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PubMed1996

Renovasculopathies of hypertension in Mexico City.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the severities of renovasculopathies at autopsy in Mexico City, comparing birth cohorts, cause of death categories, and urban versus rural residence. DESIGN: Autopsies conducted in 1954, 1974, and 1991 were chosen from archived materials to represent men and women aged 15 to 84 years. Hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections of kidney were retrieved and evaluated morphometrically. SETTING: Department of Pathology, Hospital General, Mexico City. PATIENTS: Patients of the Hospital General evaluated at autopsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Renovasculopathies of hypertension include the defining features of benign nephrosclerosis, arterial intimal fibroplasia and arteriolar hyalinization. Fibroplasia is measured as average intimal thickness of renocortical arteries, expressed as percent of outer diameter. Hyalinization is measured by counting the number of affected arterioles in a unit area of cortical section. RESULTS: This study confirms a former study that shows much lower levels of renovasculopathy in Mexico City than in blacks and whites of New Orleans. The cohort born in 1894 showed slightly more involvement than those of 1914, 1934, 1954, and 1971, which did not differ from each other. No differences were found between urban and rural residence nor among the categories of tuberculosis, cirrhosis, cancer, and other conditions unrelated to atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS: The remarkable constancy of the renovasculopathies in most comparisons includes little change throughout the 20th century, keeping stable the substantial Mexico-US differences over much of this time frame.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Possible effect of air pollutants (Mexico City) on superoxide dismutase activity and serum lipoperoxides in the human adult.

The action of air pollutants, through their constituents, (O3, NO2, tobacco smoke) are capable of causing damage due to their lipoperoxidative properties or, indirectly, by inducing production of free radicals. As a consequence of photochemical processes, the ozone levels in the atmosphere of Mexico City are generally higher (mean of 0.325 ppm; period between 1987-1992) and may be harmful to health. Sixty two volunteers (medical doctors), aged 27-32 years, were divided into three groups. Group A was composed of those persons (17) who had never lived in Mexico City; a second group (B) (21) had recently arrived in Mexico City (1-8 days); and a third group (C) (24) who had permanently resided in Mexico City. Serum was obtained from fresh whole blood. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and thiobarbituric acid-reactive materials were higher in group B while chromolipids and the serum inhibitory capacity (for lipoperoxidation) was higher in group C. The acute exposure to pollutants in group B apparently may have induced SOD as an antioxidant defense and was responsible for the increased level of TBA reactive material. In group C, the significant finding is better antioxidative defenses and slightly higher chromolipids.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Risk estimation of ABO and Rho(D) incompatibility in persons with mono- and polyphyletic surnames in Monterrey, Mexico. Comparison with other Mexican populations.

ABO and Rh(o)(D) blood groups were determined in 3813 males and females affiliated with the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) who are residents of the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA) in northeastern Mexico. They were selected by their monophyletic or polyphyletic surnames. The ABO and Rh(o)(D) blood group phenotypes and gene frequencies were determined and based upon these, the risk of incompatibilities was estimated for both marriages (MI) and maternal-fetal incompatibility (MFI). These were compared with those estimated for other populations of residents in the MMA, and in other locations in Mexico, as well as with the two most important ancestral populations, Spanish and Tlaxcaltecan Mexican Indians, with the hypothesis that the percent of risk of ABO and Rh(o)(D) MI and MFI are greater in the population with monophyletic surnames than those with polyphyletic surnames. It was found that for persons with monophyletic and polyphyletic surnames, as well as for the other populations in the MMA and other places in Mexico, their ABO and Rho(D) MI and MFI percent of risk are intermediate to the ones estimated for their ancestry. The percentages of MI and MFI are higher for the persons with monophyletic than for the ones with polyphyletic surnames, other populations from the MMA and those from other locations in Mexico. The risks are higher when the similarity with Spanish increases and are lower when their similarities with the Mexican Indians increase.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Overweight in 12-49 year-old women and children under 5 years of age in Mexico].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association between some sociodemographic characteristics and the risk of obesity among 12-49 year-old women and children aged under five. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed data from Mexico's 1988 National Nutrition Survey, including information on 15 811 women of child-bearing age and 6 987 children aged under five years. We estimated the obesity prevalence rate ratios and confidence intervals for all the variables of interest. RESULTS: Preschool children living in the north and central regions of Mexico presented higher obesity prevalence rates than those living in the southeast (PR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.41-2.59 and PR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.41-2.59, respectively). The risk of obesity was positively associated to the educational level of the head of the household. The prevalence of obesity was greater among child-bearing age women living in the northern region of Mexico and in Mexico City (PR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.10-1.34 and PR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.05-1.28). The prevalence of obesity was also positively associated with the number of live births and negatively associated with the woman's educational level. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to implement obesity prevention programs among high risk groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Dengue fever at the U.S.-Mexico border, 1995-1996.

