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Results for “LEPTOSPIRA INFECTIONS”

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PubMed1992

The rapid serological diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.

A total of 121 samples of serum collected from 101 patients was tested to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a commercial latex agglutination test for detecting infectious mononucleosis heterophile antibody, a commercial immunofluorescence test for detecting antibody to Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen and a rapid enzyme immunoassay for detecting antibody to Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen. Although the Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen IgM indirect immunofluorescence test proved to be the most sensitive, false-positive reactions were seen when samples collected from patients with cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A virus, parvovirus and leptospira infection were tested. False-positive reactions were also seen with samples containing rheumatoid factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Leptospirosis and pancytopenia: two case reports and review of the literature.

Besides the classical manifestations, leptospirosis may rarely occur with erythroid hypoplasia and/or pancytopenia. In this study, we reported two cases of leptospirosis presented with pancytopenia as the prevailing manifestation. In addition, the presence of pancytopenia in leptospirosis is reviewed. In both patients, the outcome was favourable as the bone marrow aplasia reversed completely after treatment with intravenous penicillin. In conclusion, this case study suggests that Leptospira infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of febrile pancytopenia, even in the absence of classical signs of severe disease as jaundice, meningitis, renal failure and pulmonary infiltrates.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

A serosurvey for antibodies to Leptospira in dogs in the lower North Island of New Zealand.

AIMS: To investigate the prevalence of antibodies to endemic and exotic Leptospira serovars in samples from a serum bank, collected from dogs in the lower North Island of New Zealand. METHODS: Sera (n=466), which had been collected from apparently healthy dogs, were screened using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for antibodies to serovars L. borgpeterseni serovar hardjo, L. interrogans serovars pomona, copenhageni and canicola, and L. kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa. RESULTS: Antibody to Leptospiral antigen was found in 14.2% of dogs tested. The highest level of reactivity was with serovar copenhageni, to which 9.5% (41/433) of sera were positive. Antibodies to serovars grippotyphosa and canicola were not detected in this population of dogs. CONCLUSIONS: Leptospira infection is relatively common in dogs in the lower North Island . CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Vaccination of dogs against leptospirosis should be considered using vaccine containing antigen to serovars hardjo, pomona and copenhageni. The presence of moderate levels of copenhageni antibody in dogs in the lower North Island raises the possibility that this serovar has become established in rodent populations in this region.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Hemolytic anemia associated with leptospirosis. Morphologic and lipid studies.

A case of fulminant hemolytic anemia associated with a leptospiral infection is presented with morphologic and erythrocyte lipid studies. Both the frequency and pathogenesis of anemia in human leptospirosis is poorly understood. The anemia frequently observed in Weil's syndrome has been ascribed on clinical impression to blood loss, renal failure, and/or an ill-defined hemolytic process. However, hemolytic anemia associated with leptospirosis in animals is well documented and is due to hemolysins with phospholipase activity. Our patient's erythrocyte morphologic abnormalities on bright light and electron microscopy included particles of cells and cells with a thorny or spiculated surface suggesting that the hemolytic process was due to membrane injury. Measurement of the erythrocyte membrane lipids showed reductions in sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine suggesting that the observed hemolysis and morphologic changes resulted from phospholipases produced by the infecting leptospirae.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMed1989

Leptospira abortion in horses.

Leptospira infection was diagnosed as the cause of 4 late-term equine abortions/stillbirths and 1 neonatal death in Louisiana. The most consistent gross and microscopic lesions were icterus and interstitial nephritis, respectively. Diagnoses were based on visualization of compatible spirochetes in Warthin-Starry-stained sections of kidney, liver, and placenta. Confirmation by immunofluorescence was made in 2 cases.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1999

[The pathomorphology and pathogenetic problems of liver involvement in icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis].

Morphologic findings on the liver during different time periods of Leptospira infection suggest the leading role in the pathogenesis of the damaged organ early in the course of the disease of a toxic vascular affection of the microcirculatory bed presenting with hyperpermeability of the vascular wall, interstitial edema, dyscomplexation of the liver crosspieces together with inflow of bile to the sinusoidal capillaries. To a lesser extent jaundice is related to the hepatocyte dystrophic and necrotic changes as evidenced by the absence of marked disturbances in the protein-synthetizing function of the liver and low enzymatic activity. At week 2 to 3 of the illness against the background of diminution of the edema and partial or complete restoration of the liver constitution (especially so in less afflicted peripheral portions of the lobes) jaundice with high bilirubinemia is caused by a toxic affliction of hepatocytes and advancing centrolobular cholestasis. High values for bilirubin might be related not only to grave alternative changes in hepatocytes but to microcirculatory abnormalities as well, which fact accounts for the absence in leptospirosis of a direct relationship of the blood level of bilirubin to the degree of affliction of the hepatic cells.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Epidemiology of leptospirosis: observations on serological data obtained by a "diagnostic laboratory for leptospirosis" from 1995 to 2001.

