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PubMed2005

Mediating links between maternal depression and offspring psychopathology: the importance of independent data.

BACKGROUND: Research examining intergenerational transmission of psychopathology is often limited by reliance on the same individuals for information on multiple constructs of interest. To counteract this limitation, data from a prospective, longitudinal study of at-risk youth were analyzed to test the hypothesis that parenting and family environmental factors mediate the association between maternal depressive symptoms and offspring psychopathology in late adolescence. METHOD: Data were taken from 184 families of the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Measures included the CES-D and Beck depression inventories, home environment ratings and a family conflict scale, and CBCL behavior problem checklist and K-SADS psychiatric symptom scores. Regression analyses were conducted to test for mediation of maternal depression effects by family environmental factors. RESULTS: Analyses using a single informant and time point showed evidence for substantial mediation; however, in analyses spanning independent informants and multiple time points mediating effects were markedly reduced. Sex differences were found, in that parenting and family environmental factors related to psychopathology for males, whereas maternal depression was more directly related to psychopathology for females. CONCLUSIONS: Results emphasize the importance of independent data for testing mediational claims, and support claims that the processes involved in the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology are different for male and female youth.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Maternal adverse childhood experiences and prenatal stress: Intergenerational transmission and offspring mental health in the ECHO Cohort.

BACKGROUND: The rising global prevalence of pediatric mental health problems requires the identification of preventable factors underlying their development. This study assessed whether maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and pregnancy stress were intergenerationally associated with offspring mental health. METHODS: This study used data from 34 sites in the nationwide Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Cohort. Eligible parent-child dyads (child age: 1.5-18 years) provided data on at least one measure of maternal stress and at least one measure of child mental health. Study aims were evaluated using regression analyses, including interaction tests to determine potential effect modifiers. RESULTS: Participants were organized into three subsamples with data on (1) maternal ACEs (N = 2,906), (2) perceived prenatal stress (N = 4,441), and (3) both stress exposures (N = 834). After adjusting for confounders, maternal ACEs and prenatal stress were significantly associated with child mental health problems (B = 2.53 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.09, 2.96], p < 0.0001 and B = 2.36 [95% CI: 2.03, 2.68], p < 0.0001, respectively). Among participants with data on both stress exposures, maternal ACEs (B = 1.72, 95% CI: [0.96, 2.48], p < 0.0001) and prenatal stress (B = 2.05, 95% CI: [1.29, 2.80], p < 0.0001) were independently associated with child mental health problems. Neither maternal ACEs nor child sex modified the association between prenatal stress and child mental health problems. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal exposure to ACEs and pregnancy stress were associated with the development of child mental health problems. These findings highlight the need for policies and interventions that mitigate exposure to adversity and protect pregnant individuals and their children from the intergenerational transmission of mental health problems.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

Heterogeneity in the familial aggregation of fasting serum uric acid level in five North American populations: the Lipid Research Clinics Family Study.

This study represents the first formal examination for heterogeneity in the familial aggregation of fasting serum uric acid (UA) levels. Data from 5 clinics (Cincinnati, Stanford, Iowa, Minnesota, and Oklahoma) participating in the Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) family study, which included a total of 685 nuclear families (N = 2,146), were analyzed. Heterogeneity among the clinics in familial resemblance was detected. However, this heterogeneity could not be attributed to differences in distributional properties (such as means and variances) or to path model parameters representing latent genetic or cultural (environmental) components associated with UA levels. Intergenerational differences in genetic heritabilities were found, with higher offspring (h2 = 43%) than parent (h2z2 = 16%) estimates, but no generational differences were detected for cultural heritability (c2 = 0.09). Equal maternal and paternal cultural transmission was found, and effects due to extra sibling environments and to marital resemblance were both significant. These results show no clear indication as to the source of the heterogeneity observed for familial resemblance of UA levels in randomly selected data. This question should be further investigated, especially in clinical samples such as dyslipoproteinemic families.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Acuity of selective mechanisms operating on ABO, Rh, and MN blood groups.

Selection in ABO, Rh, and MN blood groups was studied in 216 matings and their children in an endogamous population. Incompatibility status with respect to these three systems was considered simultaneously. There is no effect of incompatibility on number of pregnancies. Analysis of variance between groups confirms that prenatal loss is associated with incompatibility, and it is greater when the matings are incompatible for any two systems. There is no significant intergenerational change in ABO and Rh polymorphisms. Segregation analysis for the ABO system suggests that there is no significant difference in the proportion of A, B, and O children, based on the compatibility of the parents, while analysis for Rh-D system showed a segregation distortion which is not related to the known antigenic specificities (mother-child incompatibility).