Dengue is a mosquito-transmitted acute disease caused by any of four virus serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4) and is characterized by acute manifestations that can include fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, rash, nausea, and vomiting. On August 25, 1995, public health authorities in Mexico notified the Texas Department of Health (TDH) of an ongoing outbreak of dengue fever in the state of Tamaulipas, which borders south Texas. Because of the year-round presence of the Aedes aegypti mosquito (a major vector for dengue) in southernmost Texas and the frequent movement of persons across the U.S.-Mexico border, the outbreak in adjacent Tamaulipas suggested an increased potential for imported and autochthonous cases in Texas, as had occurred during 1980 and 1986. In response to the notification from Mexico, TDH intensified surveillance efforts for dengue, resulting in identification of 29 laboratory-diagnosed cases in Texas residents, including seven persons with no history of travel outside the state. This report summarizes results of dengue surveillance in the U.S.-Mexico border area during 1995-1996.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Descriptive epidemiology cancer in the National Cancer Institute of Mexico].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the descriptive epidemiology of cancer at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología of Mexico, and describe the characteristics of the growing demand for medical care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review of the 10 year experience of the Hospital Cancer Registry from 1985 to 1994 was done. RESULTS: During the study period a total of 28591 patients was registered with the histological confirmation of cancer. There were 8984 (31.4%) men, being the testicle (8.3%), the lung (7.4%), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (7.1%) and the prostate (5.5%) the more frequent malignancies. In women a total of 19597 (68.6%) cases were seen; together, invasive cervical cancer (30.6%) and breast cancers (20.6%) represent more than 50% of all patients. In 1996, 108876 outpatient services were given, 6492 hospitalizations, 36388 sessions of radiotherapy and 9116 of chemotherapy. Only 30% of this population comes from Mexico City, the remaining lives in the 31 different states of Mexico. CONCLUSIONS: Supporting the development of the Centros Estatales de Cancerología for the referral of patients is necessary, this will avoid the rapid saturation of medical care at the institute. Also, stimulate the development of hospital registries and collaborate with the Ministry of Health to improve the early cancer detection programmes in Mexico.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Trends of lung cancer mortality in Mexico.

Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most important public health problems in the world; 1,035,000 annual deaths are estimated each year and more than 80% of these are attributed to tobacco. The trend of lung cancer mortality in Mexico City from 1979 - 1993 was determined, as was the rate ratio of lung cancer mortality in 31 states in Mexico, taking Mexico City as a reference by means of a Poisson model. A strong linear regression model was used to evaluate the rate, where the dependent variable was LC mortality rate and the independent variable the year observed. In 15 years, 73,807 deaths from LC were reported, with an increase in mortality from 5.01 - 7.25 per 100,000 inhabitants. Mortality increases significantly after 60 years of age (B not equal to 0), p<.05) in men and in women. Mortality from LC was 70% in men, and more than 60% of deaths were reported after 65 years of age. Mortality risk is higher in the northern states of the country (e.g., Sonora, RR=2.40) than in the southern region (e.g., Oaxaca RR=0.40). In Mexico, almost 10,000 deaths by LC are estimated for the year 2010. Therefore, changes in lifestyle should be encouraged in order to decrease the smoking habit. The governmental tax on cigarettes should be increased, smoking restricted in squares and public spaces, and the risks should be announced on cigarette packages, among other measures. With respect to other emergent risk factors, the sources of industrial pollution and toxic emissions should be regulated.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Frequency of motor neuron diseases in a Mexico City referral center.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the incidence and clinical characteristics of MND (Motor Neuron Diseases) in a Mexican institution. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was a retrospective study, of 274 definitive MND patients seen in a neurological reference hospital of Mexico City during the period of 1965-1995 (248 as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 15 as Progressive Bulbar Palsy, 8 as Primary Lateral Sclerosis and 3 as Progressive Spinal Atrophy). RESULTS: The frequency of MND increased gradually in our institution in the 31 years revised. The mean age of onset in our series was approximately 48 years in contrast to a higher age found in other series. The clinical features are similar to those found elsewhere. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that the frequency of MND is increasing in Mexico in a similar fashion to that observed in the rest of the world. This makes conceivable that the incidence of MND in Mexico may also resemble the figures reported worldwide. Prospective population studies are required to establish the incidence of MND in Mexico.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[What is known about micronutrients in Mexico].

