Postpartum teaching regarding infant care, behavior, and characteristics: a study.
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Health Education↗
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Breastfeeding behavior and infant survival with emphasis on reverse causation bias: some evidence from Nigeria.
The possibility of selection bias in the estimation of the effects of breastfeeding on subsequent survival is implied by the clinical evidence that children who are healthier at birth are more likely to be breastfed than their less healthy counterparts who may be prone to difficulties in sustaining breastfeeding. This paper addresses an important problem in understanding the association of breastfeeding and child survival with regard to reverse causation. It utilizes data on the reported reason for weaning to assess the degree to which reverse causality may be responsible for observed associations. The analysis indicates that children who are weaned in the neonatal period because of illness or weakness to suckle, experience a much higher risk of dying than others. This is not mainly because of the cessation of breastfeeding, but because of the original factor, being their illness. Any biases imparted by an initial selection mechanism appear, therefore, to have influence on the effectiveness of breastfeeding behavior.
Adolescent↗
Zinc deficiency in pregnant rhesus monkeys: effects on behavior of infants.
Zinc deprivation from day 110 to 150 of gestation in rhesus monkeys resulted in rash, alopecia, anorexia, decreased feed efficiency, and low plasma zinc in the mothers. Infants of the dams that had been deprived of zinc during gestation displayed a more rapid postnatal growth rate than infants of the control mothers. Infants of the zinc-deprived dams played and explored less than the control infants. They also associated with their mothers a greater percentage of the time and were less active. This study has shown that third trimester maternal zinc deprivation in nonhuman primates can impair behavioral development of offspring.
Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
[Cow's milk of various protein and saline contents: their effect on some aspects of metabolism and growth of immature infants. II. Behavior of weight increase and of some hematochemical constants during prolonged experimentation].
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Animals↗
[Nutrition in the first months of life with a new formula containing maltodextrins and enriched with long-chain fatty acids].
According to the recent acquisition about the biochemical properties of the carbohydrates contained in human milk, the addition of maltodextrins to infant formulas became recommended. We refer about the preliminary data of the first utilization of a new formula (Aptamil 1 "Nuova Formula") in which both maltodextrins and Long Chain Fatty Acids are added. Sixty-seven infants were enrolled to the study for the first 4 months of life. Forty-three of them (64%) completed the study and were grouped as follows: Group 1 = 15 subjects exclusively formula-fed (4F, 11M), Group 2 = 21 infants with mixed feeding (breast + formula), Group 3 = 7 cases in which Aptamil 1 "Nuova Formula" substituted another formula (4F, 3M). Auxologic parameters (weight, length, head circumference) were among the normal standard limits according to the percentile charts of the Boston Children's Medical Center. All infants enjoyed the taste of the milk we tested. The food regimen was changed in 4/67 (6%) infants because of alimentary intolerance suspicion but 2/4 infants were subsequently fed with soya milk formula and with an "hypoallergenic" milk respectively, the other 2 continued with another formula. The weight growth chart in infants of Group 1 tended to bend down a little bit between the 3rd and 4th month, reminding the breast-fed infants behavior. Considering the daily milk volume assumed by the same subjects, we found a statistical difference (p < or = 0.01) between the volumes of milk assumed in the 2nd and the 3rd month of life but from the 3rd to the 4th month there was no statistical difference in daily milk volumes. This resembles the breast-fed infants behavior as well. According to our preliminary results the new milk formula we tested seems a very good substitute when an infant can't be breast-fed for any reason.
Dextrins↗
Synchrony in mother-infant interactions.
A measure of mother-infant synchrony was developed and used to compare the interactions of mothers with preterm and mothers with full-term infants. Each mother-infant dyad was observed during a standard bottle-feeding session on 3 separate occasions: once prior to hospital discharge and 1 and 3 months after discharge. Synchrony, defined by the correlation between mother and infant behavioral rates during corresponding segments of the observation session, was found to (1) distinguish between preterm and full-term groups at 3 months and (2) successfully predict below-average Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) scores at 9 months for dyads in which mother and infant behavioral rates were inversely related. Further analysis identified certain interaction characteristics related to synchromy.
