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PubMed2026

Investigation of ACE gene polymorphism and serum ACE activity in relation to alopecia areata among Iraqi patients.

BACKGROUND: Alopecia areata (AA) is a multifactorial disorder with immune dysregulation and genetic susceptibility, affecting 0.5-2% globally. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion /deletion (I/D) polymorphism and serum ACE activity in Iraqi AA patients and their association with inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-17) and nutritional markers to understand disease progression. METHODS: This case-control study included 50 AA patients (Male and Female) and 35 healthy controls. ACE gene polymorphism (rs1799752) was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. Serum IL-17 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and biochemical markers were measured using an automated analyzer. RESULTS: ACE gene polymorphism (rs1799752) showed non-significant genotype distribution between patient and control groups (p > 0.05), though a trend toward DD genotype enrichment was observed in patients. Serum ACE levels were significantly higher in patients versus controls (p < 0.0001) with high diagnostic performance. ACE correlated positively with IL-17 (P < 0.0001) and negatively with vitamin D3 and zinc (P < 0.0001). Female patients had significantly higher ACE levels than males (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: ACE emerges as an immunometabolic hub in AA pathogenesis, integrating inflammation with nutritional deficits, suggesting its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Nursing Clinical Decision-Making: An Umbrella Review.

AIM: To describe contemporary peer-reviewed literature on artificial intelligence in nurses' clinical decision-making. METHODS: An umbrella review of literature reviews. DATA SOURCES: Four major databases were searched for reviews published between 2019 and 2024. RESULTS: Sixteen literature reviews reported on 965 nursing artificial intelligence primary studies. The studies focused on technology development and emerging performance evaluations, whilst real-world testing or implementation in nursing clinical settings was rare. Rigorous comparative analyses were lacking. While artificial intelligence demonstrates promise in decision-making, challenges such as a lack of controlled studies, algorithmic bias, limited reproducibility and insufficient clinical trials hinder its practical impact. Ethical concerns, transparency and patient data privacy issues pose barriers to AI integration in nursing practice. Ethical and legal guidelines for patient privacy are needed and should be taught along with AI literacy training for nurses. CONCLUSIONS: Artificial intelligence has the potential to enhance clinical nursing decision-making, although evidence is limited by too few examples of nurse participation during development. Underutilisation in administrative nursing functions hinders implementation. Nurses should assume a central role in the design and development of AI applications to ensure that these technologies address the realities of nursing practice. With such improvements, artificial intelligence can transform nursing practice, improve nurses' clinical decision-making and ultimately enhance consumer healthcare outcomes. PATIENT OR PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT: No Patient or Public Involvement. REPORTING METHOD: While there is no reporting checklist for umbrella reviews, the PRISMA guide for systematic reviews was followed.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed2026

The circadian clock proteins PRR modulate root hair development via the RHD6/RSL module in Arabidopsis.

Root hairs, derived from trichoblasts, are critical for plant growth and environmental adaptation. Although environmental cues are known to influence root hair development, how endogenous timing systems such as the circadian clock integrate into the core transcriptional network governing root hair formation remains unclear. Here, we show that the circadian clock-associated protein PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR5 (PRR5) physically interacts with ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE6 (RHD6) and RHD6 LIKE1 (RSL1), two basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors essential for root hair initiation. Genetic analyses suggest that PRR proteins contribute to root hair development under long-day conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Simultaneous disruption of PRR5, PRR7, and PRR9 results in defective root hairs, whereas PRR5 overexpression markedly increases root hair density and length. Transcriptomic and RT-qPCR analyses reveal that PRRs enhance the expression of RHD6, RSL1, and multiple downstream root hair-responsive genes, while modulating their temporal expression patterns. Furthermore, PRR5-mediated root hair promotion requires RHD6/RSL1, and PRR proteins enhance RHD6-dependent activation of the RSL4 promoter. PRRs also contribute to root hair development under phosphate-deficient and salt-stress conditions. Together, these findings establish a molecular framework in which PRR proteins regulate the RHD6/RSL network to coordinate root hair development and environmental responses.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed2026