Serological data on leptospira infection were reported and discussed. From 1995 to 2001, the blood serum samples of 9885 domestic and wild animals and humans, living in Northern and Central Italy, were examined by the macroagglutination test (MAT) employing bratislava, ballum, canicola, grippotyphosa, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, hardjo and tarassovi serovars as antigens. Considering sera with > or = 1:400 antibody titers as positive, 674 (6.81%) animals scored positive. Sheep, horses, pigs and dogs gave the highest number of positive responses, particularly against the serovar bratislava and, for dogs, against icterohaemorrhagiae. The percentages of seropositivity observed in the most important animal species were: 12.13% in ovine (132 positive among 1088 tested animals), 11.40% in horses (107 positive animals among 938), 9.46% in swine (123 positive animals among 1299), 6.36% in dogs (278 positive animals among 4369), 2.39% in wild boars (11 positive animals among 459), 1.39% in deer (2 positive animals among 143), 0.48% in cattle (3 positive animals among 626). Among 250 human sera examined, 14 (5.60%) scored positive.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Role of serodiagnosis in recognizing atypical forms of leptospirosis in Krasnodar Territory].

The work deals with the epidemiological situation with respect to Leptospira infections in the Krasnodar territory. The work demonstrates that, in comparison with 1960-ies characterized by the prevalence of diseases caused by L. pomona and L. grippotyphosa, in 1970-ies the increase of the specific proportion of infections caused by L. icterohaemorrhagiae was registered. In recent 5 years (1980-1984) this leptospirosis constituted 73.5-94.8% of the total morbidity rate in the territory. Such situation was caused by active prophylactic measures in cattle breeding, as well as by the increase of the number of leptospirosis foci, appearing as the result of human activities and providing favorable conditions for the life and multiplication of Norway rats, the main source of infection caused by L. icterohaemorrhagiae as indicated by the fact that up to 23.9% of the Norway rats examined in this study proved to be contaminated. The detection of cases of leptospirosis among febrile patients and mistakes in clinical diagnosis confirm the necessity of the serological examination of febrile patients with the acute onset of the disease with temperature reaching 38 degrees C and higher for 3-5 days and the clinical picture of the disease being unclear in order to find out patients presenting with the atypical clinical picture of leptospirosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Experimental infection with a Leptospira hardjo strain isolated from cattle of the eastern plains of Colombia.

The infectivity and pathogenicity of a strain of Leptospira hardjo isolated from the eastern plains of Colombia were evaluated. Ten pregnant heifers were artifically inoculated and monitored during 10 months. During the trial, isolation of leptospires was attempted and antibodies were detected by the microscopic agglutination test. Leptospires were recovered from the urine of six of the inoculated animals up to 6 months after infection. Eight of ten calves born from the inoculated heifers were born weak, and one of them died 12 h after parturition. Three of the weak calves had generalized jaundice of the internal surfaces. Half of the cows developed metritis and had a retained placenta. Serological reactions were seen against serotypes other than L. hardjo. A chronic infection was apparently established in the inoculated heifers with leptospiruria resulting in reinfection of the animals and a secondary rise in antibody levels.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2006

Toll-like receptor 4 protects against lethal Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae infection and contributes to in vivo control of leptospiral burden.

The roles of innate immune responses in protection from or pathogenesis of severe leptospirosis remain unclear. We examined the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in mouse infection and macrophage responses to Leptospira. C3H/HeJ mice (TLR4 deficient) and C3H/HeJ-SCID mice, but not C3H/OuJ mice (TLR4 intact), died after intraperitoneal infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. Death in both C3H/HeJ mouse strains was associated with jaundice and pulmonary hemorrhage, similar to the patient from whom the isolate was obtained. In chronic sublethal infection, TLR4-deficient mice harbored more leptospires in liver, lung, and kidney than control mice. Heat-killed Leptospira stimulated macrophages to secrete proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 not inhibited by polymyxin B, suggesting that leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not drive these responses. Anti-TLR4 and anti-MD-2 but not anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies inhibited cytokine production. Peritoneal macrophages from CD14-/- and TLR2-/- mice exhibited no defect in cytokine responses to Leptospira compared to controls. Macrophages from C3H/HeJ, TLR4-/-, and MyD88-/- mice secreted far-lower levels of cytokines than wild-type macrophages in response to Leptospira. TLR4 plays a crucial role in protection from acute lethal infection and control of leptospiral burden during sublethal chronic infection. Cytokine responses in macrophages correlated with leptospiral clearance. These TLR4-dependent but CD14/TLR2-independent responses are likely mediated by a leptospiral ligand(s) other than LPS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effective treatment with dihydrostreptomycin of naturally infected cows shedding Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo subtype hardjobovis.

