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PubMed1997

Peak systolic velocity, resistance index and pulsatility index. Variations in measuring a pre-recorded videotape.

PURPOSE: To study variation in the process of measuring Doppler ultrasound (US) wave forms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eleven radiologists measured peak systolic velocity (PSV), resistance index (RI), and pulsatility index (PI) from a pre-recorded videotape. The wave forms were taken from the carotid, brachial, celiac, and renal interlobar arteries in a healthy volunteer. Each radiologist obtained measurements 10 times from a freely chosen wave form of 10 wave forms (10-beat series) and then a further set of measurements also 10 times from a specific wave form (1-beat series). RESULTS: There was a significant variation in all the PSV, RI and PI values measured, both in the 1-beat series and in the 10-beat series. The greatest variation was seen in the PI values: up to 5.1-fold. Both intraobserver and interobserver reproducibilities were poor. CONCLUSION: The process of obtaining measurements from an identified wave form is a major source of error in Doppler US studies. Special attention should be paid to this final phase of an examination. We recommend that measurements be obtained from more than one heart beat.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Measuring mental health in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): a comparison of the SF-36 Mental Health Index with the Psychological General Well-Being Index.

OBJECT: The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of the five-item mental health dimension of SF-36 (the Mental Health Index, MHI-5) with that of the 22-item Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWB) in patients presenting with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease, using tests of reliability and validity. DESIGN: A questionnaire-based survey of patients diagnosed with ALS across 15 European countries. SAMPLE: Patients presenting at neurological clinics for treatment of their ALS were asked to join the survey. RESULTS: 1048 patients with ALS have been recruited, of whom 861 (82.2%) have returned baseline questionnaires. There was evidence supporting the internal consistency of both instruments, and for their construct validity in distinguishing between groups, in terms of gender and age. The scores on the two instruments were highly correlated (Spearman rank correlation 0.85). CONCLUSION: Both the MHI-5 and the PGWB showed high levels of construct validity and internal reliability in this patient group. The MHI-5 has comparable psychometric performance to the PGWB, and can be used to measure and compare mental health in defined populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Measurement of decline of functioning in persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: responsiveness and possible applications of the Functional Independence Measure, Barthel Index, Rehabilitation Activities Profile and Frenchay Activities Index.

It is important not only to monitor the functional change during the course of ALS, but also to determine whether or not the available help is sufficient. This study was performed to determine which generic assessment instrument is most appropriate. A multicentre cohort of patients with ALS was followed for one year. At baseline, six months, and 1 year four instruments were used: Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Rehabilitation Activities Profile (RAP), Barthel Index (BI), and Frenchay Activities Index (FAI). The responsiveness of the measures was examined using effect sizes and standardized response mean statistics. Seventy-three patients at baseline, 63 after six months and 43 after one year were assessed. If calculated on the group that completed all three assessments, the FIM, BI, and RAP showed moderate effect sizes and standardized response means over a period of six months and large effect sizes over 12 months. Based on their responsiveness FIM, BI, and RAP can be used to evaluate limitations in activities and care needs of persons with ALS and to evaluate treatment results in trials. The FIM was the most responsive instrument, although the BI might be easier to use in clinical practice.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1988

Thymidine labeling index, flow cytometric S-phase measurement, and DNA index in human tumors. Comparisons and correlations.

The results of flow cytometry were compared with the tritiated thymidine labeling index (TLI) in 314 tumors studied in one laboratory and 163 tumors from a second laboratory, a total of 477, including 306 breast carcinomas. Flow cytometric DNA measurements were obtained on mechanically dissociated fresh tissue stained with propidium iodide or DAPI. Spearman's rank order correlation coefficients (r) for TLI versus flow cytometric S-phase measurement (%S) were 0.38 to 0.55 (P less than 0.001) for diploid DNA index (DNAI) and 0.59 and 0.67 (P less than 0.001) for aneuploid DNAI. The correlations were similar for breast and nonmammary tumors. No correlation of DNAI with TLI or %S was observed for aneuploid tumors, although the aneuploid tumors had significantly higher TLI and %S than diploid tumors (P less than 0.001). Mean TLI for the breast carcinomas was 4.6% and 3.6% for diploid tumors in Series 1 and 2, respectively; for aneuploid tumors, 9.9% and 9.3%. Respective mean %S for diploid breast carcinomas was 6.8% and 7.4%; for aneuploid breast carcinomas, it was 13.6% and 14.5%. The excess of %S over TLI was greatest for tumors with low TLI and appeared to result largely from debris in DNA histograms. TLI, %S and DNAI each predicted both absolute survival and relapse-free survival of breast carcinoma patients.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2003

Relationship between bispectral index, auditory evoked potential index and effect-site EC50 for propofol at two clinical end-points.