Identification and characterization of G protein-coupled receptors in the nocturnal halictid bee Megalopta genalis.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the largest families of membrane proteins in insects, regulating vision, neural signal transduction, and various physiological behaviors. Megalopta genalis exhibits a unique facultatively eusocial lifestyle and possesses adaptations for nocturnal activity; however, its GPCR family has not yet been systematically characterized. In this study, we performed genome-wide identification, phylogenetic analysis, and expression profiling of GPCRs in M. genalis by integrating genomic annotation and transcriptomic analysis. The results showed that a total of 99 GPCRs were identified in the genome of M. genalis, which were classified into four major families. Here, we show that M. genalis has undergone lineage-specific GPCR repertoire remodeling, marked by the expansion of novel orphan receptors and the systematic loss of multiple receptor subtypes, such as the neuropeptide receptors MIP-R and NPFR. Moreover, opsins have formed a diverse array of combinations and non-GPCR odorant receptors have undergone significant expansion via tandem duplication. Together, these features may represent part of the molecular repertoire associated with the adaptation of M. genalis to a nocturnal lifestyle. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct spatiotemporal expression divergence within each of the Mth/Mthl and Fz GPCR families, suggesting functional specialization across development and adult tissues. This study provides the first systematic identification and initial functional characterization of GPCRs in M. genalis, revealing an evolutionary pattern characterized by the coexistence of contraction and expansion within the GPCR family. These findings lay a foundation for further studies aimed at elucidating the roles of these GPCRs in regulating M. genalis physiology and behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

A 20-Y Analysis of Motorcycle Trauma After Helmet Law Repeal.

INTRODUCTION: After Arkansas repealed its universal motorcycle helmet law in 1997, helmet use decreased and motorcycle-related injuries and fatalities increased. Long-term clinical and population-level impacts of this policy change remain incompletely characterized. This study integrates statewide crash and fatality data with trauma center data to evaluate trends in helmet use, injury severity, and mortality at scene and hospitalization. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed motorcycle-related admissions and emergency department deaths at the state's only adult level I trauma center from 2004 to 2023 across three periods: 2004-2006, 2013-2015, and 2021-2023. Demographics, helmet use, injury severity, and outcomes were assessed. Logistic regression evaluated associations between helmet use, severe head injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale ≥3), and inhospital mortality. Fatality data were obtained from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and crash-level data (2015-2023) were obtained from the State Department of Transportation. RESULTS: Among 1104 trauma admissions, annual admissions nearly tripled over time, with nonhelmeted riders representing 64%-72%. Helmet use was independently associated with lower odds of severe head injury (odds ratio 0.48, P < 0.001). Nonhelmeted riders had higher on-scene fatality risk (relative risk 1.21). Severe head injuries increased and were strong predictors of inhospital mortality. Population-adjusted motorcycle fatality rates rose from 2.34 to 3.18 per 100,000 residents by 2021-2023. CONCLUSIONS: Motorcycle fatalities and severe head injuries increased during the postrepeal period and were associated with helmet nonuse and severe head trauma. Clinical and statewide data show consistent associations among helmet nonuse, severe head injury, and prehospital and in-hospital mortality, highlighting helmet use as a target for injury prevention policy.

Acute brain injury↗

PubMed2026

Age- and sex-adjusted genomic differences between Korean and Beat AML cohorts.

