Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Human Reproductive Indexes”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1956

Epidemiological basis of malaria control.

The epidemiology of malaria is discussed with special reference to the pattern observed in equatorial Africa, where the disease is very stable and where certain features, such as severe epidemic tendencies and ready amenability to control, commonly found in other malarious regions, are lacking. The particular conditions giving rise to stability are described in detail, and the ways in which they can be modified to bring about control of the disease in its stable form are outlined. The importance of measuring certain rates-for example, the basic reproduction rate, the index of stability, and the actual reproduction rate-when making any major malaria survey is emphasized, and formulae by means of which such rates can be readily calculated are included in an annex.

Africa↗
PubMed1982

A longitudinal study of low birthweight children: reproductive, perinatal, and environmental precursors of developmental status at three years of age.

The study includes all children (N = 62) with birthweight below 2000 grams, born within a 15 months period at a municipal hospital in Oslo, Norway. Since there are no private hospitals, and home births are almost non-existent, children born at the municipal hospital constitute a cross-section of the population. Low birthweight children made up 2.3% of all births in the hospital during the 15-month period. A wide range of medical data concerning pregnancy, delivery, and the perinatal period was collected. On the basis of these data an optimality index was determined for each child. Intellectual assessments were made at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 36 months. Observation of the home environment was made at 6 months. Parents were interviewed about their children's behavioral problems, the language skills were assessed, at 36 months. Children who at 3 years of age had poor performance on the Stanford-Binet and on the Reynell receptive scale, were among those who had had a low optimality index. The optimality index did not discriminate children with low scores on the Reynell expressive scale, spontaneous to MLU, and the behavioral questionnaire. Children with a low optimality index, but who performed well on the Stanford-Binet and on the Reynell receptive scale had higher SES, as compared with children with a low optimality index who had poor performance on these measures at 3 years. Therefore environmental factors may modate the influences of reproductive and perinatal risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Hormonal and reproductive influences and risk of melanoma in women.

BACKGROUND: Evidence linking female hormones to the development of malignant melanoma has been contradictory. The purpose of this study was to examine the risk of melanoma in relation to exogenous and endogenous hormonal variables in women, including oral contraceptives, replacement oestrogens, pregnancy, and menopause. METHODS: Hormonal and reproductive factors were evaluated using data from a personal-interview population-based case-control study of melanoma in women conducted in Connecticut during 1987-1989. Caucasian female incident invasive melanoma cases (n = 308) were confirmed by standardized histopathological review. Caucasian female controls (n = 233) were selected by random digit dialling and frequency-matched on age. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Ever being pregnant, age at first pregnancy, current use of replacement oestrogens, ever use of oral contraceptives, duration of use of oral contraceptives, and age at first use of oral contraceptives were not associated with melanoma. Among other variables, cases were more than twice as likely as controls to report a single pregnancy lasting >6 months, but this association lacked a dose-response relationship. Menopause and body mass index were not independently associated with risk of melanoma. However, this analysis did suggest that menopause and body mass index may be interactive risk factors. Melanoma cases were three times more likely than controls to be obese and report natural menopause when compared to thin/acceptable premenopausal women (OR = 3.00, 95% CI: 1.03-8.73). CONCLUSIONS: These data do not provide strong evidence that hormonal and reproductive factors are associated with risk of melanoma in women, although the few positive results should be explored further.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Isopropanol: summary of TSCA test rule studies and relevance to hazard identification.

The toxicity of isopropanol (IPA) has been extensively studied as a result of a Test Rule under Section 4 of the Toxic Substances Control Act. In general, the data showed that IPA has a low order of acute and chronic toxicity; does not produce adverse effects on reproduction; is neither a teratogen, a selective developmental toxicant, nor a developmental neurotoxicant; and is not genotoxic or an animal carcinogen. IPA is, however, a potential hazard for transient central nervous system depression at high exposure levels. In addition, IPA produced effects to several rodent toxicity endpoints at high dose levels (i.e., motor activity, male mating index, and exacerbated renal disease) which are of unclear relevance to human health. The data generated by these studies confirmed that IPA acts as a typical short-chain alcohol in mammalian biological systems. It produces a significant narcotic effect upon exposure at high levels for extended periods of time, with no irreversible effects even after repeated exposure, which is consistent with other short-chain alcohols. The metabolism of IPA appears equivalent across species with rapid conversion to acetone and carbon dioxide. Overall, these studies demonstrate IPA exposure is a low potential hazard to human health. This information will allow for an improved assessment of the human health risks from IPA exposure.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed2004

Body mass index, follicle-stimulating hormone and their predictive value in in vitro fertilization.