The efficacy of dihydrostreptomycin in stopping the shedding of Leptospira hardjo subtype hardjobovis was studied in naturally infected cows. Blood and urine samples were collected from dairy cows kept on a farm where the farmer had contracted L hardjobovis infection. A microscopic agglutination test and an ELISA were used to determine specific antibody responses in serum. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect bacterial shedding in urine. On the first sample collection date, 6 cows were seropositive, and 3 of those shed leptospires in the urine. These 3 cows were treated once with 25 mg of dihydrostreptomycin/kg of body weight. Within 1 week, the 3 cows stopped shedding leptospires. Six weeks later, 8 more lactating cows were found to be shedding leptospires. These cows were also treated once with dihydrostreptomycin, and they too stopped shedding leptospires within 1 week. From then on, the whole herd was examined weekly for a period of 2 months, and all cows Leptospira-positive by polymerase chain reaction were treated once with dihydrostreptomycin. Again, all cows stopped shedding leptospires in the urine within 1 week after treatment with dihydrostreptomycin. After a single treatment of the whole herd at the same time, new infections were not seen.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1991

Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava infection in two dogs.

Two dogs with clinical histories suggestive of leptospirosis were examined serologically and culturally for evidence of leptospiral infection. Antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava were detected in serum from one dog, and the organism was isolated from urine of that dog. In a serologic survey of dogs in the state of Illinois, reactor rates to bratislava were higher than those to canicola or icterohaemorrhagiae. In cases of suspect canine leptospirosis, serovars such as bratislava, not contained in canine vaccines, should be considered in a differential diagnosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Infection rate of Leptospira interrogans in the field rodent, Apodemus agrarius, in Korea.

Leptospirosis has significantly decreased in Korea since 1988, following the leptospiral vaccination programme initiated in 1988. Whether this wholly explains the decreased incidence is uncertain. As an initial step to answer this question, infection rates of Leptospira interrogans in field rodents, Apodemis agrarius, were examined and compared with previous data. Two hundred and twenty-two A. agrarius were captured during October-December 1996. Spirochaetes were isolated from 22 (9.9%) and leptospiral DNA was detected in an additional 6 rodents (12.6%). Subsequent microscopic agglutination tests (MAT) classified all these isolates as L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar lai. The above data did not significantly differ from previous surveys in 1984-7. There was no significant change of L. interrogans infection in field rodents following the introduction of the vaccination programme in Korea. Further studies are needed to determine the role of human vaccination in reducing incidence.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Leptospirosis in Colombia: isolation of Leptospira spp. from the kidneys of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) trapped on infected piggeries.

Leptospira interrogans serotypes pomona and icterohaemorrhagiae were isolated from the kidneys of Rattus norvegicus trapped on pomona infected piggeries. The isolation of pomona from one of 111 cultured kidneys, although of interest, strongly suggests that this rat does not play an important part in the epidemiology of infection by this serotype. Kidney tubular degeneration, focal mononuclear infiltrations and fibroplasia are morphological traces which remain after an attack of leptospirosis. The high percentage (48.6) of these lesions found in the rat kidneys examined does not seem to be related to serotype pomona but to icterohaemorrhagiae. The importance of this last serotype in swine in the Cauca Valley has yet to be assessed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The serological response of calves to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo vaccines and infection as measured by the microscopic agglutination test and anti-IgM and anti-IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the anti-IgM and anti-IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to examine sera taken over the course of 16 weeks from 35 calves vaccinated and/or infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. The relationship between the IgM and IgG responses to vaccination and infection were determined. The rapid and high rise in IgM levels following challenge made the anti-IgM ELISA a potentially good indicator of recently established infection although some transitory high levels were seen where infection did not become established. The slow IgG response to infection made the anti-IgG ELISA of limited diagnostic use.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1980

Benign leptospirosis: the pathology of experimental infection of monkeys with Leptospira interrogans serovars balcanica and tarassovi.

Grivet monkeys experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovars balcanica and tarassovi showed no clinical disease, but severe meningoencephalitis was demonstrated histologically in animals killed 26 and 33 days after infection. The meningeal and perivascular reactions were exclusively lymphocytic. Mild focal lesions of degeneration and cellular infiltration were also present in the kidneys and femoral musculature.

Animals↗