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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Principles in cochlear toxicity.

The hair cells of the cochlea (neuroepithelium) represent the primary target in most drug-induced ototoxic adverse effects on hearing (e.g. aminoglycoside antibiotics). To what extent an exogenically-induced morphologic damage to hair cells is reversible is not known. In aging structurally altered hair cells can persist for years likewisely not any longer participating in sensory transduction as the hair cells degenerate, secondary changes occur in the spiral ganglion cells and the neuronal pathways. Following heavy metal poisoning an adverse effect is observed on both central and peripheral innervation of the cochlea and only minor primary changes occur in the receptor cells. The link between function and morphology in the cochlea is very obvious regarding the high and middle frequencies with a distinct tonotopic localisation whereas for low frequencies (below 1 khz) such a specific morphologic correlation is lacking. Ototoxic effects primarily affecting the source for the production of endolymph, i.e. the stria vascularis, become manifest at all frequencies and at a rather early stage. Independent of type of substance penetrating into the inner ear, the substance has a considerably slower elimination rate as compared with all other compartments in the body. The toxicity of the drugs seems to be more related to its tissue binding capacity and saturation of receptor sites than related to the concentration of the drug in endo-or perilymph.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Repeated optokinetic stimulation in conditions of active standing facilitates recovery from vestibular deficits.

Successful results obtained by training sessions using optokinetic (OK) stimulations in order to rehabilitate patients with balance disorders motivated this study. The purpose of the study was to measure eye movement parameters and body stabilization during OK stimulation before and after the rehabilitation program. Two populations of patients were studied: bilateral and unilateral labyrinthine-defective patients. Before training, the OK nystagmus (OKN) showed irregularities of the slow-phase velocity (SPV) as well as a reduced number of beats (frequency) when compared with a control group of age-matched healthy volunteers. After training, the SPV became more regular (decrease in SD) and the frequency was similar to the control group's (3 Hz). Body stabilization was measured by dynamic posturography (Equitest) at the beginning and at the end of the training program. At the end of the training program, the patients were asymptomatic and there was a significant correlation between the Equitest results and the modification of the OKN parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[A factor analysis of cochleovestibular findings. (author's transl)].

Using the variables auditory threshold, speech audiometry, SISI, ABLB, stapedius reflex, Carhart-test, Békésy audiometry and calorization three factors could be extracted: 1. The quality of peripheral speech-coding in combination with central processing; 2. the degree of damage of the inner ear (threshold, distance between hearing-threshold and reflex-threshold, SISI and calorization); 3. a retrocochlear factor. SISI and ABLB are both tests concerning the inner ear, but must be regarded separately as it is to be supposed that these two findings are caused be two different pathologic processes.

Audiometry↗
PubMed1988

Histopathology of the temporal bones of deaf dogs.

Histopathological studies were done in 22 deaf dogs consisting of 10 Dalmatians, 5 English setters, 2 Great Danes, 2 foxhounds, 1 shepherd, 1 bulldog and 1 Australian sheep dog. Hypoplasia or aplasia of the sensory cells of the organ of Corti, stria vascularis and macula sacculi (pars inferior) was noted in all deaf dogs examined, indicating the pathology of inner ear malformation in these dogs to be of Scheibe's type. A solidified and calcified tectorial membrane was noted in 19 out of the 22 deaf dogs. A calcified sclerosis of the tectorial membrane is thought to be a characteristic finding of genetically inherited anomaly of the inner ear in deaf dogs. Distortion of the tectorial membrane, absence of the sensory cells in the organ of Corti, agenesis of the stria vascularis and abnormalities of the saccule described Scheibe's dysgenesis of the pars inferior as the pathological correlate for deafness in these dogs as assessed functionally.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Imaging of the temporal bone.

Classical descriptions of the temporal bone are based on its five embryologically distinct osseous components: the petrous, tympanic, mastoid, squamous, and styloid portions.

Bone Diseases↗
PubMed1984

Optokinetic nystagmus.

