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PubMed1983

A new mass screening method for determining UDP-galactose in blood.

We devised a new microfluorometric mass screening method for determining UDP-galactose by using only one blood disc of 3 mm in diameter. This method contains two coupling enzymes of UDP-galactose-4-epimerase and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, and conversion of NAD to NADH. The assay ranges are 0 to 1 mM or 0 to 0.2 mM UDP-galactose in blood. UDP-galactose contents were determined in galactosemia of epimerase-, transferase- and kinase-deficiencies, and several cases with high or low Paigen's values.

Galactosemias↗
PubMed1995

Sensitivity and specificity of mass screening for gastric cancer using the measurment of serum pepsinogens.

The aim of this study was to estimate the validity of mass screening for gastric cancer using serum pepsinogens (PG test). The study subjects were 4876 workers aged from 40 to 61 years old. Sera were obtained at the time of the health checkup and serum pepsinogen levels (PG I and PG II) were measured at the same time. PG I < 50 ng/ml and PG I/PG II ratio < 3.0 were adopted as the criteria for a positive result for the PG test. PG test-positive subjects were examined, in principle, by endoscopy. Furthermore, all subjects were followed up for a year to check for occurrence of gastric cancer. Among the total subjects, 911 (18.7%) were positive for the PG test and 650 (71.4%) among the positive subjects underwent further examinations, which revealed 11 cases of gastric cancer. Seven gastric cancer cases were diagnosed during the follow-up period within one year after the PG test. When the results of one years's follow-up from the time of screening were defined as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the PG test were estimated at 66.7% and 81.5%, respectively. The authors conclude that the validity of the PG test as a mass screening method may be comparable to that of X-ray screening, if optimum criteria of a positive test are selected.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A highly cost effective method of mass screening for thalassaemia.

A simple, fast, and reliable two step procedure for the detection of non-alpha-thalassaemias in mass screening programmes is presented. Step 1 consists of a study of red cell morphology and a one tube red cell osmotic fragility tests. This step eliminates the non-thalassaemic samples; the rest are processed through step 2, consisting of determination of red cell indices and haemoglobin studies. Over the past seven years this procedure has been used at this centre in mass screening secondary school students in Latium. Blood samples from 289 763 students were examined, and 6838 cases of thalassaemia detected. It is estimated that 0.35 +/- 0.25% of subjects with thalassaemia escaped detection by this procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Mass screening for breast cancer: benefits, risks, costs.

In general, mass screening for health is of doubtful value, but specific programmes like breast cancer screening could be beneficial. Breast cancer is the major cause of death in middle-aged women in many countries. Experience in Sweden shows that properly designed and performed mammography screening can reduce mortality by one-third, and lead to a better quality of life for treated cancer patients. However, if radiation causes damage proportional to the dose even at low doses, these benefits could be offset by radiogenic cancers in younger age groups (particularly under 40 yr of age). In Sweden, the direct cost of screening equals about 15 pounds sterling. Swedish authorities consider well designed screening justified. Optimization is necessary and involves design, technique, staff competence and organization. An optimized program should save one life in 100 in the screened cohort, while perhaps one life in 10,000 might be lost due to radiogenic cancers (with conventional radiation risk assumptions).

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1985

[Mass screening for breast cancer--the results for 15 years].

Mass screening for breast cancer has been carried out in 13 cities in Osaka Prefecture for the past 15 years. The screening method was inspection and palpation by the physician, and examination by mammography was performed for the women with abnormal findings as the second screening. Among the total of 73,488 examinees (actual number was 44,835 examinees) 3,022 (4.1%) were examined by mammography and 106 (0.14%) patients with breast cancer were detected. Seventy-two of them were found at the first screening, 15 at the subsequent screening, and 19 were interval cases. Sixty-two cases of breast cancer (63.9%) were without lymph node metastasis, and cancer in Stage I and TIS reached 37.8% in this series. These results show that our screening method is valid for detecting the earlier stages of breast cancer.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

A new urinary mass screening system for neuroblastoma in infancy by use of monoclonal antibodies against VMA and HVA.

