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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Assessment of scintigraphic and thermographic changes after focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy on the origin of the suspensory ligament and the fourth metatarsal bone in horses without lameness.

OBJECTIVE: To monitor the effect of focused extra-corporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on bone and bone-tendon junction of horses without lameness by use of nuclear scintigraphy and thermography. ANIMALS: 6 warmblood horses without lameness. PROCEDURE: The origin of the suspensory ligament at the metacarpus (OSL-MC) and the fourth metatarsal bone were treated at 2 time points (days 0 and 16) with 2,000 shocks applied by a focused ESWT device at an energy flux density of 0.15 mJ/mm2. One forelimb and 1 hind limb were treated, and the contralateral limbs served as controls. To document the effect of focused ESWT, nuclear scintigraphy was performed on days -1, 3, 16 (before second ESWT), and 19. Thermography was performed on days -1, 0 (1 hour after first ESWT), 1, 3, 8, 16 (twice; before and 1 hour after second ESWT), and 19. On days 3, 16 (first scans), and 19, thermography was performed before scintigraphy. RESULTS: Scintigraphically, significant variations in radiopharmaceutical activity at the OSL-MC were detected in treatment and control limbs. No significant differences, however, in mean temperature or radiopharmaceutical activity could be detected by use of thermography or nuclear scintigraphy, respectively, between the treatment and control limbs at any time point in response to ESWT. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: After 2 treatments of focused ESWT, no physiologic effect on the studied structures could be demonstrated by use of nuclear scintigraphy or thermography. Results of this study indicate that at currently used ESWT settings, no damage to the bone or bone-tendon junction should occur.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Ex vivo investigation of the use of hydrothermal energy to induce chondrocyte necrosis in articular cartilage of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of hydrothermal ablation of articular cartilage for arthrodesis in horses through investigation of the effects of joint lavage with physiologic saline (0.9% NaCI) solution (80 degrees C) for various treatment times on chondrocyte viability in the articular cartilage of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of cadaveric horse limbs. Sample Population-7 pairs of metacarpophalangeal and 8 pairs of metatarsophalangeal joints from 8 Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURE: The horses were euthanatized for reasons unrelated to musculoskeletal disease. On a random basis, 1 joint of each pair underwent intra-articular lavage for 5, 10, or 15 minutes with heated saline solution (80 degrees C); the other joint underwent sham treatment of similar duration with saline solution at 22 degrees C (control). Cartilage samples from the distal articular surface of metacarpus III (or metatarsus III), the proximal surface of the proximal phalanx, and the lateral and medial proximal sesamoid bones were assessed for chondrocyte viability via confocal microscopy and viability staining following enzymatic digestion. RESULTS: Compared with the control joints, findings of both viability assays indicated that the percentage of sites containing viable chondrocytes in heat-treated joints was decreased. Treatment hazard ratios of 0.048 (confocal microscopy) and 0.2 (digestion assay) were estimated. Histologically, periarticular soft tissues had minimal detrimental effects after heat treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ex vivo intra-articular lavage with saline solution at 80 degrees C resulted in the death of almost all articular chondrocytes in the joint. This technique may be a satisfactory method for extensive cartilage ablation when performing arthrodesis by minimally invasive techniques.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Histomorphologic evaluation of extracorporeal shock wave therapy of the fourth metatarsal bone and the origin of the suspensory ligament in horses without lameness.