Genomic profiling plays a central role in risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), yet the clinical implications of population-specific genomic architectures remain incompletely defined. We conducted a prospective, multicenter study of 603 adults with newly diagnosed AML in Korea, integrating targeted sequencing of 83 recurrently mutated genes with comprehensive clinical annotation across treatment intensities, including allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). For contextual comparison, genomic profiles were evaluated against the Beat AML cohort. The overall genomic landscape was broadly conserved, supporting shared core disease biology across populations. However, RUNX1::RUNX1T1, CEBPA, GATA2, KIT, and DDX41 mutations were more frequent in the Korean cohort, whereas FLT3 and NPM1 mutations were less common. These differences translated into a distinct distribution of European LeukemiaNet (ELN) 2022 risk categories, with implications for therapeutic stratification. Notably, most DDX41 alterations were germline (3.2%), highlighting the need for systematic germline evaluation with implications for genetic counseling and donor selection. Although unadjusted overall survival appeared longer in the Korean cohort, this difference was not significant after adjustment for key clinical variables. These findings indicate that population-specific genomic distributions reshape the clinical application of risk stratification and support population-aware precision medicine strategies in AML.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2026

Dynamic evolution of chaperone-mediated autophagy is associated with tumor microenvironment remodeling and prognostic stratification in lung adenocarcinoma: insights from single-cell transcriptomics, ensemble machine learning, and experimental validation.

BACKGROUND: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) shows prognostic heterogeneity, and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging is limited for individualized management. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) maintains proteostasis, but its role during adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)-minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA)-invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC) progression remains unclear. METHODS: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from GSE189357 and bulk transcriptomes from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-LUAD and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohorts were integrated. CMA activity, cell-cell communication, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), tumor-normal differential expression, machine-learning survival modeling, tumor microenvironment (TME) features, drug sensitivity, and EPC1 function were analyzed. RESULTS: CMA-high tumor epithelial cells increased from AIS (58.1%) to MIA (65.7%) but declined in IAC (44.4%; p < 0.001). CMA-low cells preferentially received fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix cues. A CMA-negatively correlated module identified 69 core genes. Random survival forest (RSF) performed best among 117 machine-learning combinations (mean concordance index > 0.873). High-risk patients had worse survival across cohorts, and the risk score was independently associated with overall survival (hazard ratio = 16.013, 95% confidence interval: 9.579-26.768, p < 0.001). High-risk tumors showed proliferative activation and M0 macrophage enrichment, whereas low-risk tumors showed stronger immune-related signaling. EPC1 overexpression suppressed malignant phenotypes in A549 cells. CONCLUSION: CMA dynamics are associated with stromal and immune remodeling during LUAD progression. A CMA-based model provides robust prognostic stratification and may offer a basis for future TME-guided studies.

Chaperone-mediated autophagy↗

PubMed2026

Are There Any Effective Behavior Change Strategies for Communicating Genetic Risk in Obesity Prevention and Body Weight Reduction Interventions?