As an assay system for mass screening of infants with neuroblastoma, a new method of determining urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and hemovanillic acid (HVA) levels--an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method--was developed. By using two different monoclonal antibodies, one against VMA and the other against HVA, this system can assay 400 urine samples for both catecholamine metabolites in five hours. By measuring both VMA and HVA levels in 275 urine samples (62 from patients with neuroblastoma, 13 from patients with control tumors, 200 from healthy infants as controls) by the EIA method, as well as by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we examined whether the EIA system is as accurate as the HPLC. There were significant correlations between values obtained by the two systems, both for VMA and for HVA, suggesting that the EIA method would be a more reliable and convenient system for mass screening of infantile neuroblastoma as compared with conventional qualitative tests with inevitable high false-positive rate.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1990

[Mass screening for prostatic cancer in Hisayama town, Fukuoka].

A mass screening for prostatic cancer was conducted in Hisayama town, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan from 1988 to 1989. As the primary screening questionnaire survey about urination and measurement of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) were performed in 789 of the 1025 male residents over 50 years old (77.0%). For the second screening with digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography, 184 subjects (23.3%) were picked up. Prostatic cancer was suspected in 33 (4.2%) of the 134 subjects who actually underwent the second screening examination. Prostatic biopsy and other examinations such as measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase and gamma-seminoprotein, urinalysis and radiographic examination were performed in 26 as the third screening, and prostatic cancer was detected in 5 (0.63%); 3 in stage B and 2 in stage C. Four of the 5 subjects with prostatic cancer had complained no urinary symptoms on questionnaire. Serum PSA was useful for detecting early stage prostatic cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1984

A mobile mass screening unit for prostatic disease.

A mobile unit for mass screening of prostatic disease using transrectal ultrasonotomography was developed in December 1980. In the following years we screened 1,396 males over 55 years of age. We have detected 463 cases [33.2%] of benign prostatic hypertrophy [BPH] and eight cases [0.6%] of prostatic cancer. The detection rate of BPH and malignancy of the prostate was shown to be very high. Thus, the unit promises to be of value in preventative medicine projects for prostatic disease in Japan.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinicopathologic characteristics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy detected during mass screening for heart disease.

Between 1981 and 1992 a total of 10 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) were detected by mass screening for heart disease in Tokyo's Adachi Ward. Four were first grade elementary school children and six were first grade junior high school adolescents. Two-dimensional echocardiography at the initial evaluation revealed asymmetric septal hypertrophy in four patients, diffuse hypertrophy of the left ventricle in five, and poor left ventricular contractility with wall thinning in one (dilated phase). Three of the five patients with diffuse hypertrophy progressed to asymmetric septal hypertrophy during the average 4-year follow-up period. The degree of septal thickness and the left ventricular wall thickness index were significantly less than in those of young adult controls (12 +/- 3 versus 21 +/- 9 mm, p < 0.05; and 22 +/- 4 versus 28 +/- 16 mm, p < 0.05, respectively). Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy specimens obtained from 9 of the 10 patients showed features typical of HCM (e.g., myocyte hypertrophy with myofibril disarray) in five patients and atypical features (mainly interstitial fibrosis with perivascular cell infiltration) in another four. One patient with dilated phase disease died of congestive heart failure 6 months after the initial evaluation. These results indicate that HCM detected during mass screening is a mild form of the disease and may have atypical pathologic features, such as interstitial fibrosis and perivascular cell infiltration, mimicking the sequela of chronic myocarditis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Pathological features of prostate cancer in Chinese cohort detected through mass screening and their relationships with serum prostate specific antigen].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathological features of the prostate biopsy through mass screening for prostate cancer in Chinese cohort and their relationships with serum prostate specific antigen (PSA). METHODS: ELISA was used to measured the serum PSA in 12 027 Chinese men aged 50 and over in Changchun, Jilin Province. Transrectal ultrasound guided six-sextant biopsy was performed on 137 cases with the serum PSA value > 4.0 micro g/L and 21 cases with the serum PSA < 4.0 micro g/L but with urethral obstructive symptoms. Pathological analysis was done with the aid of statistic software SPSS 10.0. RESULTS: Of the 158 biopsies, 41 cases of prostatic carcinoma were found (25.9%, 41/158). The moderately differentiated carcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma accounted for 61% and 34% respectively. In these 41 cases of prostate cancer, a significant linear positive correlation between the serum PSA and the Gleason score (r = 0.329, P < 0.05) and a significant linear positive correlation between the serum PSA and the positive counts of carcinoma in six-sextant biopsy (r = 0.425, P = 0.006) were found. CONCLUSION: The moderately differentiated carcinoma is the most common type of prostate cancer. The approach of mass screening opens a new avenue for the early detection of prostate cancer. Serum PSA value is not only associated with the pathological grading but also with the extension of tumor.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1988

Mass screening for breast cancer with sonomammography: a prospective study.