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), one of the phenomena examined in order to analyse balance and sight disturbances, is manifest in two types: The cortical and the subcortical OKN. Their main distinction is in the velocities. They are also transmitted via different nervous pathways. This paper introduces a method to record the OKN of the two eyes individually. While joint OKN-recordings of both eyes together may mask disturbances of one eye, the separate recordings could reveal them. The discussion deals with applications of OKN-examination to ergophthalmology e.g. in cases of industrial solvent intoxications.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1978

Electronystagmographic criteria in neuro-otological diagnosis. 1. Peripheral lesions.

Direct current electronystagmographic recordings of spontaneous nystagmus, in the light, in darkness, and with eye closure were carried out on 34 patients with peripheral lesions of the vestibular system with a view to determining their specificity. In 60% of patients the responses were characterised by an enhancement of the nystagmus both with eye closure and in darkness. The remainder exhibited no nystagmus under any recording condition.

Electronystagmography↗
PubMed1987

Perceived efficacy of cyclandelate in the treatment of cochleovestibular and retinal disturbances related to cerebrovascular insufficiency. A study in general practice comprising 2772 patients.

To investigate the perceived efficacy and safety of cyclandelate when used in general practice, an open multicentre study was performed comprising 2772 patients with symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus or visual disturbances thought to result from cerebrovascular insufficiency. After 90 days' treatment with cyclandelate 1600 mg daily in 2 doses, both the severity and frequency of these symptoms declined. The general practitioners rated the overall therapeutic efficacy of cyclandelate as 'excellent' or 'good' in 81% of patients, while 77% of patients considered the efficacy of the drug to be 'excellent' or 'good'. Side effects were infrequent and of a mild nature. Thus, when used in the setting of general practice, cyclandelate seems to be a safe and apparently effective treatment for patients with symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus and visual disturbances attributable to chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Functional histopathology of the human audio-vestibular organ. Euro-Data-Hearing.

The present paper describes the setting-up of a new project, sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities, to promote the study of functional histopathology of the human audio-vestibular organ. The project has the purpose of co-ordinating in Europe morphological research on the hearing and equilibrium organ and promoting the comparison of data from clinical, physiological and morphological studies in the field of hearing and equilibrium impairment. A manual (Iurato et al., 1982) has been prepared with the objectives of (1) stimulating clinicians to participate in the project, (2) encouraging the collection of audiological data for comparison with pathology, and (3) supplying clinicians with the necessary information about the technique of fixation and preparation of the specimens. The fixation procedures for the two major techniques of studying ear pathology: (1) microdissection and electron microscopy, and (2) embedding of the whole block for serial sectioning and light microscopy, are described in detail. Special paragraphs deal with the technique of fixation of the brain and with the technique of removal of the temporal bones and brain at autopsy. The instructions for delivery of the specimens and the publication rules are enclosed in the main body of the manual. Appendix 1 contains a list of the participating laboratories. Appendix 2 deals with autopsy legislation in the different European countries. Appendix 3 contains the sender's data sheet which supplies the instructions for collecting the clinical history of the patient and the audiological and vestibular data.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1988

Calcium antagonists as a peripherally acting labyrinthine suppressant in humans.

A total of 908 patients with peripheral vestibular disorders were treated with calcium antagonists for periods of 10 to 120 days in a series of controlled clinical trials using a placebo or other medication for comparison. The cumulative analysis of the results indicates that cinnarizine, flunarizine and bencyclan have produced good clinical results, particularly in patients with vascular problems. A comparison between different doses used in different trials revealed a correlation of good clinical results to smaller doses of some of these medications.

Bencyclane↗
PubMed1981

Automatic analysis of electro-oculographic (EOG) recordings. Application to audio-vestibular diagnosis.

An automatic, computerized system for analysis of the ocular movements in nystagmus, slow pursuit and saccades is presented. The performance of the system has been tested in healthy subjects, as well as in patients with peripheral or brainstem audio-vestibular disorders. The automatized procedure enables an extended application of opto-motor tests in the clinical examination of patients with suspected retrocochlear and brainstem involvement.

Computers↗