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Human infections due to microsporum gypseum are rare. We report on a female patient who had tinea corporis caused by M. gypseum after a cutaneous wound. The numerous lesions located on the borders of the wound had an eczematous appearance.
An otherwise healthy five-year-old girl presented for evaluation of a large patch of erythematous scaling alopecia on the vertex of her scalp. Previous attempts to treat this with various topical agents resulted in no improvement. Our evaluation included examination of fungal cultures, which grew out a colony with characteristic morphology of Microsporum gypseum, supported by lactolphenol blue tease mounts, demonstrating the characteristic conidia for this fungus. Treatment was begun with oral griseofulvin, and evidence of inflammation resolved along with conversion to negative cultures for M. gypseum, although an area of scarring alopecia from the kerion remains. The epidemiologic basis, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment principles for this important geophilic organism are reviewed. Physicians need to be aware of this agent of tinea capitis, since it is destructive and only responsive to oral therapy.
Alpha-terthienyl (alpha-T) in the presence of UV-A irradiation reduced the growth rate of Microsporum cookei. In the dark, alpha-T accumulated in small diffuse vacuoles within the hyphae. After UV-A treatment, alpha-T caused damage to the membranes of the nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Plasmolytic and autolytic changes occurred resulting in plasma membrane breakage and cell wall aberrations. UV-A activated alpha-T would appear to target membrane proteins.
Native and derived ribosomal particles from the mycelial cells of Microsporum canis grown in the presence and absence of cycloheximide were compared by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. Since the buoyant densities of ribonucleoprotein complexes are dependent on the protein-RNA ratio, they reflect the composition of these particles. The native monosomes from cells grown in the presence and absence of cycloheximide had a buoyant density of 1.585 g/cc. The native 60S subunits showed a density of 1.540 g/cc from cells grown in both presence and absence of cycloheximide, while the derived subunits showed a density of 1.610 g/cc. The derived 40S subunits had a density of 1.550 g/cc while the native 40S showed a major species of density 1.535 g/cc with three other minor species ranging in densities from 1.450-1.390 g/cc. The mycelia grown in the presence of cycloheximide showed an increased proportion of native 40S subunits in the density range of 1.450-1.390 g/cc, indicating that the drug enhances factor binding to native ribosomal subunits in M. canis.
Routine examination of a 12-week-old Labrador Retriever revealed circular scaly lesions, with alopecia, on the lateral aspect of the left carpus and left upper eyelid. The geophilic fungus Microsporum vanbreuseghemii was isolated from the lesions. Topical treatment with chlorhexidine ointment resulted in resolution, with hair regrowth.
Microsporum gypseum infections are 0.4% of 4900 suspected dermatomycoses examined with direct microscopic exam and culture on Lactrimel medium or D.T.M. This geophilic dermatophyte was isolated in 20 cases (1.5% of all dermatophytes). More frequently M. gypseum caused tinea corporis (13 cases: 65%) and rarely tinea capitis (2 cases: 10%), tinea faciei (2 cases), tinea manus (2 cases) and tinea cruris (1 case). Both sexes are equally affected. Direct microscopic exam was negative in 2 cases. This dermatophyte was more frequently isolated during the summer and fall. Finally M. gypseum was not isolated in tinea pedis and tinea unguium.
A mycologic study of skin lesions in a patient with Tines corporia was made. A fungus with a strong yellow stain color was isolated and classified as Microsporum ferrugineum, a species isolated in our country for the first time.
The ketoconazole-resistant mutants were isolated from four strains of the dermatophyte Microsporum gypseum. The frequency of spontaneous mutants ranged within 10(-8) to 10(-9) (per spore and nucleus). The method was established for obtaining the spontaneous mutants manifested as the faster growing sectors. By means of mutagenic effect of UV radiation, the frequency of mutants increased by one order. The method used for determination of ergosterol the biosynthesis of which could be associated with the mechanism of resistance to ketoconazole is described and evaluated.
The presented study deals with the properties of two wild strains of dermatophyte Microsporum gypseum and of eleven mutants resistant to ketoconazole. The growth rate of spontaneous mutants is greater than that of the wild strain, the group of UV-induced mutants manifests in general lower growth rate. The resistance level varies in the interval 1.1-1.6 (spontaneous mutants), resp. 2.7-5.5 (UV-induced mutants). The phenomenon of cross-resistance to other imidazole drugs (miconazole, clotrimazole) has been observed in mutants. There is further given the characteristic of ergosterol synthesis influence by the three used antifungal drugs. The data obtained are discussed from the point of view of possible biochemical processes resulting in the formation of resistance to ketoconazole.
Microsporum gypseum is a geophilic fungus with a world-wide distribution, which is considered to be involved in keratin degradation in the soil. Since 1977, mycotic skin infections due to M. gypseum have been repeatedly observed in the Department of Dermatology in Graz, Austria. A predominance of females was evident. As a rare event, M. gypseum has also been cultivated from onychomycotic lesions.