BACKGROUND: Many anaesthetists are deterred from using total i.v. anaesthesia because of uncertainty over the concentration of propofol required to prevent awareness. We predicted blood and effect-site concentrations of propofol at two clinical end-points: loss of consciousness and no response to a painful stimulus. METHODS: Forty unpremedicated Caucasian patients were anaesthetized with i.v. propofol delivered by a Diprifusor target-controlled infusion (TCI). Bispectral index (BIS) and auditory evoked potential index (AEPex) were measured and blood and effect-site propofol concentrations were predicted. Logistic regression was used to estimate population values for predicted blood and effect-site propofol concentrations at the clinical end-points and to correlate these with BIS and AEPex. RESULTS: The effect-site EC(50) at loss of consciousness was 2.8 micro m ml(-1) with an EC(05) and an EC(95) of 1.5 and 4.1 micro m ml(-1), respectively. The predicted EC(50) when there was no response to a tetanic stimulus was 5.2 micro m ml(-1) with an EC(05) and an EC(95) of 3.1 and 7.2 micro m ml(-1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Unconsciousness and lack of response to a painful stimulus occur within a defined range of effect-site concentrations, predicted by Diprifusor TCI software.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Detection of awareness in surgical patients with EEG-based indices--bispectral index and patient state index.

BACKGROUND: Patient state index (PSI) and bispectral index (BIS) are values derived from the EEG, which can measure the hypnotic component of anaesthesia. We measured the ability of PSI and BIS to distinguish consciousness from unconsciousness during induction and emergence from anaesthesia and a period of awareness in surgical patients. METHODS: Forty unpremedicated patients were randomized to receive: (1) sevoflurane/remifentanil (< or =0.1 microg kg(-1) min(-1)), (2) sevoflurane/remifentanil (> or = 0.2 microg kg(-1) min(-1)), (3) propofol/remifentanil (< or =0.1 microg kg(-1) min(-1)), (4) propofol/remifentanil (> or = 0.2 microg kg(-1) min(-1)). Every 30 s after the start of the remifentanil, patients were asked to squeeze the investigator's hand. Sevoflurane or propofol were given until loss of consciousness (LOC1). Tunstall's isolated forearm technique was used during neuromuscular block with succinylcholine. After tracheal intubation, propofol or sevoflurane were stopped until return of consciousness (ROC1). Propofol or sevoflurane were re-started to induce LOC2. After surgery, drugs were discontinued and recovery (ROC2) was observed. PSI and BIS at LOC (LOC1 and LOC2) were compared with those at ROC (ROC1 and ROC2) (t-test). Prediction probability (P(k)) was calculated from values at the last command before and at LOC and ROC. Values are mean (SD). RESULTS: At non-responsiveness, BIS (66 (17)) and PSI (55 (23)) were significantly less than at responsiveness (BIS, 79 (14); PSI, 77 (18); P<0.05). The wide variation with both BIS and PSI measurements of the 80 'awareness' values led to an erroneous classification as unconscious in some cases (BIS, six patients; PSI, nine patients). P(k) was 0.68 (0.03) (BIS) and 0.69 (0.03) (PSI). CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant differences between mean values at responsiveness and non-responsiveness for BIS and PSI, neither measure may be sufficient to detect awareness in an individual patient, reflected by a P(k) less than below 70%.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Bispectral index and A-line AAI index as guidance for desflurane-remifentanil anaesthesia compared with a standard practice group: a multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to investigate the impact of bispectral index (BIS) or A-line AAI index (based on middle-latency auditory evoked potential) monitoring on recovery times and drug consumption when compared with standard anaesthetic practice during desflurane-remifentanil anaesthesia. METHODS: After having obtained approval from the institutional review board and written informed consent, 200 adult patients undergoing minor surgical procedures were randomized to receive a desflurane-remifentanil anaesthetic controlled either solely by clinical parameters or by BIS or AAI to the following target values: during maintenance of anaesthesia to a value of '50' (BIS) or '30' (AAI), 15 min before the end of surgery to '60' (BIS) or '45' (AAI). Recovery times and drug consumption were recorded by a blinded investigator. RESULTS: Compared with standard practice, patients with BIS or AAI monitoring needed similar desflurane concentrations (standard practice 2.9 [0.5] vol%, BIS 3.3 [0.9] vol%, AAI 2.6 [0.5] vol%), and had similar recovery times (open eyes 5.6 [2.5] min, 5.9 [3.4] min, 5.0 [3.1] min; extubation 6.3 [2.4] min, 6.6 [3.5] min, 5.6 [3.0] min; stating name 7.3 [2.4] min, 7.6 [3.5] min, 7.3 [6.6] min). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with standard anaesthetic practice BIS and AAI guided titration to the used target ranges did not result in a reduction of desflurane consumption or recovery times during minor surgery with use of remifentanil.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Comparative evaluation of the cerebral state index and the bispectral index during target-controlled infusion of propofol.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral state index (CSI) has recently been introduced as an intra-operative monitor of anaesthetic depth. We compared the performance of the CSI to the bispectral index (BIS) in measuring depth of anaesthesia during target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol. METHODS: Twenty Chinese patients undergoing general anaesthesia were recruited. CSI and BIS, and predicted effect-site concentration of propofol were recorded. The level of sedation was tested by Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (MOAAS) every 20 s during stepwise increase (TCI, 0.5 microg ml(-1)) of propofol. The loss of verbal contact (LVC) and loss of response (LOR) were defined by MOAAS values of 2-3 and less than 2, respectively. Baseline variability and the prediction probability (P(K)) were calculated for the BIS and CSI. The values of BIS(05) and CSI(05), BIS(50) and CSI(50), BIS(95) and CSI(95) were calculated at each end-point (LVC and LOR). RESULTS: Baseline variability of CSI was more than that of BIS. Both CSI and BIS showed a high prediction probability for the steps awake vs LVC, awake vs LOR, and LVC vs LOR, and good correlations with MOAAS values. CONCLUSION: Despite larger baseline variation, CSI performed as well as BIS in terms of P(K) values and correlations with step changes in sedation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Combined use of Bispectral Index and A-Line Autoregressive Index to assess anti-nociceptive component of balanced anaesthesia during lumbar arthrodesis.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the A-Line Autoregressive Index (AAI) response to surgical stimulation during lumbar arthrodesis, as an estimate of the anti-nociceptive component of a Bispectral Index (BIS) guided anaesthesia combined with epidural analgesia. METHODS: An epidural catheter was inserted in 23 patients allocated randomly to receive ropivacaine plus clonidine (Group R) or normal saline (Group S) epidurally. General anaesthesia was induced with propofol, cis-atracurium and a remifentanil infusion that was stopped 3 min after tracheal intubation, and maintained using sevoflurane to keep BIS at 50 (range 40-60). Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, end-tidal sevoflurane, BIS and AAI were analysed from 2 min before to 17 min after surgical incision. RESULTS: While BIS was maintained at 50, AAI significantly increased from a 2 min averaged value of 12 (4) to 21 (7) in Group S within the first 5 min after surgical incision, but did not change in Group R. Maximum AAI values reached during the study period were significantly higher in Group S than in Group R [38 (12) and 27 (10), respectively]. Binary logistic regression analysis allowed the calculation of AAI threshold values above which the probability of predominant nociception over anti-nociception was higher than 95%. At 1 MAC sevoflurane concentration, a 2 min averaged AAI of 35 or an AAI peak value of 62 were associated with such a probability. CONCLUSIONS: During a BIS-guided constant level of hypnosis, AAI response to the onset of surgical stimulation significantly differs according to the analgesic regimen. Further studies are needed to refine the estimation of sensitivity and specificity of this variable in assessing the balance between nociception and anti-nociception during general anaesthesia.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Are the Peer Assessment Rating Index and the Index of Treatment Complexity, Outcome, and Need suitable measures for orthognathic outcomes?