Child Abuse↗
Maternal intention and actual behavior in infant feeding at one month postpartum.
Five-hundred and ninety-one mothers completed a follow-up questionnaire at one month postpartum. The total breastfeeding rate declined from 83.4% before discharge to 50.8% at one month. One-hundred and fifty-three (25.9%) mothers exclusively breastfed, 147 (24.9%) mothers mixed fed, and 291 (49.2%) mothers formula fed their babies at that time. Among the mothers who initially intended to exclusively breastfeed, 39.3% changed to formula feeding, while 7.1% of the mothers who intended to mix feeding and 4.8% of the mothers who intended to formula feed changed to exclusive breastfeeding at one month postpartum. Nine percent of the breastfeeding mothers weaned within the 1st week, 9.2% weaned between the 1st and 2nd week, 8.4% weaned between the 2nd and 3rd week, while another 14.8% weaned between the 3rd and 4th week. Milk insufficiency, maternal tiredness, not knowing whether the infant had enough to eat and breast problems were the four major reasons for changing feeding method from breastfeeding to formula feeding. Positive breastfeeding attitude, non-employment and husband's approval of breastfeeding was negatively associated with changing feeding behavior from breastfeeding to formula feeding within one month postpartum. In conclusion, successful breastfeeding not only depends on factors related to the mother, but also on her environment. Education regarding breastfeeding should be provided to the entire family including the mother and father. The workplace needs to be more accommodating to breastfeeding mothers, so that they can continue breastfeeding after returning to work.
Breast Feeding↗
Gender and environment as determinants of behavior in infant common baboons (Papio cynocephalus).
Two groups of infant baboons were observed. The breast-fed group was housed in a gang cage with nursing mothers (n = 13) and the other motherless group was in a wire-cage nursery habitat (n = 20). Differences in behavior due to gender and environment were tested by analysis of variance. The results do not support the hypothesis that innate sex differences exist in baboons aged 0-3 months. Nursery-reared subjects had significantly higher scores for rough-and-tumble play, stereotypy, threat, avoid, explore, high tension, and nonaggressive social behaviors, but these behaviors are not significantly different between sexes in either groups.
Aggression↗
Iron and zinc supplementation promote motor development and exploratory behavior among Bangladeshi infants.
BACKGROUND: Iron and zinc deficiency are prevalent during infancy in low-income countries. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to examine whether a weekly supplement of iron, zinc, iron+zinc, or a micronutrient mix (MM) of 16 vitamins and minerals would alter infant development and behavior. DESIGN: The participants were 221 infants from rural Bangladesh at risk of micronutrient deficiencies. Development and behavior were evaluated at 6 and 12 mo of age by using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II and the Home Observation Measurement of Environment (HOME) scale. In this double-blind trial, the infants were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatment conditions: iron (20 mg), zinc (20 mg), iron+zinc, MM (16 vitamins and minerals, including iron and zinc), or riboflavin weekly from 6 to 12 mo. Multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the change in development and behavior for each supplementation group, with control for maternal education, HOME score, months breastfed, anemia, growth at 6 mo, and change in growth from 6 to 12 mo. RESULTS: Iron and zinc administered together and with other micronutrients had a beneficial effect on infant motor development. Iron and zinc administered individually and in combination had a beneficial effect on orientation-engagement. Two-thirds of the infants were mildly anemic, no treatment effects on hemoglobin concentration were observed, and hemoglobin was not associated with measures of development or behavior. CONCLUSION: The beneficial effects of weekly iron and zinc supplementation on motor development and orientation-engagement suggest that infants benefit from these minerals when administered together.
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
Olfactory influences on the ingestive behavior of infant rats.