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Education in the 2d half of life--counteraction to social and cultural deprivation in the elderly?].

During recent years universities have increasingly attracted men and women of middle age and old age. On the basis on a sample of appr. 350 fully enrolled students age 45 and over, drawn from the official 1980 students' census in Lower Saxony, we describe the group of older students in terms of age, sex, education, and social status, in order to compare their characteristical structure to the normal students. We, furthermore, formulate hypotheses on their attitudes toward learning in later years, their motives to choose the university, and their personal as well as social aspirations. Obvious are their need to orientate themselves in a critical life situation, and their need to actualize knowledge and skills in order to minimize the adverse effects of social segregation. We perceive the middle aged and older persons' return to university studies as a paradigm both for an individual's active reaction toward prescribed social obsolescence, and as a valuable attempt to reestablish intergenerational relations.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Women's educational attainment and intergenerational patterns of fertility behaviour in Kenya.

There is a strong theoretical and empirical relationship between educational attainment and fertility behaviour. However, a fundamental issue that has largely been neglected is the change in this relationship across cohorts resulting from differential improvement in educational opportunities for women over time and how it relates to fertility transition. Utilizing the 1998 DHS data from Kenya this study examines the differential effect of educational attainment on women's use of modern contraception and desire for cessation of childbearing across generations. The findings indicate that even after controlling for husband's education and other relevant factors, a woman's advanced education is positively associated with use of modern contraception. However, support for a similar hypothesis on a woman's desire for family limitation was only found among the youngest cohort of women. The results suggest that for Kenya's incipient fertility transition to be sustained the government needs to continue efforts to improve female education and support access to family planning among younger women.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Somebody's grandma and grandpa. Children's responses to contacts with elders.

PURPOSE: This article describes the planning, implementation, and evaluation of a program that introduced children into a nursing home. METHOD: A qualitative descriptive design was employed to measure the responses of children to the program. The sample consisted of 61 children, including preschoolers and adolescents. Data were collected from children who participated in the activities (n = 33), and from children who had not participated (n = 28). Content analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were no differences in perceptions of preschoolers who participated or did not participate in the nursing home visitation program. In contrast, adolescents who had not participated in the activities with elders described physical infirmities and negative experiences with elders, and talked about smells and boredom. However, adolescent participants in the program demonstrated positive perceptions and descriptions of elders. A favorite activity for all ages was hearing the residents' stories and memories. Adolescent participants reported that their experiences and activities in the program had altered their opinions and beliefs, and they expressed the intent to include elders in their lives in the future. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Because adolescent children exposed to these visits expressed positive perceptions of elders it is prudent to plan larger scale studies with these populations, and also to evaluate the effects of the visits on nursing home residents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Struggling to understand: the experience of nonsmoking parents with adolescents who smoke.

Smoking among adolescents is a major public health concern. Most parents would not want their children engaged in this risk-taking behavior. Although a majority of parents of smokers are themselves smokers, many are nonsmokers. The purpose of this grounded theory study was to understand what nonsmoking parents experience due to their adolescent children 's smoking behavior. The purposive sample consisted of 25 parents. The interview data generated the theory that nonsmoking parents struggle to understand their adolescents' smoking. They experienced four stages: discovering the smoking, facing the problem, reflecting, and waiting it out. Their experience can be examined from a stress paradigm. Programs are needed that provide parents with the knowledge and skills required for effective prevention and intervention strategies.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Extended family, immediate family and caregiver contacts of 100-year-old patients in Hungary].

In the year 1987, 218 centenarians lived in Hungary. First the main demographic data were reported by the surveyors of the Central Statistics Office. The basis of the experience was gained on a limited population (123 subjects). The physicians' team was organized by the Gerontology Center of the Semmelweis University of Medicine. They carried out the detailed medical and environmental check-up. The medical and environmental experiences of the gerontologists were published (1). In our present paper we would like to show the different familial and other relationships of the oldest people. The 123 centenarians were scattered over the whole country, altogether in 67 larger or smaller settlements. More of them lived with a daughter (42%), with a son (14%), with a grandchild (7%), with other relatives (5%) and 3 persons lived together with their wives. We found that the subjects who lived with relatives had a better chance to live an active and meaningful life. The co-existence of several generations, the multilateral contacts of centenarians have a beneficial effect on the quality of life.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1996

Not just "ghosts in the nursery": contemporaneous intergenerational relationships and parenting in young African-American families.