PURPOSE: The objective was to explore whether body mass and day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone have predictive value on odds of pregnancy after in vitro fertilisation. Few studies show that obesity produces a variety of alterations in the reproductive system, and that women with an elevation of day 3 FSH have declining ovarian function. METHODS: The data of one-hundred-seventy-one women who underwent a standard regime of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation was analyzed with particular reference to variations in body mass and hormone levels. RESULTS: By raising BMI and FSH (mIU/mL) by one unit, the odds for pregnancy were decreased by the respective factors 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.73-0.97) and 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.59-1.00). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that for the purpose of raising the odds of pregnancy BMI should be reduced. A low FSH value may cause the same effect. Nontheless, obesity and hormonal function may be independent risk factors for failure in assisted reproduction.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Clinical-pathological study of uterine leiomyomas with high mitotic activity.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical-pathological aspects of mitotically active leiomyomas. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty patients with smooth muscle tumors of the uterus, with 5-9 mitotic figures per 10 high power fields and without atypia or necrosis were studied. The clinical and pathological characteristics of these tumors were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: Patients' ages ranged from 33 to 63 years (mean 42.5 years). The size of the tumors ranged from 1.5 to 9.5 cm (mean 5.4 cm). On gross examination all tumors appeared as typical leiomyomas. Treatment included hysterectomy in 16 patients and myomectomy in four. Follow-up periods ranged from 1.5 to 11 years (mean 6.8 years). None of the patients developed a recurrent tumor. CONCLUSION: The benign clinical behavior of such tumors supports their current designation as mitotically active leiomyomas, thus deleting the previous misnomer 'smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential'. Myomectomy is an appropriate treatment, particularly in young patients interested in reproduction.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Inhibin-B levels in healthy young adult men and prepubertal boys: is obesity the cause for the contemporary decline in sperm count because of fewer Sertoli cells?

Inhibin-B is a heterodimeric glycoprotein produced by Sertoli cells. Although inhibin-B levels are low when seminiferous tubules are damaged, studies in normal monkeys reveal that inhibin-B levels also correlate positively with Sertoli cell number. In this study, we measured inhibin-B levels in healthy young adult men aged 18-24 years and in prepubertal boys aged 5-9 years in relation to body mass index (BMI). Inhibin-B levels declined with increasing obesity in young adult men; values were 26% lower in men who were obese compared to normal-weight men. Sex hormone-binding globulin and total testosterone, but not free testosterone, were also lower with increasing BMI; serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels were unaffected by obesity. In prepubertal boys, by contrast, inhibin-B was unaffected by obesity. We propose that reduced levels of inhibin-B indicate that obese men have fewer Sertoli cells than men of normal weight. Moreover, normal values in obese prepubertal boys suggest that the effect of obesity on inhibin-B is established during puberty. Finally, because each Sertoli cell is thought to support a finite number of germ cells, fewer Sertoli cells in obesity may predispose to a lower sperm count in adulthood. We speculate that the escalating prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance among adolescents might negatively influence male reproductive function for the next generation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Age-related changes in ovarian volume, antral follicle counts and basal FSH in women with normal reproductive health.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between ultrasound-based ovarian volume and antral follicle counts and hormonal parameters of ovarian reserve in a group of women with normal reproductive health. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. One hundred eight women with at least one previous pregnancy reaching term were divided into three age groups (group 1 = 35-39 years, group 2 = 40-44 years, and group 3 = 45-50 years). Basal hormone measurements and transvaginal ultrasonography estimation of ovarian volume and follicle counts were performed in the early follicular phase (day 3) of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS: There were significant differences in FSH (P < .0001) and E2 (P < .002) levels when group I was compared to groups II and III. There was a significant decrease in mean follicle counts (MFC) between groups I and III (P < .05). The decrease in mean ovarian volume (MOV) with age was not statistically significant. Age strongly correlated with MFC (r = -.38, P < .001) and weakly with MOV (r = -.29, P < .05). However, basal FSH correlated positively with age (r = .50, P < .001) and negatively with MOV (r = -.590, P < .001) and MFC (r = -.658, P < .001). Basal E2 correlated with MOV (r = .50, P < .001) and MFC (r = .50, P < .001). There was also a strong positive correlation between MFC and MOV (r = .777, P < .001). CONCLUSION: There was a decrease in MOV and MFC with aging coincident with increasing basal FSH levels after age 35 in women with normal reproductive health.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Reproductive outcome after laparoscopic treatment of endometriosis.