OBJECTIVE: To update the information on micronutrients in Mexico regarding: 1. The research lines according to priority of the micronutrient, subjects affected, and its focus (basic, clinical, epidemiological, operational). 2. The laboratory capacity available for micronutrient assays. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed review articles of what has been published on micronutrients in Mexico since 1950. We also gathered information by questionnaire from the 16 research groups working in Mexico in the area of micronutrients. RESULTS: We generated tables summarizing the situation of the six micronutrients which we identified as the most problematic in Mexico (vitamins A and C, and iron, iodine, zinc and calcium). CONCLUSIONS: We reached 10 conclusions related to populations of study, research line priorities, and desirable operational studies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Abnormal hemoglobins and thalassemias in Mexico].

The distribution of abnormal hemoglobins in Mexico is derived from surveys and from the study of patients with hemolytic anemia. In aboriginal populations, more than 3,000 individuals have been studied: structural abnormal hemoglobins are virtually absent in Mexican Indians and the sporadic finding of hemoglobin S among them is due to admixture with Africans brought as slaves during the Spanish domination; two new variants of hemoglobin (Mexico and Chiapas) were found in aborigines. The surveys in hybrid groups in selected areas of the country show that in some West and East Coast communities there are different frequencies of Hb S heterozygous, and that a high prevalence of Hb S trait has been found in some communities similar to that in some African areas. In a group of 200 subjects of a town located along the Gulf of Mexico Coast, 6% of Hb S and 15% of thalassemia beta heterozygous is observed. In hospital surveys in two cities (Guadalajara and Puebla) several abnormalities of hemoglobin have been identified (C, SC, Riyadh, Baltimore, Tarrant, Fannin-Lubbock and Mexico). In the study of isolated cases, mainly of patients with hemolytic anemia, hemoglobins I-Philadelphia, G-San Jose and D-Los Angeles are seen. The thalassemias are the more frequent hemoglobin abnormalities in selected populations of our country. In a community of Italian ancestry a frequency of 1.3% of beta thalassemia trait is found. In our laboratory, 76% of the abnormalities are cases of beta thalassemia trait. Patients with Hb H disease, beta thalassemia (homozygous and heterozygous) and combinations of these abnormalities with hemoglobins S, Hb S + hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) and Hb E as well as families with delta-beta thalassemia, HPFH and Hb Lepore-Washington-Boston have been also detected.

Hemoglobins, Abnormal↗
PubMed2003

Helicobacter pylori infection in pregnant women from a U.S.-Mexico border population.

Helicobacter pylori infection causes chronic digestive diseases that disproportionately affect Hispanics and other immigrant groups in the United States. Information on the epidemiology of H. pylori infection in pregnant women who reside along the U.S.-Mexico border is critical to understanding the dynamics of current H. pylori transmission patterns within families along the border. We describe the epidemiology of H. pylori infection in pregnant women recruited from Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinics in El Paso, Texas, and Mexican Social Security Institute maternal-child clinics in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, from April 1998 to October 2000. We interviewed participants regarding environmental factors and tested their serum for IgG antibodies. We used logistic regression to estimate associations between environmental exposures and the odds of H. pylori prevalence. Definitive serological tests were available from 751 women. Seroprevalence was 74% in Juarez women and 56% in El Paso women. Prevalence increased with age, crowding, poor sanitation, and residence in Mexico, decreased with education, and was not associated with the woman's number of living children. In the U.S.-Mexico border region, women of reproductive age have a high prevalence of H. pylori infection, apparently related to poor socioeconomic conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Localization of the amino acid substitution site in a new variant of human serum albumin, albumin Mexico-2.

Using an electrophoretic screening procedure, we have discovered that two species of human serum albumin Mexico occur that are indistinguishable by conventional electrophoretic methods. We suggest that these species be referred to as albumins Mexico-1 and Mexico-2. Isolation and determination of the partial sequence of the cyanogen bromide fragment of albumin Mexico-2 that differs from the corresponding fragment of the common albumin A revealed this variant to arise from at least a glycine/aspartic acid substitution at position 550. This region of the albumin molecule is involved in the binding of the fatty acid, palmitate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Country response to HIV/AIDS: national health accounts on HIV/AIDS in Brazil, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Uruguay.