A prospective study was performed to assess the reliability of sonographic mammography in mass screening for breast lesions and diagnosis of small, presumably early, breast cancers. 1350 women underwent a sonomammographic examination of the breasts. Sonomammographic images were described in terms of their elementary constituents. Final diagnosis was obtained through cytological, and, when indicated, histological analysis. This ultimately led to the diagnosis of 13 breast cancers. Statistical analysis of the elementary sonomammographic image data using a logistic regression found two criteria to be highly associated with cancer. These were: (1) jagged aspect of the margins extending to the anterior or posterior walls; (2) major axis of the lesion not parallel to the skin surface. When combined, these two criteria have a 100% sensitivity and 99.6% specificity. The conclusions of the present study were validated for the screening of young women and may be applied to the screening of small lesions. However, these conclusions should be restricted to tumors 5 mm or more in diameter and of the common histological type, i.e. the infiltrating ductal carcinomas. Within these limitations, sonographic mammography can be considered a reliable technique for mass screening for breast cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Mass screening for early lung cancer by the Miyagi method].

Mass screening for early detection of lung cancer has been in practice from 1982. Up to 1985, 583,549 persons-years have been screened. Screening was done by examining miniature X-rays taken of the chest for all those tested, and by sputum cytology for those thought to be high-risk, 34,044 persons-years. Heavy smokers over 50 years of age comprised much of the high-risk cases and persons evidencing hemoptysis. In a total of 207 detected cases of lung cancer, 120 cases were found by chest X-ray only, 69 cases were uncovered by sputum cytology only, and 18 cases were discovered by both X-ray and cytology. In one hundred and forty-four cases the cancers were resected and in 69 cases the cancers were determined to be in an early stage.

Female↗
PubMed1986

[Clinico-pathological study of thyroid carcinomas detected by mass screening].

Ultrasound examination is a useful diagnostic procedure in mass screening for thyroid tumors. Between September 1983 and September 1985, we found many cases of nodular lesions in the thyroid, in which we frequently detected small carcinomas by echo-guided aspiration cytology. Nineteen thousand eight hundred twenty-four samples were examined, and echo-guided aspiration cytology was carried out in 1,169 persons, from which 115 positive cases were obtained. Seventy-four patients were operated upon, and 71 of them (96%) were found to have carcinomas, including 40 cases of small papillary carcinomas less than 10 mm in largest diameter. These small carcinomas were classified into four types histologically. Echogram patterns were different from each other and corresponded to histological types. Cytological figures of the small papillary carcinomas were also varied.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Case-control study of the effectiveness of mass screening in reducing invasive cervical cancer].

A case-control study was conducted in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, to evaluate the effectiveness of mass screening for invasive cervical cancer. The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear histories of 109 cases with invasive cervical cancer diagnosed in the years 1984-1989 were compared with those of 218 age (+/- 3 years)- and area-matched controls. Fifty-five percent of 109 cases were screened at least once, while for the controls the figure was 85.5%. Compared with women who were never screened, the odds ratio of invasive cervical cancer for women screened at least once was 0.16 [95% confidence interval: 0.090-0.278]. The odds ratio for 98 cases with squamous cell carcinoma for screened versus never screened women was 0.14 [0.080-0.253]. The Pap smear was less effective as a screening procedure for adenocarcinoma of the cervix than for squamous cell carcinoma. Of 11 cases with adenocarcinoma, 81.8% were screened, compared with 90.9% of controls. The odds ratio was 0.45 [0.054-3.719]. It showed that the odds ratio for the 1-year interval between last normal smear and diagnosis was 0.11 [0.061-0.196] and that for the 2-year intervals was 0.33 [0.157-0.714]. From the results of our study, it can be concluded that mass screening is effective for invasive cervical cancer.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1994

One hundred neuroblastomas detected through a mass screening system in Japan.