Twenty-four-hour deprived infant rats from 1 to 12 days of age were exposed to the odor of milk, either by itself or accompanied by oral infusions of water, sucrose, quinine, or milk (Experiment 1). Pups from 3 to 9 days of age became behaviorally active, and mouthed and probed in response to the odor of milk, even in the absence of oral infusions. Six- and 9-day-old pups also increased their intake of various test solutions in the presence of milk odor. This responsiveness to milk odor was not seen in 1-day-old pups, and waned by 12 days of age. Other stimulus odors that were presented in the same context (Experiment 2) failed to elicit such intense behavioral activation, indicating that there was some degree of specificity in the responsiveness to milk odor. Finally, 2 manipulations that influence pups' ingestion of milk, deprivation and ambient temperature, were found to influence pups' responses to milk odor (Experiment 3).
Age Factors↗
Family-based intervention improves maternal psychological well-being and feeding interaction of preterm infants.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of an individualized, family-based intervention with preterm infants and their families. DESIGN: Randomized, repeated measures intervention outcome study. SETTING: Level III neonatal intensive care nursery. PATIENTS: Random sample of 34 preterm infants < or = 1500 g and their families. INTERVENTIONS: Individualized, family-based intervention during the hospitalization and transition to home addressed problems identified by parents in four domains including: infant behavior and characteristics, family organization and functioning, caregiving environment, and home discharge and community resources. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Standardized questionnaires were administered at baseline and discharge to mothers, and predischarge bottle-feeding interactions were videotaped and coded by two blinded observers. Results were in favor of intervention (Int) versus control (Con) mothers (baseline; discharge) (P < .05) on the Parental Stressor Scale Sights and Sounds subscale (Int 2.4 +/- 1.0; 2.0 +/- 0.8 vs Con 2.4 +/- 0.9; 2.6 +/- 0.8); Child's Appearance and Behavior subscale (Int 2.8 +/- 1.0; 2.5 +/- 1.1 vs Con 2.8 +/- 0.8; 3.1 +/- 0.6); and Total Stressor Score (Int 93.9 +/- 36.6; 72.3 +/- 41.8 vs Con 87.5 +/- 26.7; 87.8 +/- 26.2). On the Beck Depression Inventory, intervention mothers had significant decreases in depressive symptoms (39%; 11%) vs control mothers (31%; 44%). Maternal self-esteem in both groups improved over time. There were no significant group differences in family environment. During feeding interactions, intervention infants grimaced (P < .001) and gagged (P < .05) less than controls. Intervention mothers less frequently interrupted feedings (P < .001); less frequently stimulated infant sucking (P < .01); smiled more (P < .001); vocalized more (P < .01); demonstrated greater sensitivity to infant behavior (P < .001), better quality of physical contact (P < .001), and more positive affect (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Individualized, family-based intervention appears to reduce maternal stress and depression, and to enhance early mother-infant feeding interactions. Further research is needed to determine whether these short-term beneficial effects persist beyond the newborn period.
Adult↗
Infant stimulation reassessed. A new approach to providing care for the preterm infant.
Developmental intervention is a new method of improving the care of preterm infants. Use of the Assessment of Preterm Infant Behavior (APIB) to determine the current behavioral functioning of an infant and how that information can be used to develop and implement an individualized program of nursing care are described. Three examples of individualized programs developed as a result of assessment are presented. General environmental guidelines for special care nursery procedures, parent involvement, and nurse training are given.
Boston↗
Contextual basis of maternal perceptions of infant temperament.
To elucidate the differential saliency of infant emotions to mothers across interactive contexts, the authors examined the moderating role of observed infant affect during interactions with mother in the relation between maternal and laboratory-based ratings of infant temperament. Fifty-nine developmentally healthy 9-month-old infants were judged for degree of infant positive, infant negative, and mother-infant mutually positive affect during the course of object-focused and routine home-based activities with mother. Mothers completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (M. K. Rothbart, 1981), and infants underwent the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (H. H. Goldsmith & M. K. Rothbart, 1999). Results revealed that maternal and observer ratings of infant negativity converged when infants manifested high degrees of negative affect during routine home-based activities. Maternal and observer ratings of infant positivity converged when infants experienced low mutually positive affect during play. These findings support the hypothesis that maternal perceptions are based on mothers' experiences with their infants but that the salience of infant temperamental characteristics to mothers varies across emotion and interactive context.
Female↗
Thermoregulatory behavior in infant Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus): arousal, orientation, and locomotion.
