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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Topographical distribution of [125I]-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in unlesioned and MPTP-lesioned rhesus monkey brain following a bolus intraventricular injection.

The present study determined the topographical distribution profile for [125I]-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in unlesioned and MPTP-lesioned (unilateral intracarotid injection) rhesus monkeys following an intraventricular injection. Autoradiographic analysis showed that following a bolus intraventricular injection, there was widespread distribution of [125I]-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor throughout the ventricular system (walls of lateral, third, and fourth ventricles and aqueduct), with some accumulation at the lateral ventricle injection site, possibly associated with the ependymal cell layer. In both unlesioned and MPTP-lesioned monkeys, there was labelling of the cerebral cortex, substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area and sequestration of [125I]-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor adjacent to the hippocampal formation, globus pallidus, ventral to and in the substantia nigra. However, [125I]-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor did not appear to diffuse readily or accumulate in the caudate-putamen even though there was some penetration away from the ventricular walls. Throughout the brain, there was also substantial non-parenchymal labelling of [125I]-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, possibly associated with extracellular matrix components, meninges and vasculature due to the heparin binding properties of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. In addition to the extensive loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity within the substantia nigra, there was also decreased accumulation of [125I]-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and reduced glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity ipsilateral to the lesion. Microscopic analysis showed that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity was associated with upper cortical layers including a high density of immunoreactivity at the surface of the cortex (meningeal, pial layer, vasculature) and around the ventricular walls (with some cellular labelling and labelling of vasculature). Moderate staining was observed in nigral cells contralateral to the MPTP-lesion, whereas only minimal levels of that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity were detected ipsilateral to the lesion. This study shows that intraventricularly injected glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor accumulates not only around the ventricular walls, but also in specific brain regions in which sub-populations of cells are more readily accessible than others. The presence of cells labelled with [125I] and immunopositive for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the substantia nigra indicates that these cells are a target for the trophic factor following intraventricular administration. Thus, the behavioral improvement observed in MPTP-lesioned monkeys following an intraventricular injection of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is likely the result of activation of nigral cells.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine↗
PubMed1999

Lateral evaginations from the third ventricle into the rat mediobasal hypothalamus: an amplification of the ventricular route.

In this work we report the existence of several evaginations extending out of the third ventricle within the mediobasal hypothalamus of the rat. In coronal sections, these evaginations appear as very narrow canaliculi integrating a canalicular system, which increases the contact surface between the ventricular lining and the nervous tissue. Consequently these evaginations enlarge the ventricular route for the transport of active principles present in the cerebrospinal fluid, such as (neuro)hormones and neurotransmitters. The mediobasal hypothalamus includes the arcuate nucleus and the median eminence (both involved in neuroendocrine mechanisms and in the regulation of pituitary function). A possible implication of our finding is that the neuroactive substance-containing ventricular cerebrospinal fluid may reach the intercellular spaces of the surrounding neuropil of the arcuate nucleus. According to literature these substances cross the ependyma of the lateral wall of the infundibular recess of the third ventricle. We suggest that such substances might also pass through the ependymal lining of the canalicular system, which displays the same ultrastructural characteristics as the rest of the ependyma of the lateral wall of the third ventricle. Therefore, the arcuate neurons may be influenced not only by synaptic inputs (afferent fibers) but also by non-synaptic diffusion neurotransmission (by means of neuroactive substances present in the cerebrospinal fluid).

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Absence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II proviral genome in the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Previous studies have failed to provide serological evidence to incriminate a retroviral infection in the cause of multiple sclerosis. Gene amplification techniques have also failed to identify retroviral footprints in DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes. Here we provide evidence that proviral DNA of HTLV-I and HTLV-II is not found in the central nervous system tissues of patients with multiple sclerosis, patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and controls.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗
PubMed1998

On the evolution within the family Gyrodactylidae (Monogenea).

