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PubMedDate not supplied

Anatomical considerations relevant to implant procedures in the mandible.

The authors review anatomical facts significant for preoperative planning of implant procedures in the mandible. This planning includes the precise evaluation of distinct anatomical factors, such as the position of the mandibular canal, the width of the mandibular cortical plates and the degree of involutive changes of the inferior dental artery. The mandibular canal is usually situated centrally in the mandibular corpus, slightly closer to the lingual cortex in its distal parts; towards the front, it approaches the vestibular cortical layer. Mesially from the mental foramen, a clearly defined incisive canal is present in only one third of the edentate mandibles. Mandibular corpus of the edentate mandibles consists of cancellous bone enclosed by a shell of compact cortical bone. Cortical layers demonstrate significant variations in width; nevertheless, the widths of lateral cortical layers, generally, enable safe placement of endosseous implants. Finally, in patient's preoperative assessment, involutive changes of the inferior dental artery should also be considered. During the involution of the mandibular alveolar process, it shows changes of direction and calibre, changes in arborization and, sometimes, complete occlusion of the main trunk. The degree of these involutive changes points out the mandibular vascular supply and the regenerative capacity of the tissues needed for the success of the implant procedure.

Dental Implantation, Endosseous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in mandibular ridge height in relation to aging and length of edentulism period.

This study investigated the mandibular height reduction in relationship to aging and the length of edentulism period. Data were collected from 120 edentulous male subjects (complete denture wearers) who were divided into two resorptive age groups. The edentulism period of the subjects was classified as 1 to 5, 5 to 10, and over 10 years. Ridge resorption was estimated on the panoramic radiograph by estimating the original height of the alveolar process as being three times the distance from the inferior border of the mandible to the inferior edge of the mental foramen. According to statistical analysis, the amount of mandibular height reduction increased in the older age group. The mandibular resorption rate was greatest in the earlier stages of edentulism and slowed with longevity of edentulism.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

[Man among the primates. His position after multivariate analysis of his mandible].

Multivariate analysis are applied to 31 ensembles (species of Primates or human breeds), in 31 mandibular linear parameters. A reciprocal averaging show that first factorial plane reproduce the Simpson classification, simplified in 4 groups, with 63.3% of whole inertia. Discriminant analysis calculated with 13 parameters, situates these 4 groups in 3 planes. The D2 Mahalanobis generalised distance is calculated between all groups. The most contributive parameters to generalised distances are inter-molar width and breadth between foramen mentales.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[A dental CT study for preoperative assessment of maxillary atrophy].

According to a new technology in the planning of endo-osseous implantation, based on a new CT-software for evaluation of the bone structure of the jaws, anatomico-morphological changes after the loss of teeth are measured much more accurately than with conventional methods like the panoramic intraoral x-ray or conventional tomography. 30 mandibles and 22 maxillae of 36 patients were examined. Besides the topographic course of the mandibular canal and the location of the foramen mentale, the anatomic structures as the important aspects for planning endo-osseous implants are seen more accurately. It is now possible to recognise morphological changes with paraxial reconstructions in a very short time more clearly and precisely than with former techniques.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Observations of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar canal.

The inferior alveolar nerve may extend beyond the mental foramen as an intraosseous anterior loop. The purpose of this study was to determine if panoramic radiography accurately identifies the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar canal. Adult skulls (n = 25) were radiographed using two panoramic machines both with and without radiopaque markers placed into the inferior alveolar canal and anterior loop. The anterior loop was also measured directly using flexible tubing (2 mm in diameter). Significantly fewer loops were detected in radiographs as compared with anatomic assessment (P < .001). A significant loop (> 2 mm) was identified in 92% to 96% of the direct measurements, whereas radiographs identified only 56% (Panelipse) and 76% (Orthoralix). Analysis of variance demonstrated that the skeletal length of the anterior loop was significantly greater than that measured radiographically (P < .0001). The average length of the anterior loop based on direct measurements was 6.95 mm, whereas radiographic measurements were 3.18 mm (Panelipse) and 3.45 mm (Orthoralix). The difference in detection of anterior loops among the radiographic procedures studied was not significant (P > .05).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Computer tomography in implantology].

During the planning of implantation the CT method helps in determining the location of the implant and aids in choosing the right implant. It provides the following measurable information about the jaw-bones: height and width; exact location of bone deficiencies; the orovestibular shape of the alveolar process; the course of the mandibular canal; the location of the mental foramen; the location and size of the canalis incisivus; the area of the nasal cavity and the maxillary sinus; the quality of the bones and the relationship between cortical and spongious bone. In comparison to the X-ray examinations possession of these informations increase significantly the safety of planning before surgery.

Dental Implantation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endosseous implants for total support and retention of a complete mandibular removable prosthesis.