OBJECTIVE: To determine via histologic examination and scintigraphy the effect of focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on normal bone and the bone-ligament interface in horses. ANIMALS: 6 horses without lameness. PROCEDURE: Origins of the suspensory ligament at the metacarpus (35-mm probe depth) and fourth metatarsal bone (5-mm probe depth) were treated twice (days 0 and 16) with 2,000 shocks (energy flux density, 0.15 mJ/mm2). One forelimb and 1 hind limb were randomly treated, and the contralateral limbs served as nontreated controls. Bone scans were performed on days -1 (before ESWT), 3, 16, and 19. Histomorphologic studies of control and treated tissues were performed on day 30. RESULTS: ESWT significantly increased the number of osteoblasts but caused no damage to associated soft tissue structures and did not induce cortical microfractures. A significant correlation between osteoblast numbers and radiopharmaceutical uptake was noticed on lateral views of the hind limb on days 3 and 16 and on caudal views of the forelimb on day 3. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that ESWT has the potential to increase osteoblast numbers in horses. The correlation between increased osteoblast numbers and radio-pharmaceutical uptake 3 days and 16 days after the first ESWT suggested that stimulation of osteogenesis occurred soon after ESWT. No damage to bone or the bone-ligament interface should occur at the settings used in this study, and ESWT can therefore be administered safely in horses.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Development and evaluation of a noninvasive marker cluster technique to assess three-dimensional kinematics of the distal portion of the forelimb in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a marker cluster set for measuring sagittal and extrasagittal movement of joints in the distal portion of the forelimb in ponies. ANIMALS: 4 ponies. PROCEDURES: 5 infrared cameras were positioned on a concrete walkway in a frontal-sagittal arc and calibrated. Four segments were defined: hoof, middle phalanx, proximal phalanx, and metacarpus. Rigid clusters with 4 retroreflective markers were placed on each segment. A static trial was recorded with additional anatomic markers on the medial and lateral joint lines. Those anatomic markers were removed, and kinematic data were recorded at 240 Hz during walking. An ensemble mean was computed from the 4 ponies from 5 replicates of the walks. Joint kinematic variables were calculated by use of the calibrated anatomical system technique. The design and error dispersion of each marker were evaluated. RESULTS: Marker clusters were quasiplanar, but variation in orientation error was reduced because the mean radii were > 10 times the largest error dispersion values. Measurements of sagittal rotations of the distal interphalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and metacarpophalangeal joints were similar to measurements obtained with bone-fixed triads, but larger discrepancies between the 2 methods were found for extrasagittal rotations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Development of noninvasive methods for quantifying data pertaining to 3-dimensional motion in horses is important for advancement of clinical analysis. The technique used in the study enabled identification of flexion-extension motions with an acceptable degree of accuracy. Appropriate correction algorithms and improvements to the technique may enable future quantification of extrasagittal motions.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Pythiosis with bone lesions in a pregnant mare.

A 9-year-old pregnant mare was referred for evaluation of a nonhealing wound of 8 weeks' duration on the lateral aspect of the left forelimb. A soft tissue mass encircled the proximal two thirds of the metacarpus; radiography revealed a moderate periosteal reaction affecting metacarpal bone i.v. Histologic and immunohistochemical examinations revealed eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation and Pythium sp in the soft tissues. The mare was treated for 12 days with antimicrobials, medicated wound dressings, debridement, and i.v. administration of sodium iodide; radiography revealed progression of the bone lesions. The mare was treated by regional arterial perfusion with miconazole and excision of affected soft tissues and the distal two thirds of metacarpal bone i.v. The mare recovered without complications and gave birth to a healthy foal. Regional perfusion of antifungal agents provides high concentrations in soft and osseous tissues and permits use of low dosages of agents administered by other routes, which reduces cost, adverse effects, and teratogenic effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Density of Toruli Tactiles in the goat (Japanese saanen).

Toruli Tactiles (TT) were clearly observed to be stained with methylene blue solution, and the density of distribution of TT on the body surface was measured in the goat. TT in the goat were present on the hairy skin as papilla-like structure of about 200 to 300 microns in plane-diameter. A high density of TT on the body surface occurred in the areas from the lateral portion of the arm to forearm, and from the thigh to leg. On the other hand, areas of low density of TT were present in the facial-cranial region except for the buccal-masseteric area, cranial-breast, perineum (male), axilla, inguen, carpus-metacarpus, and tarsus-metatarsus. TT were rarely observed in the ears, on the nose, around the mouth, perianal parts, palms and soles.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The forelimb in walking horses: 1. Kinematics and ground reaction forces.

