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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

IBR5: an optimal measurement of integrated backscatter and cyclic variation of integrated backscatter.

Various methods have been developed to measure the coefficient of volume backscatter. For these measures, correction has made for signal energy, instrumentation/transducer filtration, diffraction and bulk loss, while using various square law or log magnitude detectors. Also, tissue backscatter has been measured as a function of frequency and the statistics of the backscatter has been examined. This paper unites methods of measuring a properly scaled (unbiased) estimate of the backscatter coefficient with knowledge of the scattering statistics and frequency response using statistical communications techniques. The maximum likelihood, minimum variance, unbiased estimator for wideband measurement of backscatter is developed together with its performance. The measurement technique has strong implications for system design for measuring cyclic myocardial backscatter.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed2005

The function and integrity of the neurovascular unit rests upon the integration of the vascular and inflammatory cell systems.

The neurovascular unit is composed of a microvascular endothelium, neuron, and glial cell elements that are in physical proximity to the endothelium. The vascular system provides oxygen, glucose, and hormones for brain cells and guides the cells to appropriately respond to the local environment. Conversely, the brain cells, especially glial cells, can regulate the function of blood vessels in response to local requirements. The disruption of the neurovascular coordination was observed in a variety of inflammation-related diseases in brain, such as infectious diseases, stroke, vascular dementia, and multiple sclerosis. Inflammatory responses resulting from infections or injury of the brain activate the endothelium and glial cells to various degrees depending on the type, titer, or strength and duration of exposure to the agents or insults. The activation of endothelial and microglial cells may be modulated by the action of cytokines or other substances secreted from these cells. In an effort to understand the pathogenesis and find rational treatments against inflammatory disorders in brain, studies have been separately carried out using either endothelial cells or microglia. Increasing evidence, however, indicates that a crosstalk between these two cell types is important for the brain inflammation. Here, we review recent advances that provide insights into the coordinated interaction between the vascular and microglial systems, including the role of the specialized endothelium in regulating the immune response that occurs within CNS, the influence of microglial cells on the properties of endothelial cells, and the effects of endothelium on the state of microglial activation.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Special report. Integrating managed care. Continuity of care: integrating the components.

Although illnesses may attack specific parts of the body, treating anything less than the whole man can lead to serious problems. Catastrophic illnesses, for example, are often accompanied by depression. Employees being treated for alcohol or substance abuse may also be suffering from psychiatric disorders. Irrespective of which came first, the alcoholism or the depression, the conditions are intertwined. And their treatments need to complement one another. As companies contract with increasing numbers of specialty providers in an attempt to manage health care costs and utilization, communication among vendors can break down. Treatments may be repeated. Therapies can contradict one another. Employees sometimes fall through the cracks. What's needed is care that is comprehensive and continuous. The following series of stories examines the positive changes that may accrue when managed care techniques are applied in a synoptic fashion.

Continuity of Patient Care↗