This is a clinical report illustrating and discussing the use of endosseous root-form implants, both anterior and posterior to the mental foramen, in support of three separate Hader bars which in turn provide total occlusal support, resistance, and retention for a conventionally fabricated full mandibular overdenture. Principles of design, advantages, and disadvantages are listed.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radiographic findings, ridge resorption, and subjective complaints of complete denture patients.

To evaluate the relationship between the complaints of complete denture wearers and alveolar bone resorption as well as the location of mental foramina, 96 patients were interviewed. All subjects had received new dentures at the University of Iowa between August 1985 and July 1990. Panoramic radiographs had been made for all the subjects before dentures were fabricated. The amount of estimated ridge resorption correlated significantly with the number of years females had been edentulous, but no correlation was found in males. The location of the mental foramen in relationship to the crest of residual ridge correlated negatively with the number of years both genders were edentulous. Subjective need for dental treatment, as expressed by "sore gums" or poor or fair chewing ability, were the most frequent complaints among the subjects. These complaints were more often recorded with the subjects who had lost more than 50% of their estimated original ridge height than with those with less than 50% resorption, but this difference was not significant.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Review of failed implant cases.

Five Failed implant cases were presented and gained the following; 1) The use of computed tomography is recommended for treatment planning such as to ascertain the three-dimensional position of the mandibular canal, maxillary sinus and nasal floor, and also to decide the diameter, length and inclination of the implant placement. 2) The implant should be located for enough from mental foramen, mandibular canal, maxillary sinus and nasal floor. 3) The use of surgical stent is recommended for accurate drilling of the implant site. 4) Adequate number of implants and strategic arrangement of implants are required to equally distribute stress. 5) An implant abutment which is connected to natural teeth will be affected by the difference of micromobility of the natural teeth and the trouble of abutment of prosthesis.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endosseous implant placement in conjunction with inferior alveolar nerve transposition: an evaluation of neurosensory disturbance.

This retrospective study evaluated neurosensory dysfunction and the implant success rate associated with 64 implants placed in 15 patients following transposition of the inferior alveolar nerve. A total of 21 inferior alveolar nerve mobilization surgeries were performed. The mean postoperative follow-up time was 41.3 months, with a range of 10 to 67 months. The effects of surgical technique and implant surface geometry on neurosensory dysfunction were evaluated by using light touch, brush stroke direction, and two-point discrimination. The implant success rate was 93.8% (60/64). The surgical technique that involved detaching the mental foramen resulted in a significantly greater incidence of neurosensory disturbance (77.8%, 7/9) than did the technique that left the bony foramen intact (33.3%, 4/12). The overall incidence of neurosensory disturbance was 52.4% (11/21).

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Mandibular erosion from silastic implants: evaluation with a dental CT software program.

Silastic implants used to augment the chin during cosmetic surgery may cause erosive bone changes and complications. We describe the radiologic appearance of these changes and the dental CT reformatting programs by which they may be assessed. Multiplanar CT scans of four patients with Silastic chin implants were evaluated retrospectively for implant density, presence and size of bone defects, relationship of defects to root apices, relationship of defects to mental foramen, and associated findings. The dental CT software program was instrumental in delineating the relationship between the bone defects and the root apices.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of location of mandibular and mental foramina in dry, young, adult human male, dentulous mandibles.

The present study was undertaken to determine the precise location of the mental and mandibular foramina and the surrounding anatomic landmarks. Measurements were made on both right and left sides of each of 34 dried young Turkish adult (30-40 years old) human male mandibles. The mandibles were moderately robust and were from dentulous subjects. The results obtained in the study showed that the distance of the mandibular foramen to the angle of the anterior ramus were 16.9 mm on the right and 16.78 mm on the left. The distance to the posterior side of the ramus was 14.09 mm on the right, and 14.37 mm on the left. The narrowest anteroposterior diameters were 32.8 mm on the right and 32.05 mm on the left. The mandibular foramen is 0.5 mm posterior to the centre of the ramus on the right and 0.75 mm on the left. The distance of the lowest point of mandibular notch to the foramen was 22.37 mm on the right and 22.17 mm on the left. The distance from the mandibular foramen to the inferior border of the ramus in the mid position of the ramus was 30.97 mm on the right and 29.75 mm on the left. The average angle of the mandible (gonial angle) was 120.17 degrees on both sides. The distance of the mental foramen to the inferior border of the mandible was 14.61 mm and 14.29 mm on the right and left, respectively. Its distance to the superior border was 13.62 mm on the right and 14.62 mm on the left. The horizontal dimensions of the mental foramen was 2.93 mm on the right, 3.14 mm on the left and its vertical dimension was 2.38 mm on the right and 2.64 mm on the left. The mental foramen was located below the root of the second premolar in 21 bones (61.76%) on the right and 17 bones (50%) on the left while in the remaining mandibles, the foramen was present between the roots of the first and second premolars in 13 bones (38.2%) on the right and in 17 (50%) on the left. The average angle of the mental foramen was 96.82 degrees.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The appearance of foramen in the internal aspect of the mental region of mandible from Japanese cadavers and dry skulls under macroscopic observation and three-dimensional CT images.