This systematic review examined how differences in intervention components may contribute to inconsistent findings in genetic risk communication studies, addressing obesity-related outcomes (e.g., weight reduction, nutrition behavior, exercise). The review was preregistered (PROSPERO #CRD42024524026) and followed PRISMA guidelines. Searches across eight databases identified 23 randomized controlled trials, covering 18 intervention trials. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool. A narrative synthesis was used to cluster studies by the content of intervention and control groups. Genetic risk communication alone (no behavioral counseling, addressing nutrition and exercise) or combined with phenotype-based risk was ineffective and sometimes counterproductive among low-risk individuals. When combined with personalized behavioral counseling, effectiveness improved, but only when compared to waitlist control groups or non-personalized behavioral counseling. Significant effects emerged in high-genetic risk subgroups within personalized behavioral counseling, using behavior change techniques such as problem-solving, feedback on behavior, self-monitoring, and environmental changes. The most promising results emerged from complex interventions integrating genetic risk communication into multiple sessions and combining numerous additional behavioral change techniques, such as social reward, cues/prompts, self-reward. Complex personalized interventions combining multiple behavior change techniques and prompting experiential genetic risk awareness show promise for improving weight, nutrition, and exercise-related outcomes.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Comprehensive source-risk assessment of organophosphate esters in surface water of the Dianchi Lake Basin, Yunnan, China.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs), widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers, have been increasingly detected in aquatic environments. However, investigations of their distribution in high-altitude plateau lakes remain scarce. Identifying and quantifying the sources and associated risks of OPEs are crucial for subsequent water environment management. In this study, an integrated source-risk analysis approach was employed by combining the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, the Geodetector (GD) model, and risk quotient (RQ). Analysis of 14 OPEs in surface waters of the Dianchi Lake Basin (DLB) revealed 12 detectable compounds, with total OPEs concentrations (ΣOPEs) ranging from not detected (ND)-64.6 ng/L during the wet season and ND-35.8 ng/L during the dry season. Elevated ΣOPEs were primarily observed at inflow sites in the northern part of the lake and in urban rivers. Source apportionment indicated four major contributing sources: agricultural films containing flame-retardant and plasticizer additives, traffic-related particulate emissions, releases from household and personal care products, and industrial production and applications of flame retardants in plastics, electronics, and related products (the predominant source). The ecological impact caused by OPEs ranges from no risk to low risk, with tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate emitted from industrial source being the primary driver of potential environmental risk. These findings highlight the necessity of prioritizing industrial sources in future management strategies. Overall, this study provides a methodological framework for source apportionment and risk assessment of OPEs and offers scientific evidence to support environmental management of OPEs in the DLB.

Environmental Monitoring↗

PubMed2026

Venomous Lepidoptera: defensive toxin systems, venom composition, and clinical significance.

Venomous Lepidoptera constitute an underrecognized yet medically significant group of toxin-producing arthropods that employ contact-mediated defensive envenomation through specialized integumentary structures such as setae, spines, and scoli. Unlike actively stinging arthropods, these insects deliver venom passively upon contact, eliciting a diverse spectrum of clinical manifestations collectively termed lepidopterism. Clinical outcomes range from localized pain and dermatitis to severe systemic effects, including hemorrhagic syndromes, complement activation, and chronic inflammatory disorders. Recent advances in proteomic and transcriptomic technologies have transformed our understanding of lepidopteran venoms, revealing unexpectedly complex toxin repertoires comprising serine proteases, phospholipases, pore-forming proteins, disulfide-rich peptides, neuroactive RF-amide peptides, and immune-modulating components. These findings have provided new insights into the molecular basis of toxicity, host-pathogen interactions, and the evolutionary diversification of venom systems within Lepidoptera. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the morphology of venom-delivery structures, venom composition, mechanisms of action, and associated clinical manifestations, while highlighting medically important taxa, particularly species of the genus Lonomia. The successful development of antivenom against Lonomia envenomation underscores the translational relevance of lepidopteran toxin research and its potential for therapeutic innovation. By integrating molecular, clinical, and evolutionary perspectives, this review repositions venomous Lepidoptera as a legitimate and important component of arthropod toxinology. Furthermore, it identifies critical methodological limitations and key knowledge gaps, providing a framework for future investigations aimed at advancing our understanding of toxin biology, immunopathology, and the development of novel biomedical applications.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Inducible flocculation in Komagataella phaffii enables enhanced biomass separation for biopharmaceutical production.