Video (60 Hz) and force (2000 Hz) data were collected from 5 sound horses during walking. Forelimb data were analysed for 8 strides (4 left, 4 right) per horse to determine sagittal plane kinematics and ground reaction forces (GRFs). The results suggested that brachial rotation was responsible for protraction and retraction of the limb as a whole, while rotations of the scapula and antebrachium elevated the distal limb during breakover and early swing then lowered it in preparation for ground contact. The coffin joint was flexed maximally at the time of peak longitudinal braking force, which occurred during breakover of the contralateral forelimb. The metacarpus was vertical at 28% stride. This was considerably earlier than the change from a braking to a propulsive longitudinal force (34% stride), which coincided with maximal extension of the fetlock joint. The longitudinal propulsive force peaked just after contact of the contralateral forelimb. During the swing phase the joints distal to the shoulder showed a single flexion cycle that peaked at 76% stride at the carpus, 81% stride at the fetlock and 84% stride at the elbow and coffin joints. The coffin and shoulder joints began to extend in the terminal swing phase and continued to extend through ground contact and early stance. The results provide normative data that will be applied in detecting changes in kinematics and ground reaction forces that are associated with specific lamenesses.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 1: Prevalence at the time of the yearling sales.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Radiography in presale examinations of TB yearlings has become standard practice in recent years. OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence and distribution of radiographic changes in the fetlocks, carpi, tarsi, stifles and fore feet of Thoroughbred yearlings in central Kentucky when these joints were examined as part of routine pre- and post sale evaluations. METHODS: Horses subjected to radiographs included the fore (n = 1127) and hind (n = 1102) fetlocks, carpi (n = 1130), tarsi (n = 1101), stifles (n = 660) and fore feet (n = 300). Radiographic changes were categorised by location and type of change present (e.g. lucency, fragment) for each series. RESULTS: In the fore fetlocks 1.6% had fragmentation of the proximal dorsal first phalanx and 0.5% fragmentation of the proximal palmar aspect. In the hind fetlocks 5.9% had fragmentation at the plantar aspect and 3.3% fragmentation dorsally. Lucencies, fragments or loose bodies were detected at the dorsal aspect of the distal third metacarpus in 2.8% and, at the same location on the third metatarsus, 3.2%. Most yearlings (98%) had vascular channels in the proximal sesamoid bones and irregular vascular channels (> 2 mm wide or with nonparallel sides) were more common (79%) than regular vascular channels (56%). The intermediate ridge of the distal tibia was the most common location for fragmentation in the tarsus (4.4%). CONCLUSIONS: While some radiographic changes, e.g. vascular channels in proximal sesamoid bones, are very common in Thoroughbred yearlings, others, e.g. fragmentation or subchondral lucency within joints are quite rare usually affecting less than 5% of the population. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Veterinarians should expect to find radiographic changes in Thoroughbreds presented for examination prior to the yearling sales. The rarity of some changes thought to affect soundness or racing performance will make further invesigation of these conditions in horses without clinical signs more difficult.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 2: Associations with racing performance.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Although the radiographic examination of yearlings has become commonplace at some large Thoroughbred sales, there are few data to support the decisions facing veterinarians who are asked to evaluate future racing potential. OBJECTIVES: To identify radiographic changes in the fetlocks, proximal sesamoid bones, carpi, tarsi, stifles and fore feet of Thoroughbred yearlings associated with future racing performance during ages 2 and 3 years. METHODS: Radiographs from routine pre- and post sale examinations of 1162 yearlings were used to identify individual radiographic changes in sale yearlings. Starting a race, the percent of starts placed, money earned and earnings per start were used to assess racing performanceand examined for associations with the radiographic changes observed. RESULTS: Overall 946 (81%) yearlings started at least one race during ages 2 or 3 years. Fourteen of 24 (58%) yearlings with moderate or extreme palmar supracondylar lysis of the third metacarpus, 8 of 14 (57%) of those with enthesophyte formation on the proximal sesamoid bones and 19 of 30 (63%) of those with dorsal medial intercarpal joint disease started a race. The odds of starting a race when age 2 or 3 years were 3 times lower for yearlings with these changes (P < 0.01) compared with yearlings that did not have these changes. Twenty-five of 36 (69%) yearlings with proximal dorsal fragmentation of the first phalanx in the hind fetlock started a race and these yearlings were also less likely (OR = 0.51, P = 0.07) to start a race. Yearlings with enthesophyte formation on hind proximal sesamoid bones placed in a smaller percentage of starts (16%, P = 0.01) earned less money (987 US dollars, P = 0.02) and had lower earnings per start (252 US dollars, P = 0.03) compared to starters without this change. CONCLUSIONS: Although many of the changes observed on radiographs of sale yearlings do not appear to influence future racing performance, some are associated with reduced performance. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The results of this study are best applied in parallel with the clinical impressions of veterinarians experienced in examining radiographs of sale yearlings. Some findings support those established in the literature as incidental findings and others suggest new areas for concern not previously reported as a problem in Thoroughbred sale yearlings.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Analysis of reasons and locations of burns on hands.

