge were applied at a rate of 6 T dry matter per hectare. Edible mushrooms were collected two years after sludge application. As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn concentrations were determined. Results showed a high variability for trace element concentrations in mushrooms collected from control areas. No significant correlation was found between soil parameters (pH and trace elements concentrations) and mushroom trace element concentrations. Even if the concentration of trace metals increased in the soils, sludge application did not affect As, Cu, Se and Zn concentrations in carpophores but slightly increased Cd, Pb and Hg concentrations on some sites. This effect is dependent on sludge type and sites.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2004

The genetic structure and diversity of the A and B mating-type genes from the tropical oyster mushroom, Pleurotus djamor.

In most heterothallic mushroom species, inbreeding is avoided by an incompatibility system determined by two loci each with multiple alleles (the A and B mating-type loci). In this study we investigated the genetic structure of the mating-type loci in the tropical oyster mushroom Pleurotus djamor using both positional cloning and degenerate PCR methods. DNA sequences from genomic regions cosegregating with the mating-type loci of P. djamor revealed homeodomain transcription factors (A) and pheromone receptors (B), suggesting the genetic basis for mating-type determination in P. djamor is the same as in the model mushroom species. Three pheromone receptors were detected in a single homokaryotic isolate of P. djamor. Only one pair of homeodomain genes was detected in the A mating-type region. It is hypothesized that the A mating-type locus of P. djamor is comprised of only one homeodomain pair, which may explain the lower number of A mating-type alleles relative to other mushroom species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Morphological and chemical analysis of magic mushrooms in Japan.

Morphological and toxicological analyses were performed on hallucinogenic mushrooms that are currently circulated in Japan. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated a three-dimensional microstructures in the mushrooms. The complementary use of SEM with an optical microscope was effective for observing characteristic tissues, such as basidiomycetes, spores, cystidia and basidia. Hallucinogenic alkaloids were extracted with methanol and determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a UV detector set at 220 nm. The psilocin/psilocybin contents in Psilocybe cubensis were in the range of 0.14-0.42%/0.37-1.30% in the whole mushroom (0.17-0.78%/0.44-1.35% in the cap and 0.09-0.30%/0.05-1.27% in the stem), respectively. The hallucinogenic alkaloids in Copelandia were 0.43-0.76%/0.08-0.22% in the whole mushroom (0.64-0.74%/0.02-0.22% in the cap and 0.31-0.78%/0.01-0.39% in the stem). It thus appears that P. cubensis is psilocybin-rich, whereas Copelandia is psilocin-rich.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2006

Soil-dependent uptake of 137Cs by mushrooms: experimental study in the Chernobyl accident areas.

The influence of agrochemical properties of forest soils and growth conditions on 137Cs aggregated transfer factors from soil to different species of forest mushrooms have been analysed. Statistically significant correlations between 137Cs soil to mushroom aggregated transfer factors and agrochemical soil properties have been revealed. The experimental data show that 137Cs aggregated transfer factors depend on the mushroom's trophic group, biological family, genus and species. They also strongly depend on forest soil properties and their values can be estimated with the use of multiple regression equations constructed from agrochemical soil parameters which most closely correlate with the 137Cs transfer parameters for particular mushroom groups.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2003

The nontoxic mushroom Auricularia auricula contains a polysaccharide with anticoagulant activity mediated by antithrombin.

An acidic polysaccharide with anticoagulant activity was isolated from the edible mushroom Auricularia auricula using water, alkali or acid extracts. The alkali extract showed the highest anticoagulant activity and was thereby further purified using gel filtration chromatography. Specific anticoagulant activity of the purified polysaccharide was 2 IU/mg and its average mass was approximately 160 kDa. The polysaccharide from this species of mushroom contains mainly mannose, glucose, glucuronic acid and xylose but no sulfate esters. Its anticoagulant activity was due to catalysis of thrombin inhibition by antithrombin but not by heparin cofactor II. Inhibition of Factor Xa by antithrombin was not catalyzed by the polysaccharide. The glucuronic acid residues were essential for the anticoagulant action of the mushroom polysaccharide since the activity disappeared after reduction of its carboxyl groups. In ex vivo tests using rats orally fed with the polysaccharide, we observed an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation as observed with aspirin, a well-known antiplatelet agent. The polysaccharides from these mushrooms may constitute a new source of compounds with action on coagulation, platelet aggregation and, perhaps, on thrombosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate combined with electrocautery resection: the mushroom technique.