Biomass separation represents a critical bottleneck in Komagataella phaffii-based biopharmaceutical processes, as typically high cell densities of 40 - 50 % create significant operational, technical and economic challenges for harvest operations. Yeast cell aggregation (flocculation) provides a solution to accelerate cell sedimentation by increasing particle size, thus allowing to improve biomass-supernatant separation efficiency during both natural gravity settling and (continuous) centrifugation operations. This study demonstrates successful engineering of K. phaffii strains with an inducible flocculation phenotype using CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing to integrate the Saccharomyces cerevisiae FLO1 (ScFLO1) gene under control of various regulatory elements, including methanol-inducible and derepressible promoters. Flocculation strength could be enhanced by implementing transcriptional positive feedback circuits based on the methanol-inducible AOX1 promoter. To address methanol-free production requirements, we developed alternative systems to retrofit PAOX1-based ScFLO1 expression and exploited the derepressible PDF promoter, offering broader compatibility with biopharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. Flocculating cells cultivated in a bioreactor demonstrated significantly improved sedimentation behavior, with considerably lower supernatant turbidity after short low-speed centrifugation or gravity sedimentation compared to non-flocculating controls. Crucially, cell flocculation had no negative impact on product amount and quality when expressing a multivalent NANOBODY® VHH molecule with pharmaceutical relevance. Thus, this work establishes the first genetically engineered flocculation system in K. phaffii compatible with recombinant protein production, providing the basis for an innovative approach to streamline harvest operations in biopharmaceutical processes.

Flocculation↗

PubMed2026

Mechanisms linking the gut microbiota to colorectal cancer development and progression.

Colorectal cancer remains a leading cause of global cancer mortality, with a concerning rise in early-onset cases driven by complex interactions between environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and host genetics. Mounting evidence indicates that gut microbiota dysbiosis critically modulates this oncogenic process, acting as an active participant rather than a passive bystander. This review systematically synthesizes the dichotomous roles of the intestinal microbiome in colorectal tumorigenesis through the conceptual framework of the driver-passenger model. We discuss how early initiating driver bacteria, such as Polyketide synthase-positive Escherichia coli and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, compromise mucosal barriers, induce chronic mucosal inflammation, and inflict direct genomic instability. As the local tumor microenvironment undergoes profound metabolic remodeling, opportunistic passenger pathogens, notably Fusobacterium nucleatum, become enriched, further promoting cellular proliferation and facilitating tumor immune evasion. Conversely, protective commensals, exemplified by Clostridium butyricum and Streptococcus thermophilus, exert robust tumor-suppressive effects through multifaceted mechanisms. These beneficial microbes actively antagonize malignant progression by redirecting tumor metabolic fluxes toward oxidative stress, orchestrating deep epigenetic reprogramming, and degrading core oncoproteins to reverse chemoresistance. Transitioning from fundamental mechanisms to clinical application, we evaluate a comprehensive spectrum of microbiota-targeted interventions, encompassing non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers, fecal microbiota transplantation, engineered bacteria, phage therapy, and postbiotics. Finally, we critically address the formidable translational challenges associated with microbial heterogeneity, long-term safety, and regulatory standardization, aiming to provide a balanced perspective on integrating microbiome-based strategies into next-generation precision oncology for colorectal cancer.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Microbial diversity, functional activities, and safety risks in fermented tea: a comprehensive review.

Microbial fermented teas are gaining global popularity due to their unique sensory profiles and health benefits. The quality and safety of these products are governed by complex microbial ecosystems that orchestrate the biotransformation of tea leaf components. This review addresses a critical paradox in the field: the same microbial activities that generate desirable bioactive metabolites, such as theabrownins and organic acids, also create ecological niches for mycotoxigenic fungi, posing significant health risks from contaminants like ochratoxin A, citrinin, and aflatoxins. While extensive research has cataloged the microbial diversity in these systems, a comprehensive framework linking processing environments to microbial community assembly, functional outcomes, and quantifiable safety risks remains elusive. This review systematically bridges this gap by synthesizing current knowledge on the microbial consortia-dominated by Aspergillus, Penicillium, Bacillus, and Lactiplantibacillus species-that drive tea fermentation. We critically analyze their functional roles in enhancing flavor, bioactivity, and potential probiotic activity while simultaneously evaluating the mechanisms of mycotoxin production and accumulation. By integrating microbial ecology, biochemistry, and food safety, we propose a forward-looking perspective focused on transitioning the industry from traditional, spontaneous fermentation to modern, controlled biotechnological processes. This approach, centered on the use of defined starter cultures, predictive modeling, and active biocontrol strategies, provides a roadmap for ensuring the consistent quality and safety of fermented tea products, ultimately unlocking their full potential as high-quality functional foods.