During the period 1971-76, 1055 patients with fresh burns were treated at our hospital. Of these, 461 (88 females, 373 males) had sustained burns on altogether 783 hands. This amounts to 45% of the total number of fresh burns. In 322 cases both hands were involved, amounting to 31% of all cases of fresh burns, or 70% of all patients with burned hands. Whereas 82% of patients with hand burns had injuries to both hands, only 10% had sustained an injury to the right hand alone and 8% to the left hand alone. Cases of burns limited to the hands alone accounted for only 4.7% of all burn injuries. The main cause of burn injuries was thermal accident--most often steam explosions and the spraying of scalding liquids. The total number of hands injured by thermal agents totalled 707, i.e. 90% of all burned hands. Most of these were deep skin burns. Chemical agents were mainly responsible for this type of burn, whereas electrical burns were chiefly full thickness skin injuries. Analysis of the location of burns showed that 643 (82%) hands of the altogether 783 injuries sustained involved the wrist, 620 (79%) the metacarpus, 684 (87%) of the fingers. Some 321 hand burns (41%) were of a circumferential nature. A majority of burned hands were injured on the dorsal surface. The burn injuries of hands in 246 (53%) persons were connected with their professional work.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1992

Relative bioavailability of manganese from a manganese-methionine complex and inorganic sources for ruminants.

Two experiments were conducted to study the relative bioavailability of Mn from a feed grade Mn-Met complex or from two feed grade MnO sources using reagent grade MnSO4.H2O as the standard. In each experiment, 42 crossbred wether lambs were fed one of seven dietary treatments for 21 d and then killed; liver, kidneys, and right metacarpus were removed for MN analysis. In Experiment 1, treatment included the basal diets (34.4 ppm of Mn, DM basis) alone or supplemented with 900, 1800, or 2700 ppm of Mn as reagent grade MnSO4.H2O or feed grade Mn-Met complex. In Experiment 2, the basal diet (31.5 ppm of Mn, DM basis) was fed alone or was supplemented with 900, 1800, or 2700 ppm of Mn as reagent grade MnSO4.H2O or 1800 ppm of Mn as feed grade Mn-Met, feed grade MnO A, or feed grade MnO B. The overall estimated relative bioavailabilities based on multiple linear regression coefficients of bone, kidney, and log-transformed liver Mn concentrations on total dietary Mn concentrations were 100, 121, 70, and 53% for MnSO4.H2O, Mn-Met complex, MnO A, and MnO B, respectively.

Absorption↗
PubMed1985

Heavy metals in white-tailed deer living near a zinc smelter in Pennsylvania.

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann) shot within 20 km of the zinc smelters in the Palmerton, Pennsylvania area contained extremely high renal concentrations of cadmium (372 ppm dry weight (dw] and zinc (600 ppm dw). The deer with the highest renal zinc concentration was shot 4 km from the smelters and had joint lesions similar to those seen in zinc-poisoned horses from the same area. The highest concentrations of lead in both hard and soft tissues were relatively low, 10.9 ppm dw in a sample of teeth, 17.4 ppm dw in a metacarpus, and 4.9 ppm dw in a kidney.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

[Bio-mechanical property changes of long bone in ovariectomized goats].

This paper presents the biomechanical property changes of long bone in goats at 180 days after ovariectomy. 10 female goats at the age of 1.5 +/- years(average body wight 22 kg) were randomly divided into the control group and ovariectomized group. These goats were sacrificed at 180 days after ovariectomy and the femora, tibiae, metatarsus, humeri, radius and metacarpus were taken out bilaterally. The structural mechanical properties of these bones were measured with the three-point bending method. The material mechanical properties of flexura, compress and tensile in the compact bone specimens taken from the two broken ends were also measured. The results showed that the bone density, bone thickness in broken ends, and the break load of three-point bending for the long bones in the OVX group were obviously lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). And compared with the control group all the long bones in the OVX group, except the femur, had significantly lower ultimate bending strength, bending elastic modulus; ultimate flexural strength, flexural elastic modulus; ultimate compressing strength, and compressing elastic moduus. Some long bones in the OVX group had significantly decreased ultimate tensile strength (P < 0.05). These indicated that the mechanical properties of long bone in OVX group at 180 days after ovariectomy were reduced in varying degrees and were liable to fracture. This result is in accord with the clinical findings in osteoporosis resulting from post-menopausal estrogen fall and is also consistent with the osteoporotic model of ovariectomized rats. The authors conclude that the bone biomechanical properties are important parameters in assessing osteoporosis and the ovariectomized goat can possible be a good big animal model of osteoporosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Secrétan's disease: a unique case report and literature review.