National expenditures on HIV/AIDS were estimated as summary indicators to assess the country's response to HIV/AIDS. The methodology is based on a matrix system describing the level and flow of health expenditures on HIV/AIDS: an adaptation of the National Health Accounts methods. The expenditures were classified by source (public, private, international), by the use of funds (prevention, care), by object, and by type of provider institution. The results are reported in US dollars using the official exchange rate for the year of estimation. For international comparisons monetary units were adjusted by the purchasing power parity (US dollars PPP). National HIV/AIDS total expenditures were: Guatemala US dollars PPP29.5 million, Uruguay US dollars PPP 32.5 million, Mexico US dollars PPP 257 million, and Brazil US dollars PPP 587.4 million during 1998, and Honduras US dollars PPP 33.9 million for 1999. The total HIV/AIDS expenditures per capita for 1998 were: Brazil US dollars 2.69, Mexico US dollars 1.25, Guatemala US dollars 1.08, Uruguay US dollars 6.63, and Honduras US dollars 3.6 for 1999. The 1998 distribution of the total HIV/AIDS expenditures in prevention and care were, respectively, Brazil 10 and 80%, Guatemala 15 and 70%, Mexico 29 and 66%, Uruguay 36 and 51%, and Honduras 28 and 65% for 1999. The share of total expenditures on antiretroviral drugs ranged from 52% in Guatemala to 75% in Brazil, even when the estimated coverage of antiretroviral therapy was close to 10% in Guatemala and universal in Brazil. The estimated flow from international sources per capita in 1998 was Uruguay US dollars 0.03, Brazil US dollars 0.24, Guatemala US dollars 0.11, Mexico US dollars 0.01, and Honduras US dollars 1.04 in 1999. The data allow international comparisons and provide critical information to improve equity and efficiency in the allocation of scarce resources. The National HIV/AIDS Accounts also constitute a powerful tool to describe the country's response to HIV/AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

Isolation of marine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading Cycloclasticus strains from the Gulf of Mexico and comparison of their PAH degradation ability with that of puget sound Cycloclasticus strains.

Phenanthrene- and naphthalene-degrading bacteria were isolated from four offshore and nearshore locations in the Gulf of Mexico by using a modified most-probable-number technique. The concentrations of these bacteria ranged from 10(2) to 10(6) cells per ml of wet surficial sediment in mildly contaminated and noncontaminated sediments. A total of 23 strains of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading bacteria were obtained. Based on partial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences and phenotypic characteristics, these 23 strains are members of the genus Cycloclasticus. Three representatives were chosen for a complete phylogenetic analysis, which confirmed the close relationship of these isolates to type strain Cycloclasticus pugetii PS-1, which was isolated from Puget Sound. PAH substrate utilization tests which included high-molecular-weight PAHs revealed that these isolates had similar, broad substrate ranges which included naphthalene, substituted naphthalenes, phenanthrene, biphenyl, anthracene, acenaphthene, and fluorene. Degradation of pyrene and fluoranthene occurred only when the strains were incubated with phenanthrene. Two distinct partial PAH dioxygenase iron sulfur protein (ISP) gene sequences were PCR amplified from Puget Sound and Gulf of Mexico Cycloclasticus strains. Phylogenetic analyses of these sequences revealed that one ISP type is related to the bph type of ISP sequences, while the other ISP type is related to the nah type of ISP sequences. The predicted ISP amino acid sequences for the Gulf of Mexico and Puget Sound strains are identical, which supports the hypothesis that these geographically separated isolates are closely related phylogentically. Cycloclasticus species appear to be numerically important and widespread PAH-degrading bacteria in both Puget Sound and the Gulf of Mexico.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1996

Dietary and environmental determinants of blood and bone lead levels in lactating postpartum women living in Mexico City.

Despite the recent declines in environmental lead exposure in the United States and Mexico, the potential for delayed toxicity from bone lead stores remains a significant public health concern. Some evidence indicates that mobilization of lead from bone may be markedly enhanced during the increased bone turnover of pregnancy and lactation, resulting in lead exposure to the fetus and the breast-fed infant. We conducted a cross-sectional investigation of the interrelationships between environmental, dietary, and lifestyle histories, blood lead levels, and bone lead levels among 98 recently postpartum women living in Mexico City. Lead levels in the patella (representing trabecular bone) and tibia (representing cortical bone) were measured by K X-ray fluorescence (KXRF). Multivariate linear regression models showed that significant predictors of higher blood lead included a history of preparing or storing food in lead-glazed ceramic ware, lower milk consumption, and higher levels of lead in patella bone. A 34 micrograms/g increase in patella lead (from the medians of the lowest to the highest quartiles) was associated with an increase in blood lead of 2.4 micrograms/dl. Given the measurement error associated with KXRF and the extrapolation of lead burden from a single bone site, this contribution probably represents an underestimate of the influence of trabecular bone on blood lead. Significant predictors of bone lead in multivariate models included years living in Mexico City, lower consumption of high calcium content foods, and nonuse of calcium supplements for the patella and years living in Mexico City, older age, and lower calcium intake for tibia bone. Low consumption of milk and cheese, as compared to the highest consumption category (every day), was associated with an increase in tibia bone lead of 9.7 micrograms Pb/g bone mineral. The findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that patella bone is a significant contributor to blood lead during lactation and that consumption of high calcium content foods may protect against the accumulation of lead in bone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Occupational safety and health on the U.S.-Mexico border.

