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PubMed1980

Computer tomography, lymphography and phlebography in metastases from testicular tumors.

Fifty patients with testicular tumor were subjected to computer tomography, lymphography, cavography, and retrograde phlebography of the left renal and testicular veins followed by urography. The yield of computer tomography in detecting metastases of the iliac, lumbar and thoracolumbar regions was compared with that of the other examinations, and was particularly high in the upper part of the retroperitoneal space.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Lymphography following complete dissection of iliac lymph nodes.

Twenty-five patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix stage I were treated by radical hysterectomy and complete iliac lymph node dissection. None of the patients had postoperative lymphedema. Postoperative lymphography was performed in 6 of the patients. The flow time of contrast medium from the foot to the inguinal region was compared with that of a control group. Five different postoperative flow patterns were observed. No delay of the flow was found.

Collateral Circulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computed tomography of mediastinal lymph nodes. Anatomic review based on contrast enhanced nodes following foot lymphography.

Normal lymph nodes of the mediastinum are often not visible at CT. Some nodes may become contrast filled after foot lymphography, and these are easily seen in the CT sections. In the present report contrast filling is used to locate the main groups of mediastinal nodes at CT. The anatomy is reviewed and involvement of different nodes in various diseases is discussed.

Foot↗
PubMed1980

Lymphography in bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Experiences from three institutions.

The case material was collected from 3 Institutions with a total of 441 patients: 217 with primary bone tumor and 224 with soft tissue sarcomas. In the majority of patients lymphography was performed during the initial diagnostic workup. The lymphograms were interpreted as negative or positive for metastases. In bone tumors, the incidence of metastases was 21%, ranging from 28% for osteosarcoma to 18% for Ewing's sarcoma and 13% for chondrosarcoma. In tumors of the soft tissue, the frequency was somewhat higher (28%), with special regard to rhabdomyosarcoma (53%), anaplastic sarcoma (67%), neurogenic sarcoma (42%) and synovial sarcoma (35%). In the group of bone sarcomas, primary hematogenous spread was 3 times more frequent than lymphogenous spread, while in soft tissue sarcomas, with a higher incidence of lymphatic spread, this finding was inverted. In the more consistent tumor groups, the occurrence of lymphatic metastases indicated a significant worsening of the prognosis. In 96 patients, lymph node biopsies were performed and the radiologic histologic correlation gave evidence of a 97.7% overall diagnostic accuracy.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed1979

Lymphography in angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy.

Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL) produces a characteristic lymphoproliferative syndrome, with characteristic lymphographic appearances. The authors studied the lymphographic manifestations of 18 cases of AIL. In 15 out of 18 cases, enlargement is observed in all the lymph nodes with a lacy or reticular storage pattern and sharp, well delimited margins. This lymphographic appearance reflects the histologic changes; only the peripheral sinuses, which are not involved, can be observed on lymphography.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The role of lymphography in chylothorax following thoracic surgery.

Lymphography was used to investigate nine patients who presented with chylothorax after surgery of the thorax. Leakage of the lipiodol was identified from the thoracic duct in six patients and from tributaries of the thoracic duct in two patients. There was complete occlusion of the thoracic duct at the site of injury in two patients but leakage could not be visualized at the time of the procedure. The different methods of treatment of chylothorax and the influence of the lymphographic findings on management are discussed.

Chylothorax↗
PubMed2003

Clinical feasibility of noncontrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphography of the thoracic duct.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The dilatation of the thoracic duct was previously demonstrated in liver cirrhosis by lymphangiography, endoscopic ultrasound, and at autopsy. The evaluation of the morphologic change of the thoracic duct may be important in assessing the altered lymphodynamics in liver cirrhosis. The objectives of this study were to determine which combination of posture and breathing phase during noncontrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphography (MRL) provided the clearest images, and to evaluate the morphologic changes in the thoracic duct in healthy volunteers and patients with liver disease and malignancy. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Community general hospital. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Twenty-three healthy volunteers and 113 patients underwent the MRL examination using a three-dimensional, half-Fourier, fast spin echo sequence on a 1.5-T, whole-body magnetic resonance system. The appropriate posture and breathing phase of MRL to obtain the best visualization was first determined by trial on 14 healthy volunteers. Morphologic changes of the thoracic ducts were evaluated in 23 healthy volunteers including the 14 healthy volunteers for the first trial and 113 patients using this appropriate method. The width of the thoracic ducts in both patients and volunteers was measured. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: MRL with respiratory gating in the supine position depicted the thoracic duct well and was the most comfortable for the subjects. In 82 of 113 patients (72.6%), the thoracic ducts were entirely visualized from the diaphragm level to the subclavian region. The remaining 31 patients had ducts that could not be entirely visualized due to sections or short lengths that were obscured. The maximum diameter was 3.74 +/- 0.81 mm in all healthy volunteers, 6.98 +/- 2.77 mm in alcoholic cirrhosis, 4.12 +/- 1.51 mm in nonalcoholic cirrhosis, 3.76 +/- 1.10 mm in malignancy, and 3.60 +/- 0.80 mm in chronic hepatitis (mean +/- SD). The diameter in alcoholic cirrhosis was significantly greater than in other groups (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory gating in the supine position is the best MRL method for acquiring the clearest images. This may be a good method of detecting morphologic changes in the thoracic duct. The patients with alcoholic cirrhosis showed a greater thoracic duct diameter than other groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Lymphography in the staging, treatment planning, and surveillance of ovarian dysgerminomas.