The aim of this study was to determine which of two occlusal indices were the most appropriate for use in the assessment of orthognathic outcome. The indices used were the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index and the Index of Treatment Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON). These indices were validated against the subjective assessments of treatment outcome and treatment improvement obtained from a panel of experienced orthodontic consultants. For the subjective assessment, intraexaminer agreement for ranking treatment outcome, from patient study models (30 models), was good. Interexaminer agreement for ranking treatment outcome, in the same way, was good or moderate. Intraexaminer agreement for ranking treatment improvement (30 start and finish pairs of models) was very good or good. Interexaminer agreement for ranking treatment improvement ranged from good to fair. All the patient study models were scored using PAR and ICON. The level of correlation between PAR and ICON scores of treatment outcome and the subjective ranking of treatment outcome was significant (P < 0.001). The level of correlation between PAR and ICON scores of treatment improvement and the subjective ranking of treatment improvement was also significant (P < 0.001). It is concluded that both PAR and ICON are suitable indices for assessing the clinical outcome of combined orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

The pulsatility index and the resistive index in renal arteries. Associations with long-term progression in chronic renal failure.

BACKGROUND: The pulsatility index (PI) and the resistive index (RI) are used as pulsed-wave Doppler measurements of downstream renal artery resistance. PI and RI have been found to correlate with renal vascular resistance, filtration fraction and effective renal plasma flow in chronic renal failure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential relationship between these indices and the rate of decline in renal function, as reflected by changes in different parameters of renal function in patients with chronic renal failure. METHODS: Twenty-one patients (8 females; 13 males, mean age 58 years (36-75)) with chronic renal failure were enrolled in the study. Doppler examinations were performed in the segmental arteries by an Acuson 128XP. The PI and the RI was calculated from the blood flow velocities. Parameters of renal function were measured every 3 1/2 months, and all patients were followed for 18-21 months. Progression of renal dysfunction was estimated by linear regression of parameters of renal function versus time. RESULTS: In a multiple regression analysis both PI and RI correlated significantly to the rate of decline in reciprocal serum creatinine (PI: r = -0.48, P = 0.03; RI: r = -0.52, P = 0.02). Furthermore, when separating the patients in two groups by the median RI value, there was a significant difference between the groups in rate of decline in reciprocal serum creatinine (P = 0.02). For PI this distinction was also present (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: PI and RI correlated to the severity of the renal disease, as reflected by the rate of decline in reciprocal serum creatinine during antihypertensive treatment. The median RI or PI value could separate the patients into groups one of slow and another of fast progression.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Similarities and differences between the sperm quality index and sperm mobility index of broiler breeder semen.

The sperm quality index (SQI) and sperm mobility index (SMI) both predict sperm motility. Previous research was conducted comparing the SMI with the SQI; however, semen was diluted improperly for the SQI (40-fold). For an accurate comparison, semen must be diluted 10-fold for the SQI. Therefore, the overall objective of this study, utilizing 4 experiments, was to examine the relationship of the SQI with the SMI when: 1) active, heat-inactivated, and boiled sperm were incubated and analyzed over 60 min, 2) motile and immotile sperm were combined, 3) dead sperm (boiled or frozen) and live sperm were combined, and 4) sperm were rendered immotile by adding Zn. In experiment 1, the SQI was stable throughout incubation for active sperm and zero for heat-inactivated and boiled sperm. The SMI from active sperm steadily increased over incubation. However, the SMI from heat-inactivated sperm increased drastically resulting in values higher than active sperm after 35 min of incubation. The SMI from active sperm was higher than boiled sperm throughout incubation. For experiment 2, a cubic increase in the SQI occurred as active sperm increased from 0 to 100%. However, there was no difference in SMI readings until samples contained 80% active sperm. In experiment 3, for both boiled and frozen sperm, as the percentage of viable sperm increased, there was a logarithmic increase in the SQI. The SMI values were similar for 0 and 100% viable sperm when using boiled sperm, and all SMI readings were similar to 0% viable for frozen sperm. For experiment 4, both the SQI and SMI values from semen incubated with Zn were lower than that of saline. The SQI from sperm incubated in saline was higher than that of Zn throughout incubation, yet there were no differences in SMI values after 90 min of incubation. In conclusion, both the SQI and SMI of sperm decrease in response to Zn. However, it appears that immotile and dead sperm are capable of increasing SMI values but not SQI values.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Does the use of electroencephalographic bispectral index or auditory evoked potential index monitoring facilitate recovery after desflurane anesthesia in the ambulatory setting?

