The gender dysphoria syndromes. A position statement on so-called "transsexualism".
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Dermatitis artefacta is a rare psychiatric condition characterized by rubbing of skin blisters and denial of self-infliction. Dissociation may be comorbid with self-injurious behavior. A background of emotional disturbances during formative years and in later life often results in feelings of isolation and insecurity, which can lead to dissociation as a primary defense mechanism used to overcome traumatic events. In this case report, we describe a female patient with dermatitis artefacta associated with dissociative identity disorder. The patient was a 14-year-old girl. Multiple large, deep ulcerations with unnatural shapes were seen on her left forearm. The ulcerations were thought to be self-inflicted. Psychiatric examination revealed that she had a different identity, and inflicted the lesions when this was assumed. This case leads us to suggest that patients with dermatitis artefacta might have comorbid dissociative experiences, which cannot be identified easily.
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Women compose three-fourths of the psychiatric patient population in one clinical facility. A women's therapy group was formed to help the women change their attitudes and behaviors of helplessness and dependency. The goals of the group were for participants to get in touch with and express their feelings, and to become more assertive and autonomous. Group themes centered around depression, denial, resistance, and autonomy. The therapy group provided an opportunity for the women to learn more about themselves, their culture, and the value of giving and receiving support to and from each other.
TOPIC: Paradox as symptom in patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD). PURPOSE: To conceptualize the nature of difficulties arising in psychotherapy with patients diagnosed with BPD. SOURCES: Review of the literature and clinical data from the author's work. CONCLUSIONS: The borderline dilemma is inherently paradoxical and, in some ways, reflects the human condition. Psychoanalytic concepts can further our understanding of the therapeutic difficulties encountered in the struggle to make sense of life's inherent dualities. The borderline patient is acutely sensitive to these dualities, which the therapist must tolerate and understand. Often, a negative therapeutic reaction may impede progress.
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The process of learning psychotherapy involves narcissistic dangers--there may be injuries to self-esteem and self-image, especially when working with certain kinds of disturbed and hostile patients. Some patients will unconsciously recreate, in the transference, representations of early damaging experiences with parents, but now reversed with the therapist as the victim. It is vital for the trainee to be helped to understand these powerful interactional pressures. There are aspects of the professional culture and ideals of clinical psychologists (and possibly of some psychiatrists and social workers as well) which may make them particularly vulnerable in work with the hostile patient. It is argued that the function of supervision is not to teach a technique directly, but to create a 'space for thinking'--a kind of thinking which is more akin to maternal reverie, as described by Bion, than problem solving.