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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Plasma DNA in patients undergoing hemodialysis or hemofiltration: cytolysis in artificial kidney is responsible for the release of DNA in circulation.

Levels of circulating DNA increase under treatment by an artificial kidney. Using a new assay, levels of plasma DNA are studied in 45 patients during 99 sessions of hemodialysis or hemofiltration. Before the session, plasma DNA levels are increased in 41/99 samples and, among them, in 18/24 samples collected from hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. During the first 3 h of the session, plasma DNA levels increase whatever the method of treatment. At the 30th and 60th minute of hemodialysis, a positive gradient of plasma DNA exists between the output and the input of the artificial kidney. It is concluded that: (1) the increase in plasma DNA is related to the overall procedure of artificial kidney therapy; (2) death of leukocytes in the artificial kidney is responsible for the release and the increase in circulation of extracellular DNA.

Cell Survival↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Historical archives of Italian nephrology: Introduction of the artificial kidney in Italy].

In Italy the first attempts at haemodialysis, first in vitro and animals and then in humans, were carried out in the early 1950s by the surgeons Mario Battezzati e Carlo Taddei of Genoa with an artificial kidney of their own design. During the same years several other surgeons and urologists in Padua, Milan, Turin, Florence, Modena, Rome, Naples and Palermo designed their own artificial kidneys, which were used to treat anuric patients suffering from acute renal failure. The lively interest in artificial kidneys led, in 1954, to the organisation of a symposium on the subject. This was the first symposium of its kind not only in Italy but also at European level and was characterised by a wide discussion on all aspects associated with extracorporeal dialysis. In subsequent years the use of artificial kidneys continued to develop in several of the above-mentioned Italian centres, something that in the early 1960s led to the introduction of chronic haemodialysis. This paper shows how in Italy the use of artificial kidneys was characterised by intense experimental and clinical activity as well as original approaches to the many problems associated with the use of this technique.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Clinical evaluation of a disposable artificial kidney.

The in-vivo performance of a new disposable parallel flow countercurrent type of artificial kidney has been compared with that of the modified four-layered Kiil dialyser. The dialysance of urea and endogenous creatinine in the former was significantly better than in the latter for similar blood flow rates, and, moreover, unlike the dialysance with the Kiil dialyser it continued to improve over 12 hours. Among 100 disposable artificial kidneys tested no failure occurred from blood leaks despite the use of high negative pressures in the dialysate compartment. No pyrogen reactions were observed.These new artificial kidneys were ready for use in less than one-seventh of the time taken to prepare the conventional Kiil dialyser. Other advantages are their low priming volumes, the lack of a pump in the blood line, and the reduced risk of infection.

Blood↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rationale for the use of the acac microcapsule artificial kidney for the treatment of patients with chronic renal failure.

The A C A C microcapsule artificial kidney is prepared to have 300 gr. of albumin-coated cellulose nitrate microincapsulated activated charcoal with a total area surface of 2,5 m2. The membrane thickness is 0,05 micron, at least 100 times thinner than the standard hemodialysis membrane. By Albumin microencapsulation it is possible to prevent charcoal embolism, hemolysis, platelet and fibrin consumtion. The resistance to blood flow is smaller than in the kill artificial kidney. We have carried out a clinical trial in uremic patients, in 3 of them up to 8 months; their general feeling of well-being after two hours of AC A C microcapsule hemoperfusion is better than after 6 hours hemodialysis, in case of water and electrolyte retention one run of 6 hours hemodialysis a week was required, Reticolocyte, platelet count and hemoglobulin level improved appreciably. Clearance of middle molecules is much higher than in standard hemodialysis and preliminary reports show a lower middle molecules peak after hemoperfusion. It would appear that the present microcapsule artificial kidney, if supplemented with further development for the removal of water and electrolyte, may eventually become a compact inexpensive, simple way of treating uremic patients.

Blood Cell Count↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The artificial kidney in North America: George Murray and the Canadian connection.

Approximately 50 years after the Scottish chemist Thomas Graham described the process of selective diffusion in solutions (dialysis) in 1861, a Johns Hopkins University team led by John J. Abel purified animal blood using celloidin membranes. Termed "vividiffusion" by Abel, these limited but successful experiments were abandoned in 1914. The most successful artificial kidney machine was later devised by Willem J. Kolff in Holland during the early 1940s; this basic design later developed into a commercially successful venture in America. Other mechanical hemodialysis equipment was also invented, such as that of Canadian surgeon George Murray (1894-1976), who devised the first artificial kidney machine in North America in 1946. Blood to be filtered was gently pumped through a vertical helical coil of cellulose acetate tubing (the dialyzing membrane) placed in a salt-buffered tapwater solution. Four patients were treated in this manner, all of whose blood was purified; however, two of this group later died due to chronic kidney problems. Murray's artificial kidney was never developed commercially owing to Kolff's more efficacious design and, it is contended here, due to the failure of Canadians to capitalize on domestic technological innovations. It is also suggested that as it is an example of simultaneous invention, a further exploration of the artificial kidney might reveal insights into the historical development of modern medical technology.

Canada↗
PubMed1961

The artificial kidney and urea clearance.

A theoretical efficiency has been calculated from the known urea clearance of the artificial kidney, the assumed total body water of the patient, and the initial plasma urea. The efficiency of dialysis never significantly exceeded the calculated figure. In some patients with trauma or glomerulonephritis the efficiency was very poor whereas in patients with renal failure complicating pregnancy the actual and calculated efficiencies were very close. These observations are discussed and possible reasons for the failure of dialysis to bring down the plasma urea to the expected concentration are suggested.

Acute Kidney Injury↗