Ovarian dysgerminomas are distinguished from other ovarian neoplasms by their rarity, their predilection for metastases via lymphatic pathways, and their radiosensitivity and favorable prognosis. After the initial surgery, which provides the histologic diagnosis and defines the local extent of pelvic involvement, lymphography is the single most useful tool to determine whether retroperitoneal lymph nodes are involved. Results of the study guide the radiotherapeutic approach, including field size and dosage. In an unselected group of 31 previously untreated patients, 10 had positive lymphograms. The response to therapy and the detection of relapse of disease may be evaluated by monitoring the residually opacified lymph nodes with surveillance abdominal radiographs. If necessary, a repeat lymphogram can be performed. The 2 year survival rate of 84% for ovarian dysgerminomas is lower than that for testicular seminomas, probably due to later recognition of the tumor. Failuresare related to local extension or to hematogenous dissemination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Accuracy of bipedal lymphography in Hodgkin's disease.

Bipedal lymphography was used as part of the initial staging evaluation of 145 patients with Hodgkin's disease. Histologic correlation was available in 131 patients. The accuracy of interpretation was 95%. A review of other large series confirms that at least 85%-90% accuracy can be expected. Reasons for false positive and false negative interpretations are discussed.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1981

Displaced paraspinal line: role of CT and lymphography.

Demonstration of involvement of lower mediastinal paravertebral nodes in lymphomatous or metastatic disease may alter the mode of treatment or localization of fields for radiotherapy. Displacement of paraspinal lines in a posteroanterior chest radiograph may indicate such adenopathy. In 20 selected cases in which computed tomography and/or lymphography were performed, 13 of 16 lymphograms and 11 of 11 CT scans helped confirm a paraspinal mass, suggesting adenopathy. Paraspinal line displacement, CT criteria of adenopathy, and the greater sensitivity of CT in the paraspinal area are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1977

Lymphography as a guide during laparotomy in Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

Lymphography of 123 newly diagnosed patients with lymphoma was followed by staging laparotomy without intra-operative abdominal roentgenography. These patients were retrospectively evaluated for residual abnormal nodes with postoperative abdominal roentgenography. Sixteen patients with pathologically normal nodes at laparotomy had residual lymphographically abnormal nodes at postoperative roentgenography. Nine patients received less extensive irradiation than they would have if the remaining abnormal nodes had been biopsied and found to contain tumor. Two had shortened survivals as an apparent consequence.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of lymphography in the staging and treatment of ovarian dysgerminoma. Report on 27 cases.

In 1960-1985, 35 patients with ovarian dysgerminoma were referred after surgery to the Radiation Therapy Unit of the University of Florence. Twenty-seven of these cases were analysed with regard to lymphangiography findings before radiation therapy. Nodes were judged as positive in 18 of the 27 cases (44%) and in all the positive cases the paraaortic nodes were involved. The relevance of lymphography in the staging and follow-up of patients with ovarian dysgerminoma is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Localization of breast sentinel lymph nodes by MR lymphography with a conventional gadolinium contrast agent. Preliminary observations in dogs and humans.