BACKGROUND: Analogous to the Bispectral Index (BIS) monitor, the auditory evoked potential monitor provides an electroencephalographic-derived index (AAI), which is alleged to correlate with the central nervous system depressant effects of anesthetic drugs. This clinical study was designed to test the hypothesis that intraoperative cerebral monitoring guided by either the BIS or the AAI value would facilitate recovery from general anesthesia compared with standard clinical monitoring practices alone in the ambulatory setting. METHODS: Sixty consenting outpatients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery were randomly assigned to one of three study groups: (1) control (standard practice), (2) BIS guided, or (3) AAI guided. Anesthesia was induced with 1.5-2.5 mg/kg propofol and 1-1.5 microg/kg fentanyl given intravenously. Desflurane, 3%, in combination with 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen was administered for maintenance of general anesthesia. In the control group, the inspired desflurane concentration was varied based on standard clinical signs. In the BIS- and AAI-guided groups, the inspired desflurane concentrations were titrated to maintain BIS and AAI values in targeted ranges of 50-60 and 15-25, respectively. BIS and AAI values, hemodynamic variables, and the end-tidal desflurane concentration were recorded at 5-min intervals during the maintenance period. The emergence times and recovery times to achieve specific clinical endpoints were recorded at 1- to 10-min intervals. The White fast-track and modified Aldrete recovery scores were assessed on arrival in the PACU, and the quality of recovery score was evaluated at the time of discharge home. RESULTS: A positive correlation was found between the AAI and BIS values during the maintenance period. The average BIS and AAI values (mean +/- SD) during the maintenance period were significantly lower in the control group (BIS, 41 +/- 10; AAI, 11 +/- 6) compared with the BIS-guided (BIS, 57 +/- 14; AAI, +/- 11) and AAI-guided (BIS, 55 +/- 12; AAI, 20 +/- 10) groups. The end-tidal desflurane concentration was significantly reduced in the BIS-guided (2.7 +/- 0.9%) and AAI-guided (2.6 +/- 0.9%) groups compared with the control group (3.6 +/- 1.5%). The awakening (eye-opening) and discharge times were significantly shorter in the BIS-guided (7 +/- 3 and 132 +/- 39 min, respectively) and AAI-guided (6 +/- 2 and 128 +/- 39 min, respectively) groups compared with the control group (9 +/- 4 and 195 +/- 57 min, respectively). More importantly, the median [range] quality of recovery scores was significantly higher in the BIS-guided (18 [17-18]) and AAI-guided (18 [17-18]) groups when compared with the control group (16 [10-18]). CONCLUSION: Compared with standard anesthesia monitoring practice, adjunctive use of auditory evoked potential and BIS monitoring can improve titration of desflurane during general anesthesia, leading to an improved recovery profile after ambulatory surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Noninvasive PtcO2 initial slope index and invasive PtcO2 arterial index as diagnostic criterion of the state of peripheral circulation.

Transcutaneous PO2 (PtcO2), PaO2, PtcO2 arterial index (ARI; PtcO2/PaO2), and the initial slope index (ISI; [delta PO2/min]/starting PtcO2) were measured in 42 healthy volunteers, 12 patients with stable circulation and respiratory insufficiency, and ten patients with insufficient peripheral circulation in cardiogenic shock in order to investigate whether ARI and ISI can be used to detect insufficient circulation. The ISI was measured by placing a PtcO2 electrode on the forearm and interrupting blood flow by inflating a cuff until the PtcO2 dropped to zero. After releasing the cuff pressure, the initial slope of the PtcO2 trace was determined in order to calculate the ISI. In the PtcO2 range between 40 and 100 torr, the ARI and ISI did not depend on the PtcO2 magnitude. In all groups, the ISI behaved similarly to the ARI. We conclude that the noninvasive ISI and invasive ARI are able to differentiate between stable and insufficient peripheral circulation (ISI less than 0.75, ARI less than 0.8; p less than .001).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of the energy expenditure index and oxygen consumption index during self-paced walking in children with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy and children without physical disabilities.