The association of the mother-grandmother relationship with parenting of preschoolers was examined in a sample of 96 African-American multigenerational families. Mother-grandmother and parent-child interactions were assessed at home with videotaped problem-solving tasks. The Scale of Intergenerational Relationship Quality (SIRQ), a global observational coding system, was developed to assess the quality of the mother-grandmother relationship via observational ratings of mothers' and grandmothers' discussion of conflict. It yielded 4 factors: Emotional Closeness (connectedness), Positive Affect (upbeat tone), Grandmother Directness (demandingness and clarity), and Individuation (balance of autonomy and mutuality). Regression analyses controlling for socioeconomic background variables showed that SIRQ factors, particularly Individuation, were consistently related to mothers' parenting. Relationship effects varied when interacted with age and coresidence. The importance of a multigenerational, contextual perspective for research and intervention with young African-American mothers is discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Intergenerational transmission of child abuse: rates, research, and clinical implications.

OBJECTIVE: The author reviews current wisdom concerning the rates and mechanisms of intrafamilial components of intergenerational transmission of child abuse and illustrates the unreliability of basic data and of assumptions made by reviewers and partisan advocates, most of whom underestimate the importance of intrafamilial factors in child abuse. METHOD: The information in the report was derived from original research plus a recently prepared compilation of 60 studies, mainly from the United States and the United Kingdom. RESULTS: The crude rates of intergenerational transmission of child abuse according to the studies reviewed are as follows: one-third of child victims grow up to continue a pattern of seriously inept, neglectful, or abusive rearing as parents. One-third do not. The other one-third remain vulnerable to the effects of social stress on the likelihood of their becoming abusive parents. Intrafamilial factors appear to be the cause of personally directed, as opposed to culturally condoned, child abuse. Broad social factors, and some medical and psychiatric conditions, lower or raise thresholds in which family and personal vulnerabilities and propensities operate. CONCLUSIONS: There is no justification for any extremist advocacy in apportioning responsibility between the "sins of the parents" and the failings of society. The contention that clinical research on abuse is inferior to, and must give way to, large-scale or statistically balanced self-report and questionnaire surveys is plausible, popular, convincing, and wrong.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Intergeneric transfer and recombination of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase gene (gnd) in enteric bacteria.

The gnd gene, encoding 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), was sequenced in 87 strains of 15 species assigned to five nominal genera of the Enterobacteriaceae, including 36 isolates of Salmonella enterica and 32 strains of Escherichia coli. In S. enterica, the effective (realized) rate of recombination of horizontally transferred gnd sequences is only moderately higher than the rates for other chromosomal housekeeping genes. In contrast, recombination at gnd has occurred with such high frequency in Escherichia coli that the indicated evolutionary relationships among strains are not congruent with those estimated by sequence analysis of other genes and by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. E. coli and S. enterica apparently have not exchanged gnd sequences, but those of several strains of E. coli have been imported from species of Citrobacter and Klebsiella. The relatively frequent exchange of gnd within and among taxonomic groups of the Enterobacteriaceae, compared with other housekeeping genes, apparently results from its close linkage with genes that are subject to diversifying selection, including those of the rfb region determining the structure of the O antigen polysaccharide.

Biological Evolution↗

PubMed2004

Type 2 diabetes in grandparents and birth weight in offspring and grandchildren in the ALSPAC study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between a history of type 2 diabetes and birth weight of offspring and grandchildren. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. Diabetic status, as reported by mothers (F1 generation) was collected on grandparents (F0) of babies (F2) born to mothers (F1) who participated in a study of maternal and child health. Associations between risk of grandparental diabetes and birth weight in mothers (F1) and grandchildren (F2) were analysed using linear and logistic regression. SETTING: Avon: comprising of the city of Bristol and surrounding areas. PARTICIPANTS: 12 076 singleton babies (F2), their parents (F1) and maternal and paternal grandparents (F0). RESULTS: Women (F1) who had no parents with type 2 diabetes had lower birth weights than women with one or two diabetic parents, after controlling for the age of both parents. There was a U shaped association between maternal birth weight and grandmaternal diabetes, but no evidence of an association with grandpaternal diabetes. The grandchildren of maternal grandparents with type 2 diabetes were more likely to be in the top tertile of birth weight than grandchildren of non-diabetics. There was evidence for an inverted U shaped association between birth weight of grandchildren and diabetes in paternal grandmothers. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to show intergenerational associations between type 2 diabetes in one generation and birth weight in the subsequent two generations. While the study has limitations mainly because of missing data, the findings nevertheless provide some support for the role of developmental intrauterine effects and genetically determined insulin resistance in impaired insulin mediated growth in the fetus.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Quality of mother-child interaction and the intergenerational transmission of sexual values: a panel study.