Tea↗

PubMed2026

Mitophagy-mediated ferroptosis involved in 2,5-hexanedione-induced neurotoxicity in rats.

n-Hexane, a widespread environmental and industrial pollutant, poses serious health risks, particularly neurotoxicity. Chronic exposure primarily induces sensorimotor neuropathy via its metabolite 2,5-hexanedione (HD), yet the mechanisms underlying HD-induced neuronal injury remain unclear. Recent evidence implicates ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, in neurodegenerative processes. In this study, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to HD to establish a neuropathy model. Ferroptosis involvement was assessed using the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) and the ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1. The potential role of mitophagy in HD-induced ferroptosis was evaluated by monitoring mitophagy markers and by autophagy inhibition with chloroquine (CQ). In vitro, SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with PINK-1 siRNA to explore mitophagy-mediated regulation of ferroptosis. HD exposure led to iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial abnormalities, and decreased GPX4 in rat spinal neurons. DFO or ferrostatin-1 treatment ameliorated these changes and preserved mitochondrial integrity. Mechanistic analyses revealed HD-induced activation of mitophagy, as shown by upregulation of Beclin-1, LC3II, Drp-1, and PINK-1, with concomitant downregulation of P62 in spinal mitochondria. CQ suppressed mitophagy, reduced iron deposition and lipid peroxidation, and improved motor function. Similarly, PINK-1 knockdown in SH-SY5Y cells mitigated HD-induced mitophagy and ferroptosis. These findings demonstrate that HD induces neuronal ferroptosis via mitophagy activation. Inhibition of ferroptosis or mitophagy effectively attenuates HD-induced neurotoxicity, suggesting potential therapeutic strategies to reduce neural damage from environmental n-hexane exposure.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A PET imaging in parkinsonian α-synucleinopathies: a systematic review.

Synaptic dysfunction is increasingly recognized as an early and biologically relevant component of α-synucleinopathies. However, conventional imaging biomarkers mainly assess dopaminergic dysfunction, glucose metabolism, or structural damage rather than presynaptic density itself. Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) PET enables in vivo assessment of presynaptic terminal integrity and may provide complementary information in Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease dementia/dementia with Lewy bodies (PDD/DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). This systematic review synthesized the available evidence on SV2A-targeted PET in parkinsonian α-synucleinopathies, focusing on regional imaging patterns, clinical associations, longitudinal findings, and methodological determinants of interpretation. Seventeen reports were included. In PD, the most recurrent finding was reduced SV2A binding in the substantia nigra, although additional involvement of brainstem, caudate, striatal, thalamic, raphe, or cortical regions was reported in selected cohorts. In PDD/DLB, abnormalities appeared broader and more cortical, with evidence of association between cortical SV2A binding and cognitive performance. In MSA, one study suggested a distinct infratentorial and cerebellar pattern with potential relevance for phenotypic stratification. SV2A PET is a promising research biomarker for biological characterization of synucleinopathies. However, the field remains limited by small cohorts, methodological heterogeneity, variable quantification strategies, limited longitudinal evidence, and potential cohort overlap. Multicentre validation and harmonized protocols are required before clinical translation.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Nitrogen sources and concentrations shape algal odor compounds: Key drivers of β-cyclocitral and β-ionone in water bodies of the lower Yangtze River.