PURPOSE: To test the capability of an indirect MR lymphography (MRLG) using a conventional extracellular gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agent for localizing breast sentinel lymph node (SLN). METHODS: A total of 1 and 0.5 ml of undiluted gadopentetate dimeglumine were injected subcutaneously into the two periareolar areas overlying each caudal mammary gland in 10 female dogs. Contiguous 2-mm-thick fast gradient echo MR images were acquired through the upper breast and axilla before and for 60 min after gentle massage at the injection sites, yielding 3D displays. The localized SLN was resected from the living animals, followed by post mortem examinations. MRLG (1 ml contrast agent injected) was also attempted in 5 female volunteers. RESULTS: Even with 0.5-ml contrast agent, the MRLG clearly visualized the connection of SLN and lymphatic vessels directly draining from the injection sites, and the remaining distant nodes, with the maximal enhancement peaks within 10 min after massage. The 3D images provided comprehensive anatomy of these lymphatic pathways in each axilla. Of the 20 SLN and 128 distant nodes visualized on the MRLG, all the SLN (100%) and 107 (83.5%) distant nodes could be resected pre- and post mortem, in good correlation with the locations and sizes on the MR images. MRLG also effectively localized SLN in the volunteers, without significant adverse effects. CONCLUSION: An indirect MRLG using small volumes of conventional Gd-based contrast agent may have potential for accurate identification and surgical biopsy of breast SLN.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Observations regarding lymphatic gastric drainage in malignant gastric pathology through intra-operatory lymphography].

The authors became interested in the lymphatic drainage of the stomach in order to attempt to determine for each region the type of drainage and the risk of cancer spread. They studied 50 dissection, including the stomach, 115 cases records of gastric carcinoma, 8 lymphographies by ultrafluid lipiodal, and 48 preoperative injections of vital colorant. The system of drainage proposed by Rouvière was on the whole confirmed; however, one should emphasize the doubling of the hepatic chain, the existence of long collectors which bypass a relay in the left gastric artery, the importance of the posterior gastric artery which transmits the lymphatic of the splenic chain. Finally, the authors emphasize the existence of 3 longitudinal areas on the stomach where the presence or absence of valvules in the subserous collectors orients the lymph towards the lesser or greater curvature of the stomach, which easily explains the onset of isolated carcinomatous adenopathy, situated on the curvature opposite the neoplasm.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed1992

[An experimental study on MR lymphography with various iron colloid agents].

Magnetic resonance (MR) lymphography with iron colloid agents was evaluated in an animal model. The agents examined were ferric gluconate (FeG), saccharated ferric oxide (SFO), iron chondroitin sulfate (ICS) and cideferron (CiF), which were used as intravenous medication for iron deficiency anemia. The author performed time-dose-response and correlative histologic studies. MR images of the popliteal lymph nodes of rabbits were obtained at 1.5 T with a spin-echo sequence (TR = 300, TE = 30 msec) before and after subcutaneous injection of the agents to dorsal hind-feet. The images were evaluated by signal intensity (SI). Histologic specimens were evaluated for distribution and relative quantity of stained iron with a color image analyzer. The SI with FeG 4 mgFe increased by 50% at 5 to 60 minutes after injection but returned to the pre-contrast level 48 hours after. The SIs with SFO 8 mgFe, ICS 1 mgFe and CiF 1 mgFe decreased to the background level at 60 minutes and 48 hours after. The histologic study in combination with the images indicated that in case of FeG the particles in lymph increased SI while in the other agents those within macrophages decreased SI.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Potentialities of lymphography using chromethiotrast, a new x-ray contrast medium].

A study was made of the potentialities of lymphography using a new radiopaque medium chromethiotrast (a solution of harmless fat-soluble anthraquinone dyes fixed with ethiotrast). The agent is intended for combined x-ray and visual investigation of the lymphatic system. Lymphograms of 76 patients (with Hodgkin's disease, prostatic cancer, cancer of the female organs, breast, bladder, rectal cancer, and secondary limb lymphedema) were analyzed. Chromethiotrast is easily administered in the lymphatic bed ensuring a good contrast density of the lymphatic vessels permitting the detection of their structure. Chromethiotrast is quickly discharged from the lymphatic system, causing no marked side-effects provided all precautions necessary for the administration of iodobutyric radiopaque media, are taken.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Experimental study of indirect lymphography with iodinated starch].

Opacification of lymph nodes on CT was attempted by means of indirect lymphography with iodinated starch (IS). Sixty percent solutions of two different molecular weights of IS were prepared (5,000 mol wt and 70,000 mol wt in average). After subcutaneous injection of IS solutions to the pedal area of dogs, CT scans were performed to evaluate opacification of the popliteal lymph nodes. The lymph nodes began to be opacified from 10 min after the injection of each solution. The high molecular weight IS showed higher attenuation and longer duration of opacification than did the low molecular weight IS. Homogeneity of opacification was better with latter. The optimum molecular weight for this purpose is considered to be between 5,000 and 70,000 mol wt.

Animals↗