The mycelium of the strain MG-155 of the dermatophyte Microsporum gypseum was repeatedly cultivated in three subinhibitory concentrations of ketoconazole: 1, 2, and 6 micrograms/ml. The adaptability of the fungus to this antifungal drug was estimated on the basis of the sensitivity of spores and the sensitivity of the mycelium. In the first phase, the mycelium grew on the medium with ketoconazole in consequence to the physiological adaptation (without the change of genome). In the following phase of the adaptation training, there occurred a manifestation of resistant mutants. After twenty-eight transfers, only a slight increase of resistance was found (resistance level = 2), however, this resistance was of a constant character. Basing on the data of ergosterol amount, there is discussed the biochemical mechanism of the described changes in the sensitivity of the fungus to ketoconazole.
Exogenous supplementation of dibutyryl cAMP and cAMP modulators like theophylline and prostaglandin E1 in the growth medium of Microsporum gypseum lead to increase in the levels of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine and thereby in total phospholipid content. These observations were further confirmed by the increased incorporation of [32P]orthophosphoric acid into total phospholipid and [14C]choline into phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine. The activity of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, the enzyme involved in phospholipid synthesis, was stimulated in the presence of dibutyryl cAMP, theophylline and PGE1 supporting the increased synthesis of phospholipids.
Microsporum praecox Rivalier ex Padhye, Ajello et McGinnis is the validated name for the taxon originally published as Sabouraudites praecox Rivalier. We describe here the first case of small-conidial, ectothrix type hair invasion caused by M. praecox in an adult woman from Oklahoma, U.S.A., suffering from sickle cell anaemia. This fungus is now being encountered with greater frequency as an etiologic agent of ringworm infection.
In this report, we describe five cases of dermatophytosis caused by dysgonic strains of Microsporum canis which occurred in the area of Bilbao (Spain). The clinical presentations and responses to treatment of these infections were apparently similar to those caused by typical strains of this species but the increasing prevalence of dysgonic and other atypical strains of M. canis and the relative stability of the dysgonic morphology are the important features shown in our study. Contact with animals was confirmed by all of the patients, but in only one case was this possible infectious origin demonstrated mycologically. One of the patients, a heroin abuser with AIDS, showed a simultaneous infection with Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes.
The infection of the capillitium of an 8-year old child due to Microsporum canis is described. The child occasionally visited its mother working at an animal farm. The focus of the infection was found in farm rabbits infected by M. canis. A contamination of the environment (cages and floors) by the above mentioned dermatophyte could also be demonstrated. The infection was transferred to an animal feeder as well. The infection focus was eliminated by strict disinfection and sanitary measures. The importance of the mycological examination of animals with focal loss of hair is stressed.
Microsporum gypseum cells grown on saturated alkanes of different chain lengths (C10, C12, C14, C16 and C18) exhibited increased levels of total phospholipids and sterols. A significant increase in the content of phosphatidylcholine was observed in alkane-grown cells. Increased saturation of phospholipid fatty acid was observed with all the alkanes studied, which was mainly due to the decreased amount of C18:1 and C18:2 with concomitant increase in the levels of palmitic acid. The affinity for glycine changed in alkane-supplemented cells as compared to glucose-grown cells. 1-Anilino-naphthalene-8-sulphonate (ANS) binding to the spheroplast membrane demonstrated increased binding sites in supplemented cells. These results are discussed in terms of the effect of altered lipid composition on the membrane structure and function of this fungus.
A case of tinea faciei caused by Microsporum canis in a 14-day-old infant is reported. The incubation period was seen to be 1 week. This was a familial infection which also affected the infant's grandmother and their pet cat and dog. Topical treatment with clotrimazole controlled the infection in the baby. A review of 14 cases (including our own) of dermatophytosis in newborn infants reported in the Japanese literature showed that newborn infants might be infected by several of these agents.
From 383 (38.3%) of a total 1000 of soil samples, collected from Hokkaido prefecture, keratinophilic fungi have been isolated using hair baiting technique. The fungi isolated were as follows: 318 strains of Trichophyton ajelloi (including 90 strains of Arthroderma uncinatum), 59 of Microsporum cookei (including 13 of Nannizzia cajetani), 32 of Chrysosporium keratinophilum, 23 of C. tropicum, 15 of Chrysosporium anamorph of A. tuberculatum, 6 of T. terrestre (including 3 of A. insingulare and one of A. quadrifidum), 4 of Chrysosporium sp., 2 of M. canis (including one of N. otae), one of M. gypseum, and one of Ctenomyces serratus. This is the first isolation of N. otae from soil. Because of the successful isolation of N. otae (and its anamorph) from soil sample, (+) strain of M. canis was suggested to be popular in Hokkaido prefecture. The prevalence of (+) strain of M. canis was investigated using 279 isolates obtained from human ringworm cases. Among the 279 isolates, 257 were (-) mating type, 8 were (+) and 14 were nonreactive. Results of the present study indicate that the distribution of keratinophilic fungi from soils in Hokkaido prefecture is markedly different from that in the southern parts of Japan. The unexpected isolation of N. otae and its anamorph from soil samples as well as the significant population of N. otae(+) strain from human ringworms suggest the peculiar distribution pattern of N. otae (+) in Hokkaido prefecture.