The responses of 2- and 8-day-old rats (Rattus norvegicus) and hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) to thermal stimulation were assessed in 4 experiments. In Experiment 1, the surface underlying the pup was cooled, and the latency to escape to a region of warmth was measured. Experiment 2 required pups to locomote farther to gain access to warmth. Experiment 3 was similar to Experiment 1 except the underlying surface was heated. Finally, in Experiment 4, locomotor behavior was assessed during isothermal cooling in which there was no possibility for escape. In general, hamsters exhibited more rapid and robust responses to thermal stimulation than rats. A framework for interpreting these results is presented emphasizing how differences in locomotor and thermogenic capabilities influence thermoregulatory behavior under different task conditions.
Animals↗
Fatal attraction: interest in infants and infant abuse in rhesus macaques.
This study investigated whether infant abuse by female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) is a phenomenon specific to their own offspring or reflects a general tendency to interact negatively with infants. Several aspects of the relationship between maternal behavior, infant handling, and infant harassment were also investigated. Study subjects were 20 group-living rhesus mothers with their infants observed during the first 12 weeks of lactation. The results of this study indicate that abusive mothers are highly attracted to infants in general but that infant abuse is a phenomenon specific to their own offspring. Infant harassment is not an accidental by-product of infant handling or the result of maternal inexperience but it is likely related to reproductive competition among lactating females. Maternal behavior and infant handling may be regulated by similar proximate mechanisms, but probably have different adaptive functions and evolutionary history across the Primate order. Am J Phys Anthropol 110:17-25.
Aggression↗
Training in social competence: the effect on mothers, fathers, and infants.
The effects of a parent-training program designed to increase parental competence to assess, predict, elicit, and contingently, respond to infant behavior and to increase the infant's contingent responses to the parents' behavior were assessed. 19 parent couples and their 4-12-month-old infants were randomly assigned to the training group or the control group. Raters, unaware of the status of the parents, observed and rated the parents' behavior during a 2-hour home observation. Separate raters, unaware of the hypothesis, then rated a 20-min videotape of the parent-infant interactions in the home. Parents independently completed a questionnaire. Training was found to increase both the parents' and the infants' competence in the parent-infant dyad. Most important, a reciprocal relationship between increases in the trained fathers' interactions and decreases in the trained mothers' interactions was found, indicating that the triad may be the crucial unit for studies of parental competence.
Child Rearing↗
Genetic influences on behavior of infant Mus domesticus: a comparison of results from diallels derived from single and multiple populations.
A complete diallel cross was generated from six Jax inbred strains of Mus domesticus from diverse origins and a second 6 x 6 diallel generated from strains derived from a single wild population. During their second day of life, infants from both diallels were tested for latency to orient toward and root beneath mothers and, in a separate test, for latency to attach to mother's nipple. Rooting latency showed a significant additive maternal strain effect but little systematic effect of pup genotype. Nipple attachment latencies exhibited complete genetic dominance favoring rapid attachment, with no maternal effects. Patterns of genetic and influences obtained from the two diallels were highly similar for both behaviors, suggesting that for many traits the requirement that strains be drawn from a common base population may be relaxed.
Animals↗
Effect of teaching on primiparas' perceptions of their newborn.
To determine if a relationship exists between structured, informative in-home teaching concerning infant behavior and primiparous mothers' perceptions of their newborn, 30 primiparas completed Broussard's Neonatal Perception Inventories I and II. The sample--30 women between the ages of 18 and 30 who had had no chronic disorders and had experienced normal pregnancy, labor, delivery, and postpartal course--was deliberately selected from a 489-bed community teaching hospital; 15 women were assigned randomly to a control group and 15 to an experimental group. All participants completed NPI I on their first or second postpartum day. Experimental participants received structured, informative teaching concerning infant behavior two to four days after discharge. All subjects were again visited at one month to complete NPI II. Data were analyzed by t test; significance was set at p = .05. No significant difference was found between the groups in NPI I perceptions. On NPI II a significantly positive change in perception was found for the experimental group, but not for the control group.
Adolescent↗