Secrétan's disease was first described in 1901 as "hard edema and traumatic hyperplasia of the dorsum of the metacarpus." Other names for this process include peritendinous fibrosis, posttraumatic hard edema, and factitious lymphedema. Over the years, many theories have been proposed as to the etiology of the disease--trauma that leads to peritendinous fibrosis, hypersympathetic stimulus after an injury, and self-inflicted trauma. There is no consensus regarding pathophysiology, classification, prognosis, or treatment, but the literature suggests that Secrétan's disease is an injury that is self-inflicted either for secondary gain or as a conversion reaction and that is best treated with conservative care and psychiatric counseling. Our case report is unique in that our patient had an unusual presentation, underwent an upper extremity sympathectomy before developing Secrétan's disease, and returned to work soon after surgery.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2002

A comparison between radiographic and sonographic assessment of hand and wrist bones for the estimation of skeletal age in the child patient.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to examine, with a sonographic investigation, the hand and wrist bones of a group of young patients and to compare the results with those obtained with a classical radiographic assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Some 25 subjects, 9-18 years of age, who presented problems concerning their short stature or precocious puberty, were evaluated. Each subject was examined by a standard radiographic assessment and by a sonographic investigation with real-time imaging. Sonographic examination was performed on the metacarpus-phalanx articulation of the first finger in order to locate the sesamoid bone. Sonographic examination was also performed on the second and third phalanxes of the third finger and on the distal portion of the radius to evaluate the characteristics of growth cartilage in the area. RESULTS AND STATISTICS: In all the cases where a sesamoid bone was present, this was correctly identified by the sonogram, even up to the initial appearance of its ossification nucleus. Sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy were all 100%. The capping phenomenon seen in radiographs was not detected by sonographic investigation in any of the cases. Sonographic evaluation of the fertile cartilage of the third finger distal phalanx demonstrated a sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 100% and a diagnostic accuracy of 92%. Sonographic evaluation of the radius cartilage showed a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 100% and a diagnostic accuracy of 96%. CONCLUSION: Sonographic evaluation of hand and wrist bones cannot accurately reproduce the results of the classical radiographic evaluation. However, the sonographic investigation may be useful, when integrated in a radiographic investigation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Influence of wound shape on wound contraction in horses.

Three sets of paired circular and square full-thickness skin wounds were made on the dorsum of the metacarpus (n = 48) of 8 horses. Each wound was 6.25 cm2 in area. The wounds were treated topically with an ointment, nonadherent dressing, and bandaged with a snug elastic wrap. Wounds were photographed every other day until healing was complete. Wound areas were measured and exponential and linear wound healing models were applied to the wound healing data generated. Wound healing variables measured for each wound were: number of days to healing, maximal size attained, rate of wound contraction (calculated by use of first-order and linear models), final wound size, and percentage of wound that healed by contraction. The exponential model fit the data significantly better than the linear model. The maximal size attained by circular wounds was significantly smaller than the maximal size attained by square wounds. Wound shape did not influence the rate of wound healing. On the basis of our findings, conversion of circular defects to square defects would not speed wound healing.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of support bandaging during measurement of proximal sesamoidean ligament strain in horses by use of a mercury strain gauge.

Liquid mercury strain gauges were implanted in the forelimb proximal sesamoidean ligaments (PSL) of 8 adult horses. The gauges measured PSL strain while horses were standing with or without external support. In 6 of the horses, the gauges also measured PSL strain in horses at a walk, with or without external support. Gauges were enclosed within sliding polypropylene tubes to prevent nonaxial deformation. Each gauge was placed in 1 arm of a low-resistance half-bridge circuit. To provide temperature compensation, a dummy gauge was placed in the adjacent arm of the bridge circuit and was implanted next to the active gauge in the surrounding fascial tissue. External support included fiberglass cast support (CAST), dorsal fetlock splint support (DFS), support wraps of 3 bandage materials (SW1, SW2, and SW3), and support wrap with caudal splint (SW4). The cast was applied, with the fetlock and foot in weightbearing position, from the proximal portion of the metacarpus distal to and including the foot. The DFS was applied by placing the cranial half of the fiberglass cast on the dorsal aspect of the instrumented limb. The SW1, SW2, and SW3 were applied in a figure-8 pattern around the fetlock, using 50% of the linear stretch capacity of the bandage material, with the horse standing squarely on all 4 limbs. The SW4 was applied identically to the other support wraps, with the exception of addition of a flexible caudal splint incorporated in the support wrap. Mean maximal strain while standing (epsilon S) without external support for 8 horses was 6.0% (range, 3.8 to 7.5%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

[The genetic analysis of a family with syndactyly and adactylism].

A family with syndactyly and adactylism was reported in this paper. There are four sufferers, suffering from syndactyly and adactylism, with the lack of metacarpus and metatarsus in two generations. According to genetic analysis, this disease is caused by autosomal dominant inheritance.

English Abstract↗