Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MASH”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Effects of cage density and diet energy concentration on the performance of growing Leghorn pullets subjected to early induced maturity.

Leghorn pullets of a commercial strain were cage-reared at densities of 293 or 586 cm2/bird. Diet treatments consisted of a control step-down protein program, a reverse-protein program, and two treatments involving 18% crude protein throughout rearing with modification of texture and energy concentration according to bird age. Thus, one treatment involved a crumbled low-energy diet to 10 weeks, followed by a crumbled high-energy diet to 16 weeks, while the alternate series involved a mash low-energy diet to 10 weeks followed by the crumbled high-energy diet to 16 weeks. Birds were weighed periodically throughout rearing and, when they were subsequently moved to laying cages, light was immediately increased from 8 to 14 hr. Irrespective of diet treatment, the more liberal density of 586 cm2/bird resulted in a 5 to 8% increase in feed intake (P less than .01). However, this increased intake was not associated with increased body weight (P greater than .05), and as confirmed by carcass analysis, it is assumed that this increased nutrient intake relates to increased maintenance requirement associated with bird activity. Birds offered the crumbled vs. mash high-energy diet to 10 weeks of age, consumed more feed (P less than .01), although change of diet texture from mash to crumble at 10 weeks failed to stimulate appetite. Also, birds reared on either the step-up energy programs were similar in weight to control-reared birds at 16 weeks of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of pelleted or crumbled diets on the performance and the development of the digestive organs of broilers.

Two types (mash and crumble) of the starter ration (for 0 to 4 weeks of age) and two types (mash and pellets) of the finisher ration (for 4 to 8 weeks of age) were fed to broilers in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement. Chicks fed the crumbled starter diet gained more weight and consumed more feed (P less than .01). Pelleting the finisher diet also significantly (P less than .01) improved weight gain and feed intake. Feeding the crumble during the starter period significantly (P less than .05) decreased gizzard weight at 4 weeks of age. Pelleting the finisher diet also significantly (P less than .01) reduced weights of the digestive tract and the gizzard at 8 weeks of age, compared to those fed the mash diet.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Calcium and carbonate supply in the shell gland of hens laying eggs with strong and weak shells and during and after a rest from lay.

The concentration of calcium-binding protein (CaBP) and the activities of calcium adenosine triphosphatase (Ca(2+)-ATPase) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) were determined in the shell gland mucosa of hens in two experiments. In Experiment 1, laying hens on a proprietary layer mash were compared with hens rested from lay by the feeding of whole grain barley. In Experiment 2 comparisons were made of laying hens fed the proprietary layer mash and producing eggs with either strong or weak shells. These latter comparisons were also made when the shell gland was quiescent or active with respect to daily eggshell formation. Feeding whole grain barley reduced egg production to zero after 11 days. This reduction in rate of lay was accompanied by significant reductions in all three markers, the effect on Ca(2+)-ATPase and CaBP being less than for CA. Control values were regained between 10 and 16 days after the barley was replaced with the layer mash. Relative shell strength and the physiological status of the shell gland with respect to time of daily eggshell formation had no significant effect on any marker in Experiment 2.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

Research note: responses of laying hens on saline drinking water to dietary supplementation with various zinc compounds.

Production variables, eggshell defects, eggshell quality, the concentration of calcium-binding protein (CaBP), and the activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the shell gland mucosa were determined in hens receiving town water (10 mg Na/L), or town water supplemented with 2 g NaCl/L (796 mg Na/L). Five treatments were examined. Control hens received town water and a proprietary layer mash containing .17% Na. The remaining four treatments received the water containing NaCl (2 g/L). Hens of Treatment 2 were fed the proprietary layer mash and those of Treatments 3, 4, and 5 received, respectively, the layer mash containing supplements of Zn-methionine (Zinpro-200; .5 g/kg), Zn sulfate (ZnSO4.7H2O; .46 g/kg), or chelated Zn-EDTA (.54 g/kg) to supply the same concentration of Zn (.1 g/kg). The treatments were applied for 6 wk. Hens receiving the saline drinking water without any dietary Zn supplement produced significantly (P < .05) more eggs with shell defects than hens receiving the town water. This increase in the incidence of eggshell defects was associated with significant reductions in eggshell breaking strength, the concentration of CaBP, and the activity of CA. Supplementing the saline drinking water with any of the three Zn compounds significantly reduced the incidence of eggshell defects and in some cases improved shell breaking strength, the concentration of CaBP, and the activity of CA.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Effect of particle size on performance. 3. Grinding pelleting interactions.

Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of particle size obtained by grinding wheat and sorghum in a hammer mill (HM) or roller mill (RM) on broiler performance. Broilers were fed a mash diet or crumbles to 4 wk of age, then pellets to 7 wk of age. When fed as a mash, diets produced with RM-ground grain improved performance. The effect of grinding was additive to that of pelleting. The interactive effects observed between grinding method and the form of the feed on body weight and feed intake were explained by the higher response to pelleting when grains were ground in HM vs RM. The positive effect of grinding in RM on feed utilization was found to be additive to that of pelleting in all three experiments. The response of females to feed texture was less pronounced than that of males. In males, feeding pellets vs mash increased mortality due to ascites threefold, whereas grinding method had no effect. Females were less susceptible to ascites than males, and feed texture had no effect in this respect. The effects of grinding and pelleting on the gastrointestinal tract segments were additive. The main effects of feed texture were a significant increase in stomach weight and that of its contents following HM grinding and a decrease in these following pelleting, with no interactions between the two.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Training resident surgeons in combat: an experience during the Persian Gulf War.

The Persian Gulf War necessitated the activation of many Army Reserve and National Guard physicians, including a number in residency training. No prototype existed for the continued training of resident surgeons in a combat setting. The 159th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) deployed in support of the Allied invasion of Iraq. A structured training program for two general surgery residents attached to the 159th MASH was developed and implemented. This program combined supervised operating room experience, perioperative management, morbidity and mortality conferences, and orthopedic grand rounds, all with careful professional documentation. A planned reading program could not be realized, due to the physical setting of wartime. Residents and attending staff interacted positively and the residents were able to continue their formal training as an integral part of the hospital. The model developed by the 159th MASH is a practical method of continuing structured resident training in a combat setting.

General Surgery↗
PubMed1986

Quantitative autoradiographic localization of the D1 and D2 subtypes of dopamine receptors in rat brain.

The distribution of D1 and D2 receptors was studied in coronal sections of rat brain, using quantitative autoradiography. D1 receptors were labeled with 1.8 nM 3H-SKF-83566 (a brominated analog of 3H-SCH-23390), while D2 receptors were labeled with 1.0 nM 3H-spiroperidol (3H-SPD). The binding of both ligands to sections from brain and from a homogenate of caudate putamen (CPu mash) reached equilibrium within 80 min at 37 degrees C. CPu mash provided a virtually unlimited number of homogeneous sections that contained a high density of both D1 and D2 receptors. Sections of CPu mash were used in competition studies that confirmed that the specific binding of 3H-SKF-83566 was selective for D1 receptors, and that the binding of 3H-SPD was selective for D2 receptors. Scatchard analysis of equilibrium binding of the 2 ligands in the CPu in horizontal sections of rat brain revealed Kd values of 1.1 +/- 0.07 nM for 3H-SKF-83566 and 0.7 +/- 0.09 nM for 3H-SPD. Studies of the distribution of D1 and D2 receptors were carried out in coronal sections of brains from 5 rats. D1 receptors were found throughout the forebrain and were present in greater density than were D2 receptors in all regions examined except the olfactory nerve layer. In the CPu, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercle, the densities of D1 and D2 receptors were, respectively, approximately 2,500 and 600-800 fmol/mg protein. In the substantia nigra, the density of D1 receptors was approximately 2,500 fmol/mg protein in both the compacta and the reticulata, but the density of D2 receptors was 230 fmol/mg protein in the compacta and 70 fmol/mg protein in the reticulata. The ventral tegmental area contained only 90 fmol/mg protein of D1 receptors, and D2 receptors were undetectable. The entopeduncular nucleus, zona incerta, and region of the ventral internal capsule had densities of D1 receptors of 550-950 fmol/mg protein and D2 receptor densities of less than 100 fmol/mg protein. Densities of D1 and D2 receptors were, respectively, 2,700 and 900 fmol/mg protein in the choroid plexus. Knowledge of the differences in the relative distributions of D1 and D2 receptors in various brain regions may increase our understanding of the functions of brain dopaminergic systems and may aid in the development of new therapeutic approaches for neuropsychiatric disorders.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1986

Effect of different starchy foods in composite meals on gastric emptying rate and glucose metabolism. II. Comparisons between potatoes, rice and white beans in diabetic subjects.