Taste and odor (T&O) compounds derived from cyanobacterial blooms pose escalating threats to freshwater security worldwide, yet the drivers of specific T&O metabolites remain poorly constrained. Here, we investigated the dual effects of nitrogen (N) sources and concentrations on the production of β-cyclocitral and β-ionone, two algal-derived T&O compounds, through integrated field surveys (54 sites across lakes and rivers) in the eutrophic lower Yangtze River, China, and laboratory cultivation of typical cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa and Pseudanabaena cinerea). Our field data revealed that the concentrations of β-cyclocitral and β-ionone in lakes and rivers were not significantly different, but increased with the trophic level index. Redundancy analysis and Mantel analysis showed that Microcystis and Pseudanabaena were potentially dominant contributors to β-cyclocitral and β-ionone in the water column. Structural equation modeling and variation partitioning analysis showed that enhanced nitrate (NO3--N) significantly promoted the production of these compounds. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that inorganic N (NaNO₃) maximized total T&O yields by promoting algal biomass, whereas organic N (urea and glutamic acid) elevated the T&O production per unit biomass by 1.5- to 9.5-fold. Notably, Pseudanabaena exhibited a 2.3-fold higher β-ionone yield than Microcystis, with greater sensitivity to N concentrations. Our study highlights the critical role of nitrogen pollution, both source and concentration, in the production of T&O compounds by phytoplankton and provides reference data for managing T&O issues in rivers and shallow lakes.

Norisoprenoids↗

PubMed2026

The Dual Role of Executive Functioning in the Association Between Family Socioeconomic Status and Children's Problem Behaviors.

Although prior research suggests that executive functioning may either mediate or moderate the association between family socioeconomic status (SES) and children's problem behaviors, examining these roles separately provides an incomplete account: mediation models may understate individual differences that are not attributable to the environment, whereas moderation models may understate the role of the environment in shaping personal characteristics. To integrate these perspectives, the present longitudinal study examined whether executive functioning simultaneously mediates and moderates the association between family SES and children's internalizing and externalizing problems. A total of 308 children in the early years of elementary school (MageT1 = 7.34 years; 138 girls) were assessed and followed up 39 months later. After controlling for children's gender, age, and grade, lower family SES at T1 significantly predicted higher levels of both internalizing and externalizing problems at T2. Executive functioning at T1 partially mediated these associations, indicating that differences in children's executive functioning partly accounted for socioeconomic disparities in problem behaviors. Executive functioning also moderated both associations: SES was negatively associated with problem behaviors among children with lower executive functioning but not among those with higher executive functioning. These findings highlight the dual role of executive functioning in the longitudinal association between SES and children's problem behaviors and suggest that executive functioning may be a promising target for efforts to reduce mental health disparities associated with socioeconomic disadvantage.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

An Update on Inborn Errors of V(D)J Recombination.

V(D)J recombination is the fundamental process by which developing T and B lymphocytes generate diverse antigen receptors, enabling adaptive immunity. This tightly regulated program operates exclusively in lymphoid precursors during G1 phase and depends on the lymphocyte-specific RAG1-RAG2 recombinase to introduce programmed DNA double-strand breaks at recombination signal sequences, followed by repair through the classical nonhomologous end joining (c-NHEJ) pathway. Disruption of any step in this molecular choreography compromises antigen receptor diversity and underlies a spectrum of inborn errors of immunity (IEIs), ranging from severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) to immune dysregulation with autoimmunity and granulomatous disease. In this review, we place disorders of V(D)J recombination within the broader framework of T-cell development, detailing the temporal waves of recombinase activity, chromatin accessibility, and DNA damage responses that guide thymocyte differentiation. We discuss pathogenic variants affecting the cleavage phase [RAG1, RAG2, and the recently identified RAG cochaperone NudC domain-containing 3 (NUDCD3)], end processing (ARTEMIS), ligation and repair (LIG4, XLF, XRCC4, PRKDC), and genome surveillance pathways (ATM, MRN complex, RNF168), highlighting genotype-phenotype correlations and mechanisms driving immune deficiency and dysregulation. We briefly review recent diagnostic advances, including newborn screening using T-cell receptor excision circles, repertoire sequencing, and functional assays, alongside current therapeutic strategies. Finally, we outline key unanswered questions and argue that continued integration of clinical observation with molecular discovery is essential to improve outcomes and deepen understanding of adaptive immune development.

Humans↗