The aim of this study was to assess whether the Energy Expenditure Index (EEI), based on heart rate (HR) adjusted for speed, was a clinical indicator of the Oxygen Consumption Index (OCI), oxygen consumption (VO(2)) adjusted for speed, during self-paced walking in children with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy (CP) and children without physical disabilities (ND). Ten children with spastic diplegia CP and 15 children who are ND participated. VO(2) and HR were measured at rest and during self-paced ambulation using an AeroSport KB1-C portable metabolic system, and the EEI and OCI were calculated. A fair to good correlation (r = 0.61) between EEI and OCI was found for children with spastic diplegia CP ambulating at self-paced speeds while only a moderate correlation (r = 0.40) was found for children who are ND. The results suggest that the EEI may be a useful clinical indicator of OCI at self-paced ambulation speeds in children with spastic diplegia CP and warrants further investigation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Quality of life and acne in Scottish adolescent schoolchildren: use of the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) and the Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI).

BACKGROUND: Acne vulgaris is known to adversely affect all aspects of quality of life. However, although acne is thought to occur in the majority of adolescents, there are few data currently available on the impact of acne in this age group. OBJECTIVES: Measurement of the impairment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in teenage Scottish schoolchildren in a comparative study using two HRQoL questionnaires. A secondary objective was to collect data on the use and perceived efficacy of medical and over-the-counter (OTC) preparations. STUDY DESIGN: An anonymous cross-sectional survey of 200 adolescent (15-18 years) Dundee schoolchildren was conducted by means of two self-reported questionnaires: the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) and the Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI). Data on demographics and therapeutic modalities and their perceived efficacy were also collected. ANALYSIS: Statistical analysis was performed using the package Stata 7.0. RESULTS: Self-reported acne was present in 83% of teenagers (147/178), with similar sex distribution (54% male, 46% female). The overall mean CDLQI score (max. 30) was low 1.7 {6% impairment} (CI -1 to 0), range 0-19. Nine pupils scored between 5 and 9 {17-30% impairment} suggesting moderate HRQoL impairment and three scored > 10 {> 33% impairment} indicating severe impairment. The overall mean CADI score (max. 15) of 1.9 {13% impairment}, CI 0 to 1 (range 0-15) was also low, but 12 pupils scored between 5 and 9 {33-60% impairment}, one scoring 10 + {> 67% impairment} and one scoring the maximum, 15 {100% impairment}. There was no significant difference in mean scores between the sexes in either questionnaire (P = 0.5). There was good correlation between the results from the two questionnaires (Spearman's rho = 0.62). Three-quarters (75%) had used OTC products, of which only a third (33%) felt they helped 'a lot'. Fifteen per cent were receiving prescribed treatment from their doctors of which 66% found it helpful. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported acne occurred in 83% (147/178) of the Scottish teenagers involved in this study, which confirms previous reports of a high prevalence of acne in teenagers. Cross-validation of the CLDQI and CADI demonstrated good correlation and both scales were easy to administer and identified 11% (16/147) of teenagers who perceive their lives to be significantly affected by their acne (8% moderately to severely, 3% severely). It is important to identify and treat such teenagers early to reduce the future socio-economic burden of their acne.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2006

Cross-cultural reliability of the Health Perception Index and the Health Control and Competence Index.

PURPOSE: To test the reliability of two Spanish instruments to measure (a) health perceptions, and (b) health control and competence. DESIGN: Triangulated methodology used with two different Latino populations. METHODS: Preliminary qualitative data were collected in Mexico. Based on themes from Mexico, data were collected from 44 men (Dominican Republic, n=24 ; Peru, n=20) with two instruments, the Health Competence and Control Index and the Health Perception Index. Alpha reliability estimates were obtained. FINDINGS: Results of the study confirmed reliability of the instruments in one of the Latino populations, consistent with understanding of the constructs found in the Mexican study. Reliability was low in the second Latino population. CONCLUSIONS: Although results from this study are useful, further translation and research procedures are needed to address the many differences among ethnically similar groups and to further strengthen internal and external validity of instruments designed to assess Latino men's perceptions of health and their control over health.

Adolescent↗