A number of trade agreements were adopted in the 1990s that promised economic growth for Mexico. The most significant was the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which promotes open trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. Like WTO, NAFTA focuses on the economic aspects of trade. Occupational safety and health issues were not specifically addressed by NAFTA. Despite the presence of domestic regulatory systems, concerns over working conditions persist on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border and the workforces face similar health problems. The upsurge in trade between the United States and Mexico must be accompanied by an international commitment to occupational safety and health in border areas. If government agencies cannot or will not intervene to reduce rates of workplace injuries and illnesses, civil coalitions must assume this role.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Acculturation and breast-feeding intention and practice in Hispanic women on the US-Mexico border.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the extent to which acculturation indicators predict both breast-feeding history and intentions among Mexican-American mothers having their first births, and among those having subsequent births. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey in a hospital post-partum unit. METHODS: 3,036 Hispanic women were interviewed post-partum in their hospital room. A survey was administered in English or Spanish, and included questions about prenatal care, diet, work exposures, contraceptive use, and breast-feeding history and intentions. For the purposes of this study, acculturation was measured using a series of indicators including language spoken at home, language ability, country of birth, and country in which last schooling was received. RESULTS: Previous breast-feeding was significantly associated with educational attainment, speaking both English and Spanish at home, having had prenatal care during the previous pregnancy, and with both country variables (country of birth and country where finished school). Women with less education, women who were single, and women who did not receive any prenatal care were less likely to intend to breast-feed than were women with a college education, women with a partner, and women who received any prenatal care. Women born in Mexico (for multiparous women), or having finished school in Mexico (for primiparous women), were more likely to intend to breast-feed. CONCLUSIONS: Acculturation is associated with breast-feeding history and intention to breast-feed. Acculturation is a complex construct and traditional measures of acculturation based on language preference may not be as useful on the US-Mexico border. It is recommended that further study be conducted to determine what factors prevent women from breast-feeding, even though they intend to do so, especially in multi-cultural communities like those around the US-Mexico border.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1997

Streptococcus pneumoniae: low frequency of penicillin resistance and high resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in nasopharyngeal isolates from children in a rural area in Mexico.

Due to the changes in the frequency of penicillin-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae, it is necessary to perform surveillance studies of bacterial resistance. Isolates from the upper respiratory tract of asymptomatic children have been useful. There is no information about the difference between isolates from children with and without upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). The objective of the authors in this paper is to establish the prevalence of carrier-state, serotype and antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae isolates from children with and without acute upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in a rural area in Mexico. A cross-sectional comparative study was performed in Tlaxcala, Mexico. Children from one month 5 years of age were included. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained. Identification was done by international microbiology standards. Serotyping was done by the capsular Quellung test. The susceptibility testing was performed by the agar dilution method. Four-hundred and fifty patients were included. S. pneumoniae was isolated in 134 children (29.7%). Frequency of carriers was greater in patients with URTI (107/323) than without URTI (27/127) (33.1% vs. 21.1% p = 0.012, OR 1.84, IC 95% 1.1-3.08). The six most frequent serotypes were: 6B (16.4%); 19F (11.9%); 19A (6.7%); 14, 23F, and 35 (5.2% each), with no difference among the groups. Only 3% of the strains had high level resistance to penicillin, and 12.6% had intermediate resistance, and for ampicillin 4%, amoxicillin 4%, amoxicillin-clavulanate 4%, ceftriaxone 3%, cefotaxime 1.5%, erythromycin 6%, miocamycin 3%, chloramphenicol 4%, and vancomycin 0%. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance was very high (42%). In conclusion, colonization is higher in children with URTI. Five of the most frequent serotypes identified in this study were the same as those identified in patients with S. pneumoniae invasive diseases in Mexico City. In Tlaxcala, Mexico, beta-lactams could be the drug of choice for the treatment of S. pneumoniae lower respiratory tract infections. It is necessary to perform clinical assays to evaluate the efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole due to the high resistance in vitro.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