Composite meals with mashed potatoes, polished rice or mashed white beans were administered to eleven diabetic subjects (seven Type II and four Type I). As earlier reported in non-diabetic subjects (Torsdottir et al., 1984) the difference in gastric emptying, measured by 51Cr-technique, correlated with the difference in blood glucose response when comparing the meals including mashed potatoes and polished rice, rs = 0.93 (P less than 0.01), but no such correlation was found after the meal with white beans.

Adult↗
PubMed1972

Cholesterol turnover, synthesis, and retention in hypercholesterolemic growing swine.

Studies of the interaction of cholesterol absorption, excretion, synthesis, and retention were carried out with growing swine through the application of sterol and isotopic balance procedures to a non-steady state situation. The animals were fed either a low-fat commercial mash diet (MA), a commercial mash diet plus 2.4 g/day of crystalline cholesterol (MAC), or a high-fat milk diet containing 2.4 g/day cholesterol (MKC). [(14)C]Cholesterol and beta-[(3)H]sitosterol were used to measure fecal neutral steroid losses. Final plasma cholesterol levels averaged 91, 85, and 195 mg/100 ml for MA, MAC, and MKC animals, respectively. Total carcass dissection followed by cholesterol measurement revealed that accumulation of cholesterol in most body tissues was directly related to increase in body size in the rapidly growing swine. The only notable exceptions were plasma, liver, and bone with marrow of the MKC group, where cholesterol concentrations were significantly elevated. Absorption of cholesterol was significantly greater in animals fed MKC than MAC-fed swine (726 mg/day vs. 142 mg/day), whereas synthesis of cholesterol was significantly greater in MAC animals than in MKC animals (863 mg/day vs. 112 mg/day). Excretion of neutral and acid steroids into the intestine was not significantly different between MAC and MKC groups, but both classes of steroids were more efficiently reabsorbed in MKC animals. The overall differences between swine fed mash-cholesterol and those fed milk-cholesterol diets appear to result from more efficient absorption of both neutral and acid steroids in the milk-cholesterol group only partially compensated for by decreased cholesterol synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Acetobutylic fermentation: strains and regional raw materials].

The purpose of the present work was to show, as a first stage, that it is possible to characterize autochtohnous strains of Clostridium acetobutilicum of a good solvent producing capacity, specially N-butanol, through the utilization of suitable techniques for isolating anaerobic microorganisms. Cassava roots were employed as raw material using suitable culture media and an anaerobic jar of cold catalyst. The fermentative capacity of the strains thus isolated was evaluated against a control strain of Clostridium acetobutilicum. Even though some of the strains showed a greater solvent producing power, most of them showed lower fermentation capacity than the control strain, which could be increased, by applying successive thermic treatments. As a second stage, and due to the low cost production of cassava in the Province of Misiones, we studied its utilization as an acetone-butanol fermentation substrate. Mashes composed of binary mixtures of cassava flour and variable amounts of integral flour maize or soy were treated with selected "starters" of Clostridium acetobutilicum, being further processed according to standardized techniques in order to obtain the already mentioned solvents. Mashes concentration influence was also studied using culture media the composition of which proved to be excellent in all experiments carried out under "static system" conditions. The highest fermentative yields (maximum value recorded: 26,20 g of total solvents, with respect to dry solids), were recorded for mashes obtained from mixtures containing integral maize flour; these showed a higher degree of nutrients utilization than those prepared with integral soy flour.

1-Butanol↗
PubMed1981

Sequential study of biochemical changes during regression of swine aortic atherosclerotic lesions.

Severe, complicated atherosclerotic lesions of swine abdominal aortas were induced by combination of balloon injury and atherogenic (HC) diet. After a reference group was killed at six months, the remaining animals were fed a mash diet for six weeks, five months, or 14 months. Extensive biochemical studies of lesions and nonlesion areas of aortas from HC diet-fed swine, and nonlesion aortic tissue from mash-fed animals emphasize the following points. Nonlesion tissues from either mash or HC diet-fed animals were remarkably similar in all features studied, and did not change much over a period of at least 20 months. Lesions differed from the adjacent nonlesion tissue in most aspects; the HC nonlesion tissue does not appear to be an intermediate in lesion development. The lesions were dynamic, changing generally in the direction of normalcy, from relatively active to more quiescent. Lesion changes did not appear immediately after institution of the regression regimen; some were delayed several months. When changes did occur, in general they were not linear with time. Whether a complete return to normalcy would result from a longer regression period needs further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Induction of a serotonergic and neuronal phenotype in thyroid C-cells.