The lingual canal with foramen displays different appearances on the internal surfaces of mandible as confirmed by macroscopic observation and computerized tomography (CT). The lingual canal was observed in the inside of mental region run to the outside of lingual foramen, which is extend internally from mandibular canal in right and left sides of the mandible in cadavers (13 sides out of 88 sides) and in dry skulls (43 out of 94 sides) examined. The spinal foramen connected with mental canal occurred at the midline of mandible in 6 cases (6 out of 47 cases) in dry skulls. In this small foramen, the inferior alveolar artery give some branches to the inside of mental region at the anterior mandible and which may be run pass through the lingual canal to the lingual foramen, where they emerge to enter the mylohyoid or anterior belly of digastric muscles. The observations of these are important considerations for surgical placement of dental implants in the region in the mandible.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Anatomical variations of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina related to gender and side.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to examine the different anatomical variations of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina related to gender and side. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Measurements were made on 110 adult skulls without mandibles and isolated mandibles. Gender was determined for each skull. Parameters measured bilaterally included the distances from the supraorbital and mental foramina to midline, from the infraorbital foramen to the anterior nasal spine, from the infraorbital foramen to the inferior orbital rim, and from the mental foramen to the inferior rim of the mandible and the angle between the line linking the infraorbital foramen with the anterior nasal spine and horizontal plane. Comparisons were made between genders and sides and statistical analysis was done where appropriate using Student's t test. RESULTS: There were 70 male and 40 female crania. Nature of the 3 foramina was similar between sides and genders. The average distance from the left supraorbital foramen to midline in females was significantly lower than that in males (2.42+/-0.04 versus 2.56+/-0.05). The mean distances from the bilateral infraorbital foramina to anterior nasal spine in females were also significantly lower relative to those in males (3.28+/-0.03 versus 3.48+/-0.03 right and 3.31+/-0.03 versus 3.50+/-0.03 left). There were also considerable differences between sides in the average angle of the infraorbital foramen in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in several measurements suggest that gender and side should be considered when applying the anatomical variation data to an individual subject.

Adult↗
PubMed1951

Mental injection.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2003

An anthropometric analysis of the key foramina for maxillofacial surgery.

PURPOSE: The study goal was to determine the location of important maxillofacial foramina relative to frequently encountered surgical landmarks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Measurements (1,120) were made on 80 cadaveric heads of known race and gender to evaluate the position of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina relative to surgical landmarks. RESULTS: Analysis of the data determined the supraorbital foramen to be an average of 2.5 cm lateral to the nasal midline and 2.6 cm medial to the temporal crest of the frontal bone. Of the supraorbital foramina, 92.5% were notches and not true foramen. The infraorbital foramen was an average of 2.7 cm lateral to the nasal midline, 0.64 cm caudad to the inferior orbital rim, and 0.03 cm medial to the zygomaticomaxillary suture. The mental foramen was an average of 2.2 cm lateral to the mandibular skeletal midline. The average position of the mental foramen, relative to adjacent teeth, was between the first and second premolars for whites and just posterior to the second premolar in blacks. CONCLUSION: The measurements show small but significant differences in foramen location between whites and blacks and males and females. The knowledge of the distances from surgically encountered anatomic landmarks may be of assistance in locating these important maxillofacial neurologic structures during many procedures. This information may play an even more important role as new techniques for minimally invasive surgery are developed. Understanding the location of these foramina will also assist the clinician in performing local anesthetic blocks.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A review of the intraosseous course of the nerves of the mandible.

A review of the literature revealed that a common feature of all human mandibles is a large nerve (inferior alveolar nerve, IAN) between the mandibular and mental foramina. This nerve sends branches directly to the teeth or contributes a variable number of branches to a plexus of nerves which does the same. The plexus originates from a separate nerve that enters the mandibular foramen. The nerve plexus has been demonstrated by dissections and not by radiology. The buccal-lingual and superior-inferior positions of the IAN were not consistent among mandibles. The intramandibular IAN frequently ran a concave curve with a posterior segment descending as it progressed anteriorly and an anterior segment that ascended to the mental foramen. A bony canal was not always observed between the mandibular and mental foramina. The canal frequently lacked definite walls, especially near the mental foramen. Bilateral symmetry (location of the canal in each half of the mandible) was common, whereas duplications of the canal were rare. Nutrient canals and other branches of the mandibular nerve have been observed within the mandible. These may have been confused for the IAN or may contribute to the plexus of nerves.

Humans↗