The role of mothers as socializing agents was examined in a longitudinal study. It was assumed that mothers can transmit their own values to their children, especially if the quality of their interaction is good. Whether children influence their mothers' values was also examined. The hypotheses were tested using analysis of variance and structural equation modeling, drawing on data from 253 English adolescent-mother pairs. The results provided little support for the hypotheses. There was some evidence that mothers influenced their children's sexual attitudes, but this effect was found for the families characterized by a low quality of parent-child interaction, rather than for the families characterized by a high quality of interaction. No evidence was found for the assumption that children influence their mothers' sexual attitudes and beliefs. Implications of the study for future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Intergenerational family support among blacks and whites: response to culture or to socioeconomic differences.

Factors that influence family helping behavior are examined and comparisons are made between black and white families. The question of whether family differences are due to culture or socioeconomic reasons is asked. In the analysis, tests are made for the main and interactive effects of race. Black elderly parents give and receive more help than white elderly parents after controlling for age and sex; however the greater amount of help that is received by older blacks is, to a large extent, the result of socioeconomic factors. The increased amount of help that they give to the middle and younger generations appears to be a combination of cultural and socioeconomic factors. Among black families, attitudes of respect for each generation play a part in determining family support behavior.

Black or African American↗

PubMed2003

Challenging aging stereotypes: strategies for creating a more active society.

BACKGROUND: The myths of aging provide a partial explanation for why older people have not been primary targets for health promotion and disease-prevention programs. Accelerated population aging signals an urgent need for increased attention to health promotion and disease-prevention interventions across the entire life course. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review what is known about: (1). the prevalence and nature of ageist stereotypes; (2). the varied ways in which ageist stereotypes are harmful to health, functioning, and well-being; and (3). strategies for effective communication with older adults around lifestyle issues, with particular emphasis on physical activity. RESULTS: This article reviews literature on current myths and reality of aging in the context of designing health promotion programs for older adults. Strategies for combating ageist stereotypes are based on a multilevel view of determinants of health and aging. CONCLUSIONS: Ageist stereotypes are pervasive in U.S. society and harmful to older adults' psychological well-being, physical and cognitive functioning, and survival. Concrete strategies for communicating with older adults can increase the effectiveness of health promotion programs. Strategies for combating ageism and creating a healthier society must address all segments of society, and include educational and media campaigns, an expansion of current research foci, greater sensitivity from care providers, more opportunities for intergenerational linkages, the design of productive roles for older adults, a retrofit of the built environment, and intensified and collaborative action from both the public and private sectors.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Coaggregation between Acinetobacter johnsonii S35 and Microbacterium esteraromaticum strains isolated from sewage activated sludge.

The extent and nature of intergeneric coaggregations among non-flocculating sludge bacteria were studied through examination of the coaggregation abilities of Acinetobacter johnsonii S35 with two other strains of non-flocculating sludge bacteria (Microbacterium esteraromaticum S38 and M. esteraromaticum S51). At first, the effect of electrolyte concentration as well as the addition of EDTA and proteases on coaggregation were studied. Changes in electrolyte concentration had little effect on the aggregation index (A.I.). However, the A.I. was reduced by 35-45% (addition of 2 mM EDTA) and 15-58% (addition of 0.2 mg/ml Actinase E) within 1 h depending upon the bacterial pair involved. Furthermore, the effect of pretreating either A. johnsonii S35 or its partners with Actinase E and periodate, respectively, was studied. The results indicate that these coaggregations involve a protein on the partner's surface that may interact with carbohydrate or a carbohydrate-containing moiety on the surface of A. johnsonii S35.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1986

Estimation of response to selection and utilization of control populations for additional information and accuracy.

Problems associated with testing and estimation of response to selection are examined. An alternative procedure with increased power for testing hypotheses is given. The increased power results from a more precise method of estimating the variance about response. The new method is based on a Satterthwaite approximation which combines variance components estimated more precisely by other sources of variation in the analysis of variance. The expected variance about response and expected mean squares for the analysis of variance, used in the Satterthwaite procedure, are given. When intergeneration environmental trends cannot be ruled out, a control population must be used to estimate response to selection. However, if the experimental and control populations do not respond in the same direction and with the same magnitude to common environmental effects, then the usual method of estimating response by deviating the experimental values from the control will result in biased estimates. An alternative procedure, using the control as a covariate to adjust for environmental trends, gives relatively unbiased estimates of response in this situation. Some bias results from measurement error associated with the control. However, this bias is usually minimal.

Analysis of Variance↗