BACKGROUND: In Japan, a nationwide mass screening (MS) program for preclinical detection of neuroblastoma in infants was done by measuring urinary vanillylmandelic acid and homovanillic acid at the age of 6 months. In this study, clinical, histopathologic, and biologic features of 100 neuroblastomas detected through the Japanese MS are presented. METHODS: Clinical data of the MS cases were collected and histologic and biologic studies performed on the surgically resected neuroblastomas. Histopathologic evaluation was done including the Shimada classification (all tumors), N-myc oncogene status (58 tumors), and ploidy analysis (31 tumors). The serum ferritin level was measured before surgical intervention in 27 cases. RESULTS: The primary tumor sites of these cases were adrenal (69), retroperitoneum (21), and mediastinum (10). The tumors were clinical Stage I (31), II (31), III (19), IV (8), and IV-S (9); two children had bilateral primary adrenal tumors. Ninety-three percent (93/100) had favorable histology; 100% (58/58) had nonamplified N-myc oncogene expression; 81% (25/31) showed a favorable ploidy pattern, and 96% (26/27) had normal serum ferritin levels. To date, all children in this series are alive and well, although a total of 13 tumors were associated with one or two poor risk factors; 6 had unfavorable histology (UH), 5 had an unfavorable ploidy (UP) pattern, one had UH and UP, and one had an elevated ferritin level. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of neuroblastomas detected through the MS showed favorable biologic factors (biologically favorable group). However, there was a small group with histopathologic and/or biologic unfavorable factors. Patients with unfavorable factors apparently benefit most from early surgical intervention.

Ferritins↗
PubMed2006

Biology of neuroblastomas that were found by mass screening at 6 months of age in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Mass screening (MS) of neuroblastoma has been carried out by measuring the urinary catecholamine metabolites in infants at the age of 6 months in Japan. We assessed the incidence of neuroblastoma that may be a target for MS by studying tumor biology. PROCEDURE: FISH on chromosome 1 and MYCN analysis was performed on 453 patients that were classified into three clinical groups (287 infants found by MS, 51 infants < 12 months diagnosed clinically, and 115 children >or=12 months diagnosed clinically). The relationship between the biological types of tumors and the clinical outcome was examined. RESULTS: Type 1 (trisomy 1 and normal MYCN), type 2 (disomy 1/tetrasomy 1 and normal MYCN), and type 3 (disomy 1/tetrasomy 1 and amplified MYCN) tumors were found in 88.2%, 10.5%, and 1.4% of infants found by MS, in 68.0%, 24.0%, and 8.0% of infants diagnosed clinically, and in 23.4%, 42.3%, and 34.2% of children diagnosed clinically (P < 0.001). Infants with type 1 tumors found by MS or diagnosed clinically had earlier stages of the disease (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0005) and better overall survival (P < 0.001 and P = 0.005) than children with type 1 tumors diagnosed clinically. Infants with type 2 tumors found by MS, had earlier stages (P = 0.06 and P < 0.0001) and better overall survival (P = 0.014 and P < 0.001) than infants or children with type 2 tumors diagnosed clinically. All three clinical groups of patients with type 3 tumors had advanced stages and dismal prognoses. CONCLUSIONS: About 12% of tumors found by MS showed unfavorable biological (types 2 and 3) characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Mass-screening for breast cancer using C-mode display ultrasonography].

In order to elevate the detection rate of breast cancer in mass-screening, we examined whether the C-mode display ultrasonography is useful for detection of breast cancer. 1) Diagnostic sensitivity of C-mode ultrasonography was 88.2%, specificity was 66.7% and predictive value was 58.8%, respectively. 2) The detection rate of C0mode ultrasonography was 100% for tumors more than 5.0cm, 87.5% for 2.0-5.0cm, 74.2% for less than 2.0cm. Especially, the diagnostic value of lesser than 1.0cm breast cancer was high, 66.7%. 3) In findings of C-mode ultrasonography, images characteristic of carcinoma can be obtained regarding their unclear margin (70.6%), heterogenous (88.2%) and hypoechoic (70.6%) internal echoes and malignant halo (61.8%). Our present data suggest that C-mode ultrasonography is very useful for the mass screening for breast cancer.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1993

Insecurity of the ECG interpretation data as a health mass screening--the serial reliability evaluation study.

To evaluate the reliability of the interpretations of ECG data which have been stored yearly as health mass screening data between 1982 and 1991 in an industry, we recently analyzed the data variation of 10,546 samples. So as not to ignore the longitudinal health management, we are going to reevaluate the clinical significance of the ECG interpretation data, which were stored as an item of health mass screening.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