We have investigated whether rat thyroid C-cells can acquire a phenotype similar to serotonergic neurons. C-cells are neural crest derived endocrine cells with some intrinsic neuronal and serotonergic properties. A relatively simple isolation scheme yielded cultures of about 50% initial purity, as measured by fluorescence activated cell sorting. These enriched C-cells could extend neurites up to 550 microns on a laminin-containing substratum in the presence of NGF. The cultured C-cells expressed neurofilaments and this expression was enhanced by NGF treatment. The C-cells also expressed two markers of the sympathoadrenal neural crest lineage, the mammalian achaete scute homolog-1 (MASH-1) transcription factor, and the B2 cell surface antigen. Interestingly, MASH-1 was not detectable after the C-cells were placed in culture, which is consistent with neuronal differentiation, since MASH-1 is only expressed in neuronal progenitors prior to differentiation. We then demonstrated that C-cells possess the fundamental features of serotonergic neurons: synthesis and secretion, uptake, and feedback control. The enriched C-cells, as well as the CA77 C-cell line, showed 5-HT immunostaining, expression of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA, 5-HT1B autoreceptor mRNA, and 5-HT transporter mRNA and activity. NGF greatly induced 5-HT transporter activity as determined by sensitivity to sertraline, a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor. Based on these results, we propose that thyroid C-cells are derived from a vagal sympathoadrenal progenitor, similar to serotonergic enteric neurons, and can undergo neuronal transdifferentiation. Hence, these cells should provide suitable and convenient models for molecular and cellular studies on serotonergic neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Collaborative study of a microbiological assay for lasalocid sodium in feeds.

The microbiological cylinder plate assay method for lasalocid sodium reported earlier was studied in a slightly modified form by 7 laboratories. Assay values paralleled recovery values and all data were corrected by the corresponding daily recovery factor for the feed type. Agreement between laboratories for mashes and pellets containing 0.0064, 0.0080, and 0.0096% lasalocid sodium was satisfactory. Coefficients of variation for mashes were 14.6, 9.8, and 10.7% and for pellets, 15,2, 10.9, and 15.6%. The average of the values found for the 3 mashes was 99.4% of the calculated value and for the 3 pellets, 86.5%. The method has been adopted as official first action.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

[Forms of xanthine oxidoreductase in the tissues of Japanese quail].

The Japanese quail tissues--liver, kidney and pancreas were analysed for the presence of forms of xanthine oxidoreductase utilised cofactors NAD+, molecular oxygen or artificial acceptor--methylene blue, as well as for the validity of correlation between enzymatic activity and diet protein content. Four groups of animals with the experimental diets, the formulae of which are given in Tab. I, and control group with a commercial mash were fed for ten days. For enzyme preparation, the rough purification of cytoplasmic fraction with subsequent dialysis was used. The xanthine oxidoreductase utilised NAD+ (XOR-NAD) was detected in all examined tissues (Fig. 1), whereby the correlation of enzymatic activity with diet protein content was shown only in liver, according our previous findings (Jankela; 1978; Baranovská and Gazo, 1990). The values in liver and pancreas of animals fed a commercial mash were somewhat out of the range of linearity, probably because of the presence of nonprotein substances in mash, which affected the XOR activity in these organs (Jankela, 1992). The XOR utilised O2 (Fig. 2) was only detected in liver and kidney with certain activity in animals fed free protein diet. The percentage of this enzyme form was below 18% of the total activity (Fig. 5). The xanthine oxidoreductase utilised methylene blue (XOR-MM) was detected in liver, kidney and pancreas (Fig. 3). The correlation of enzymatic activity with diet protein content was linear in liver and kidney. The percentage of XOR-MM activity was very high, it amounted to 55% of the total activity (Fig. 4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

High-concentration ethanol production from cooked corn starch by using medium-temperature cooking process.