PURPOSE: The holmium laser allows bloodless enucleation of the prostate. A problem is how to remove a whole enucleated, free floating, large prostatic lobe from the bladder. A mechanical morcellator has been used to achieve tissue fragmentation but aspiration of and damage to the bladder wall are risks. Using the mushroom technique holmium laser enucleation and electrocautery resection can be combined without compromising the bloodless advantages of the laser procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We treated 156 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia using a holmium laser with the mushroom technique. Preoperatively all patients were assessed using the International Prostate Symptom Score, maximum urine flow, ultrasound estimation of prostate volume and post-void residual urine, and pressure flow study. Laser enucleation of the prostatic lobes was performed at 66 W. Instead of releasing the lobes into the bladder they were left attached at the bladder neck by a narrow mushroom-like pedicle. At that point the vascular supply was almost completely interrupted and the lobes could easily be electroresected into small pieces without bleeding. Patients were followed 6, 12 and 24 months after the procedure. RESULTS: No patient had significant blood loss or signs of the transurethral resection syndrome. A total of 19 patients were treated while under oral anticoagulation without major bleeding problems. Complete followup was available on 125 patients. Median baseline International Prostate Symptom Score decreased from 20 to 3 at 6 months (p <0.05) and remained stable at 12 and 24 months. Median maximum urine flow increased from 8 to 20 ml. per second at 6, 12 and 24 months (p <0.05). Median baseline post-void residual urine decreased from 190 to 30 ml. at 6 months (p <0.05) and remained low at 20 and 30 ml. at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Urodynamic evaluation preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively was available in 83 cases. Relief of obstruction was documented with a statistically significant decrease in median detrusor pressure at maximum urine flow from 87 to 48 cm. water (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Combining holmium laser enucleation and prostate electroresection with the mushroom technique is safe, efficient and bloodless surgical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia with sustained relief of obstruction. With this technique there is no need for additional devices, such as a mechanical tissue morcellator.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Mercury in wild mushrooms and underlying soil substrate from Koszalin, North-central Poland.

Concentrations of total mercury were determined by cold-vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS) in 221 caps and 221 stalks of 15 species of wild growing higher fungi/mushrooms and 221 samples of corresponding soil substrate collected in 1997-98 in Manowo County, near the city of Koszalin in North-central Poland. Mean mercury concentrations in caps and stalks of the mushroom species examined and soils varied between 30+/-31 and 920+/-280, 17+/-11 and 560+/-220, and 10+/-9 and 170+/-110 ng/g dry matter, respectively. Cap to stalk mercury concentration quotients were from 1.0+/-0.4 in poison pax (Paxillus involutus) to 2.8+/-0.7 in slippery jack (Suillus luteus). Brown cort (Cortinarius malicorius), fly agaric (Amanita muscaria), orange-brown ringless amanita (A. fulva), red-aspen bolete (Leccinum rufum) and mutagen milk cap (Lactarius necator) contained the highest concentrations of mercury both in caps and stalks, and mean concentrations varied between 600+/-750 and 920+/-280 and 370+/-470 and 560+/-220 ng/g dry matter, respectively. An estimate of daily intake of mercury from mushroom consumption indicated that the flesh of edible species of mushrooms may not pose hazards to human health even at a maximum consumption rate of 28 g/day. However, it should be noted that mercury intake from other foods will augment the daily intake rates. Species such as the sickener (Russula emetica), Geranium-scented russula (R. fellea) and poison pax (P. involutus) did not concentrate mercury as evidenced from the bioconcentration factors (BCFs: concentrations in mushroom/concentration in soil substrate), which were less than 1. Similarly, red-hot milk cap (L. rufus), rickstone funnel cap (Clitocybe geotropa) and European cow bolete (S. bovinus) were observed to be weak accumulators of mercury. Fly agaric (A. muscaria) accumulated great concentrations of mercury with BCFs reaching 73+/-42 and 38+/-22 in caps and stalks, respectively. Mercury BCFs of between 4.0+/-2.3 and 23+/-25 (caps) and 2.6+/-1.9 and 14+/-12 (stalks) were noted for the other mushroom species. Relatively great concentrations of mercury in fly agaric (A. muscaria) were due to preferential uptake of this element by this species.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2000

137Cs and relationships with major and trace elements in edible mushrooms from Mexico.

137Cs and 40K specific activity together with major and trace elements were determined in soil samples and in different edible wild mushroom species collected from a seminatural temperate forest ecosystem located in the central part of the Mexican Volcanic Belt. The activity measurements were made using a gamma-ray spectrometer system with a high purity germanium (HpGe) detector. The major and trace elements were determined using emission spectrography and mass spectrometry, respectively. The aggregated transfer factors for 137Cs were estimated in 30 local mushroom species collected from 1993 to 1999. Differences as large as three orders of magnitude were observed. The contribution of mushrooms for the total 137Cs dietary intake by the local population was estimated to be 37%. Mushrooms also showed to be good accumulators for Rb, Cu, Cs and Se.

Agaricales↗