On the basis of six main types of protonephridial systems in the genus Gyrodactylus and results from further studies of the protonephridial systems in other gyrodactylid genera and other monogenean families, evolutionary lines within the Gyrodactylidae and the origin of the genera Ooegyrodactylus, Swingleus, Gyrdicotylus and Polyclithrum are discussed. An excretory bladder (on both sides of the body) with separate openings for the main canals of the anterior and the posterior systems, a median junction between the two anterior systems and likewise a junction between the two posterior systems, many flame bulbs and an absence of lateral flames in the main canals were found to be primitive monogenean characters. A system similar to that in the acanthocotylid larva but with secondarily evolved lateral flames in the posterior systems may have given rise to a first protogyrodactylid system, in turn giving rise to the system of Macrogyrodactylus. In a second protogyrodactylid line, the main canal of the anterior system (on both sides of the body) was connected to that of the posterior system and lateral flames were developed also in the anterior system. From this system all other described gyrodactylid systems may arise: one main line gave rise to the system of the G. (Gyrodactylus) and another to a system of G. (Mesonephrothus) type. The systems of Swingleus and Gyrdicotylus are of the latter type. Through loss of all lateral flames, the system of G. (Metanephrotus) may have evolved. Isancistrum has a system of the G. (Metanephrotus) type. From this type of system, those of Polyclithrum, G. (Neonephrotus), G. (Paranephrotus) and G. (Limnonephrotus) can be derived. The fact that the system of Ooegyrodactylus is more closely related to that of G. (Gyrodactylus) than to that of Macrogyrodactylus prompts discussion regarding the evolution of the viviparity of the family Gyrodactylidae. According to the evolutionary system presented, primitive gyrodactylids parasitise primitive fish species and the most advanced gyrodactylids parasitise the most advanced fish species. However, Anguillidae and Clupeidae may have been secondarily infected by members of G. (Metanephrotus) and G. (Neonephrotus) respectively, and Cyprinidae, Salmonidae and Esocidae may similarly have been secondarily infected by members of G. (Limnonephrotus). Isancistrum may have infected squids (Loligidae) at a medium level in the evolution within the Gyrodactylidae, while progenitors of Gyrdicotylus may have been adapted to clawed toads (Xenopidae) earlier in evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Novel, secondary sensory cell organ in ascidians: in search of the ancestor of the vertebrate lateral line.

A new mechanoreceptor organ, the "coronal organ," located in the oral siphon, is described by light and electron microscopy in the colonial ascidians Botryllus schlosseri and Botrylloides violaceus. It is composed of a line of sensory cells (hair cells), accompanied by supporting cells, that runs continuously along the margin of the velum and tentacles of the siphon. These hair cells resemble those of the vertebrate lateral line or, in general, the acoustico-lateralis system, because they bear a single cilium, located centrally or eccentrically to a hair bundle of numerous stereovilli. In contrast to other sensory cells of ascidians, the coronal hair cells are secondary sensory cells, since they lack axonal processes directed towards the cerebral ganglion. Moreover, at their base they form synapses with nerve fibers, most of which exhibit acetylcholinesterase activity. The absence of axonal extensions was confirmed by experiments with lipophilic dyes. Different kinds of synapses were recognized: usually, each hair cell forms a few afferent synapses with dendrites of neurons located in the ganglion; efferent synapses, both axo-somatic (between an axon coming from the ganglion and the hair cell) and axo-dendritic (between an axon coming from the ganglion and an afferent fiber) were occasionally found. The presence of secondary sensory cells in ascidians is discussed in relation to the evolution of sensory cells and placodes in vertebrates. It is proposed that the coronal organ in urochordates is homologous to the vertebrate acoustico-lateralis system.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2001

Cloning and expression of three zebrafish roundabout homologs suggest roles in axon guidance and cell migration.

We report the cloning and expression patterns of three novel zebrafish Roundabout homologs. The Roundabout (robo) gene encodes a transmembrane receptor that is essential for axon guidance in Drosophila and Robo family members have been implicated in cell migration. Analysis of extracellular domains and conserved cytoplasmic motifs shows that zebrafish Robo1 and Robo2 are orthologs of mammalian Robo1 and Robo2, respectively, while zebrafish Robo3 is likely to be an ortholog of mouse Rig-1. The three zebrafish robos are expressed in distinct but overlapping patterns during embryogenesis. They are highly expressed in the developing nervous system, including the olfactory system, visual system, hindbrain, cranial ganglia, spinal cord, and posterior lateral line primordium. They are also expressed in several nonneuronal tissues, including somites and fin buds. The timing and patterns of expression suggest roles for zebrafish robos in axon guidance and cell migration. Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Pattern formation in the lateral line of zebrafish.