An improved process for high-concentration ethanol production from cooked corn starch by Saccharomyces sp. W4 has been well developed. Simultaneous cooking and liquefaction of corn starch were performed by using thermophilic alpha-amylase at 95 degrees to 105 degrees C. The mash was then saccharified at 60 degrees C by using high-efficiency glucoamylase. Saccharomyces sp. W4 could produce 18.3% (v/v) ethanol at 30 degrees C within 60 hrs, with 1.2% reducing sugar and 4.1% total sugar remaining in the fermented mash. It was found that ammonium sulfate could accelerate the fermentation rate. When 0.9 g of ammonium sulfate was added to 280 mL of the fermentation media, 18.9% (v/v) ethanol could be reached in the mash after 50 hrs of fermentation, leaving 0.27% reducing sugar and 3.1% total sugar in the fermented media.

Ammonium Sulfate↗
PubMed1998

Altered expression of helix-loop-helix transcriptional regulators and cyclin D1 in Wnt-1-transformed PC12 cells.

Nerve growth factor induces PC12 cells to differentiate from a chromaffin cell to a sympathetic neuronal phenotype. In contrast, PC12 cells, which stably express Wnt-1, a secreted signaling factor required for development of mammalian midbrain and cerebellum, fail to express differentiation-specific genes in response to nerve growth factor. Analysis of factors binding to E box-containing regulatory elements of the terminal differentiation gene encoding peripherin suggested a differentiation-specific control of expression of helix-loop-helix transcriptional regulators. Specifically, the MASH-1 (mammalian achaete-scute homologue) helix-loop-helix transcription factor, which plays a positive role in neuronal differentiation, is reduced in Wnt-1/PC12 cells, and HES-1, a negative regulator of MASH-1, is increased. These data suggest that the differentiation block may result from induction of HES-1. Wnt-1/PC12 cells also proliferate more rapidly and express increased levels of cyclin D1. Thus, Wnt-1 may block the differentiation and enhance the proliferation of PC12 cells by activating HES-1 and cyclin D1 and repressing MASH-1.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Targeting microbial bile salt hydrolase reprograms bile acid metabolism and ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in mice.

Microbial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) plays a central role in shaping bile acid composition and gut-liver metabolic signaling, yet its therapeutic potential in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) remains incompletely defined. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of the non-absorbable BSH inhibitor GR-7 in a diet-induced mouse model of steatohepatitis using early and late intervention strategies with different dosing regimens. GR-7 reduced food intake and exerted stage- and dose-dependent therapeutic effects, with early intervention robustly suppressing hepatic fibrosis even at a low dose, whereas late-stage administration of high-dose GR-7 markedly reduced hepatic steatosis and inflammation, as evidenced by decreased liver weight, hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and plasma ALT. Although late intervention did not result in statistically significant histological reversal of fibrosis, a trend toward improvement was observed, together with suppression of fibrogenic gene expression, suggesting that prolonged treatment may further enhance antifibrotic efficacy. Mechanistically, GR-7 effectively inhibited microbial BSH activity in vivo, leading to reduced cecal unconjugated primary and secondary bile acids-including deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, which was associated with improved gut barrier integrity and reduced hepatic inflammation. In parallel, BSH inhibition reprogrammed hepatic bile acid metabolism toward activation of the alternative CYP27A1-mediated synthesis pathway, accompanied by reduced food intake, thereby contributing to reduced hepatic lipid accumulation. Furthermore, late-stage high-dose treatment selectively remodeled the hepatic immune landscape rather than fully restoring homeostasis, highlighting immune recalibration as a key component of therapeutic response. Together, these findings identify microbial BSH inhibition as a promising microbiome-targeted therapeutic strategy for MASH.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Immunopathogenic mechanisms and immunoregulatory therapies in MASLD.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, with an estimated global prevalence of approximately 30%; however, effective pharmacotherapies are still limited due to its complex pathogenesis and etiology. Therefore, a more thorough understanding of disease pathogenesis is urgently needed. An increasing number of studies suggest that MASLD and its progressive form, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), are driven by chronic overnutrition, multiple genetic susceptibility factors, and pathogenic consequences, including hepatocyte damage and liver inflammation. Hepatic inflammation is the key event fueling the conversion from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Current therapies for MASH, including the recently approved thyroid hormone receptor-beta agonist resmetirom or the available incretin mimetics, mainly target metabolic injury to the liver but not inflammation directly. In this review, we provide an in-depth discussion of current data related to the immunological mechanisms of MASLD and summarize the effects of current and experimental therapies on immunoregulation in MASLD.

Humans↗