The lateral line of fish and amphibians is a sensory system that comprises a number of individual sense organs, the neuromasts, arranged in a defined pattern on the surface of the body. A conspicuous part of the system is a line of organs that extends along each flank (and which gave the system its name). At the end of zebrafish embryogenesis, this line comprises 7-8 neuromasts regularly spaced between the ear and the tip of the tail. The neuromasts are deposited by a migrating primordium that originates from the otic region. Here, we follow the development of this pattern and show that heterogeneities within the migrating primordium prefigure neuromast formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Perioperative transoesophageal echocardiography with low-dose dobutamine stress for evaluation of myocardial viability: a feasible approach?

BACKGROUND: The feasibility of low-dose dobutamine stress combined with transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to detect viable left ventricular myocardium was evaluated in 22 anaesthetised patients prior to sternotomy for elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: After baseline measurements, a dobutamine infusion beginning with 5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 was started and eventually increased to 10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. Viability was assessed as visual improvement of left ventricular wall motion (LVWM). The criteria for discontinuation of the infusion were: 1. any changes in LVWM, 2. an increase in preanaesthetic blood pressure exceeding 40 mmHg, and/or a > 20% increase in preanaesthetic heart rate compared to preanaesthetic levels. An off-line evaluation of LVWM was based upon visualisation of the left ventricle in a transgastric short-axis mid-papillary (mid-P) view, and the left ventricle was divided into anterior, septal, inferior, and lateral segments. Moreover, an off-line semiautomatic analysing system was used for assessing regional and global LVWM. With this analysis the effects on LVWM from changes in preload and afterload could be addressed. RESULTS: 19 patients showed a decreased LVWM in one or several segments at baseline. A total of 36 segments exhibited decreased LVWM (an average of 1.9 segments/patient). Of these, 22 segments (61%) improved with dobutamine, while 12 segments (33%) did not, and 2 (6%) became more dysfunctional. Another 6 segments with normal motion at baseline became dysfunctional with dobutamine. According to the off-line semiautomatic analysing system for LVWM, there were no statistically significant changes with dobutamine stimulation. Only one patient showed an increased postoperative aspartateaminotransferase (ASAT) value (3.0 mmol.l-1) but no ECG changes. CONCLUSION: Since we regard the visual assessment of LVWM as being more applicable for this protocol than the semiautomatic analysis, we conclude that low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography seems to be a feasible method for detecting viable myocardium in the anaesthetised patient scheduled for elective CABG surgery. However, the semiautomatic analysis complemented our findings, since the variations in pre- and afterload did not significantly change the size of the left ventricle, which hereby would imply LVWM changes.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

The three lines: origin of sonographic landmarks in the fetal head.

Antenatal sonography consistently reveals three parallel echogenic lines on high-axial scans of the fetal head. Previous descriptions of fetal intracranial anatomy assumed that the inner line originates from the interhemispheric fissure and that the outer lines originate from the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles. By studying the three lines sonographically in 25 fetuses and by injecting contrast material into the deep venous system of autopsy specimens, we showed that the outer two lines do not represent the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles, but rather appear to arise from deep intracerebral veins. This finding challenges the validity of lateral ventricular hemispheric ratios in the diagnosis of early hydrocephalus, since such calculations assume that the outer lines originate from the ventricular walls rather than from veins. The results of this study reveal that the two outer lines most likely originate from deep cerebral veins, rather than from the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Distribution and function of potassium channels in the electrosensory lateral line lobe of weakly electric apteronotid fish.

Potassium channels are one of the fundamental requirements for the generation of action potentials in the nervous system, and their characteristics shape the output of neurons in response to synaptic input. We review here the distribution and function of a high-threshold potassium channel (Kv3.3) in the electrosensory lateral line lobe of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus, with particular focus on the pyramidal cells in this brain structure. These cells contain both high-threshold Kv3.3 channels, as well as low-threshold potassium channels of unknown molecular identity. Kv3.3 potassium channels regulate burst discharge in pyramidal cells and enable sustained high frequency firing through their ability to reduce an accumulation of low-threshold potassium current.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Craniofacial growth in subjects with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate, and unilateral incomplete cleft lip, from 2 to 22 months of age.

This paper reports a longitudinal quantitative cephalometric analysis of the craniofacial growth in subjects with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCCLP), and unilateral incomplete cleft lip (UICL), from 2 to 22 months of age. The purpose of the study was to determine the amount and direction of growth in UCCLP compared to UICL (control group) from 2 months of age (just prior to lip repair) to 22 months of age, 20 months later. The sample comprised of 49 subjects with UCCLP (37 males and 11 females) and 45 with UICL (29 males and 16 females). The cephalometric analysis of the craniofacial morphology included lateral, frontal, and axial projections. The data were presented as mean plots of the craniofacial region including the calvaria, cranial base, orbits, nasal bone, maxilla, mandible, cervical column, pharynx, and soft-tissue profile. A valid common coordinate system (registration according to the n-s line in the lateral projection, latero-orbitale line in the frontal projection, and meatus acusticus externus line in the axial projection for the landmark positions at examination 1 and 2) was ascertained. The growth at a specific anatomical location in a patient was defined as the displacement vector from the coordinate of the corresponding landmark in the X-ray at examination 1 to its coordinate at examination 2, corrected for X-ray magnification. The growth of an anatomical region in a patient was assessed by investigating the growth pattern formed by a collection of individual growth vectors in that region. The amount of growth in the UCCLP and UICL group was very similar. The general craniofacial growth pattern, in terms of the direction of growth, was also fairly similar in the UCCLP group and the control group. However, the maxilla and mandible showed a more vertical growth pattern than that observed in the control group. This study confirms that UCCLP is a localized deviation, and not a craniofacial anomaly, due to the fact that a normal growth potential has been observed in all craniofacial regions, except where the growth had been directly influenced by surgical intervention. Furthermore, the vertical growth pattern of the maxilla and mandible supports the hypothesis of a special facial type in cleft lip and palate individuals, and the facial type as a liability factor increasing the probability of cleft lip and palate.

Cleft Lip↗
PubMed1997

Evolution of sensory pathways in vertebrates.

Sensory receptor evolution is a function of the array of events in the physical world that are detectable by biological systems. Examples of both conservation and innovation occur across vertebrates in the organization of sensory systems for the reception of photic, positional, chemical, tactile, mechanosensory and electrosensory lateral line, acoustic, and magnetic stimuli. Recent findings in genetics and ontogeny allow new approaches to questions of how new sensory receptors and their corresponding central nervous system pathways evolve, how sensory specialization arises and its effects on other sensory systems, the role of cell-adhesion molecules in the ontogeny of sensory pathways and their topological organization, and the occurrence of reorganization and co-option of developmental modules over sensory system evolution. Relatively simple alterations at the genetic and ontogenetic levels often can result in alterations in the phenotype of far greater complexity.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Angiotensin II stimulates sperm motility.

The physiological factors which induce and maintain mammalian sperm maturation and motility generally remain unclear, although several agents are known to be involved. We recently described the application of immunocytochemical and immunoblotting methods to identify the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor in the tails of ejaculated rat and human sperm, and gave evidence to show that angiotensin II may promote sperm motility. These data are extended here by the application of a computerised sperm tracking system (the Hobson Sperm Tracker) to demonstrate that AII has actions on specific motility parameters, including curvilinear velocity, straight line velocity, and amplitude of lateral head movement. Since local tissue renin-angiotensin systems are present in both male and female tracts, the data suggest that angiotensin II has a role in the maintenance of sperm function and fertility.

Angiotensin I↗
PubMed1995

Otitis media with effusion and craniofacial analysis-II: "Mastoid-middle ear-eustachian tube system" in children with secretory otitis media.

Secretory otitis media (SOM) is a disease of childhood, and this period is characterized by active growing of the craniofacial skeleton (CFS). In this study, we purposed to answer the question 'how deviations in CFS play a role in ethiopathogenesis of SOM'? Therefore, we evaluated the 'mastoid-middle ear-Eustachian tube (M-ME-ET) system' in 30 SOM cases and 30 healthy children by using lateral cephalographies on which reference points and one line related to CFS and 'M-ME-ET system' were pointed. The results disclosed that the bony Eustachian tube, the vertical portion of the tensor veli palatini (TVP) muscle and the mastoid air cell system were smaller in SOM cases. In the view of the statements of Enlow (1990) on craniofacial growth, we suggest that the deviations in the growth process of the nasomaxillary complex lead to corresponding imbalances in the bony tube and vertical portion of the TVP. However, since regional imbalances often tend to compensate for one another to provide functional equilibrium (Enlow, 1990), improvement of the tubal function occurs with age.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed2001

Mapping of early and late human somatosensory evoked brain potentials to phasic galvanic painful stimulation.

In the present study, we modeled the spatiotemporal evolution of human somatosensory evoked cortical potentials (SEPs) to brief median-nerve galvanic painful stimulation. SEPs were recorded (-50 to +250 ms) from 12 healthy subjects following nonpainful (reference), slight painful, and moderate painful stimulations (subjective scale). Laplacian transformation of scalp SEPs reduced head volume conduction effects and annulled electric reference influence. Typical SEP components to the galvanic nonpainful stimulation were contralateral frontal P20-N30-N60-N120-P170, central P22-P40, and parietal N20-P30-P60-P120 (N = negativity, P = positivity, number = latency in ms). These components were observed also with the painful stimulations, the N60, N120, P170 having a longer latency with the painful than nonpainful stimulations. Additional SEP components elicited by the painful stimulations were parietomedian P80 as well as central N125, P170 (cP170), and P200. These additional SEP components included the typical vertex negative-positive complex following transient painful stimulations. Latency of the SEP components exclusively elicited by painful stimulation is highly compatible with the involvement of A delta myelinated fibers/spinothalamic pathway. The topography of these components is in line with the response of both nociceptive medial and lateral systems including bilateral primary sensorimotor and anterior cingulate cortical areas. The role of attentive, affective, and motor aspects in the modulation of the reported SEP components merits investigation in future experiments.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Proprioceptive reflex connections of head musculature and the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in the carp.

The location of the sensory cells concerned with the proprioception of respiratory and extraocular musculature in the carp was studied by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Sensory cell labeling after intramuscular HRP injection was exclusively found in the trigeminal-facial-anterior lateral line ganglion complex. The muscles innervated by the trigeminal system are represented in the more rostral ganglion areas, the muscles innervated by the facial system in the more caudal ganglion parts. Nearly all labeled cells were situated on the ipsilateral side. Sensory cells labeled after extraocular muscle injection were also found all over the V-VII ganglion, however, to a considerable degree also on the contralateral side. All muscle injections failed to give mesencephalic trigeminal cell labeling. The resluts of intranerve HRP injections in peripheral trigeminal nerve branches strongly suggests a perioral mechanoreceptive function for the mes.V neurons. A bisynaptic proprioceptive reflex model is described for respiratory musculature consisting of a sensory cranial ganglion component connected to the descending trigeminal nucleus, which on its turn links the proprioceptive ganglion cells to the trigeminal and facial motorneurons. Monosynaptic proprioceptive reflex circuits are discussed on neurophysiological grounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Microcomputer-assisted monitoring system for measuring and processing cardiorespiratory variables: preliminary results of clinical trials.

A microcomputer-assisted monitoring system was developed for the continuous measuring and processing of cardiorespiratory variables, including: systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, CVP, minute ventilation, inspired and expired O2 and CO2 concentrations, temperature, and heart rate. The primary data were converted to digital form, processed, displayed on a CRT monitor, and also stored for later evaluation. This system automatically calculated and displayed on-line and in real-time both primary measurements and derived cardiorespiratory variables, including: oxygen consumption, CO2 production, left and right ventricular stroke work, pulmonary venous admixture, and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances. Printouts of the variables and trend graphs could be obtained for any desired time period. During its development, we tested this monitoring system in 30 critically ill patients, finding that the real-time calculation of cardiorespiratory variables was a great advantage during monitoring and treatment.

Adult↗