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION: To evaluate the pregnancy rate after laparoscopic treatment of endometriosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 47 infertile women undergoing laparoscopic treatment of endometriosis. RESULTS: rAFS stage was as follows: 11% of patients had Stage I, 11% Stage II, 53.3% Stage III and 24.4% Stage IV. The mean duration of follow-up was 48.5 +/- 18.44 months. The overall pregnancy rate was 64.4%. Eighteen out of 26 women (69%) became pregnant within six months after laparoscopy, 23% at 12 months, 11% within 24 months, and 11% after two years (p < 0.01). Adnexal adhesions and tubal status significantly affected the pregnancy rate. No differences were found regarding the stage of disease and the presence of ovarian endometriomas. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic treatment of endometriosis enhances fertility and the pregnancy rate is highest within the first six months after surgery. Adnexal adhesions and tubal conditions influence the reproductive outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Overexpression of a human transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) transgene reveals a dual antagonistic role of TGF alpha in female sexual development.

The importance of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) in female reproductive development was assessed using transgenic mice bearing a human TGF alpha complementary DNA under the control of a mouse metallothionein-1 promoter (MT1-hTGF alpha). Examination of the brain and ovaries 5 h after a single sc injection of zinc chloride, administered to activate the MT1-hTGF alpha transgene, revealed that prominent sites of human TGF alpha messenger RNA expression within these tissues were the hypothalamus and ovarian follicles, respectively. In vitro experiments showed that acute transgene activation increased hypothalamic release of LH-releasing hormone. In contrast, the ovarian steroidal response to gonadotropins, examined in vitro, was markedly attenuated. Chronic activation of transgene expression by daily administration of zinc chloride delayed the time of first estrus (an index of peripubertal estrogen secretion), but shortened the interval between first estrus and the onset of estrous cyclicity (an index of reproductive competence). Accumulation of small antral follicles, accompanied by thecal hypertrophy and enhanced androgen production, preceded the acquisition of ovulatory capacity. These changes were accompanied by reduced serum LH levels, suggesting that the relative inability of small antral follicles to develop further in TGF alpha-overexpressing mice is at least in part due to inappropriate gonadotropin support. Serum LH levels in these animals may be reduced by an augmented androgen negative feedback signal. Nontransgenic mouse ovaries, placed under the control of a transgenic hypothalamus by heterologous grafting, rapidly ovulated and initiated estrous cyclicity. In contrast, acquisition of reproductive capacity was severely delayed in nontransgenic mice bearing transgenic ovarian grafts. The results indicate that TGF alpha regulates female reproductive development through two opposing mechanisms: within the brain, it facilitates the neuroendocrine activation of the process; at the ovarian level, modulates the stimulatory effect of gonadotropin hormones on follicular growth and steroidogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Interindividual variations in the disomy frequencies of human spermatozoa and their correlation with nuclear maturity as evaluated by aniline blue staining.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the importance of interindividual variations in the disomy frequencies of human sperm and their possible correlation with the principal semen parameters. DESIGN: Prospective randomized analysis of sperm nuclei by fluorescence in situ hybridization and analysis of semen parameters. SETTING: University-based laboratory for reproductive biology. PATIENT(S): Fifty-seven human ejaculates selected at random from a population of men undergoing semen analysis. INTERVENTION(S): Semen specimens were analyzed, and sperm samples were prepared for fluorescence in situ hybridization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Semen parameters, including necrozoospermia, global motility, sperm concentration, multiple abnormalities index, and teratozoospermia were evaluated, aniline blue staining was completed, and disomy frequencies for chromosomes 8, 15, 18, X, and Y were determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULT(S): Noticeable differences in disomy frequencies between individuals were observed, and these frequencies were correlated with the degree of nuclear maturity. CONCLUSION(S): We hypothesize that the positive correlation can be explained by an abnormality of chromosomal segregation at the time of meiosis that would cause disturbances during the transition of nucleoprotein or by one or several premeiotic abnormalities of chromatin that would perturb both the meiotic process and the construction of definitive proteins.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Ovarian torsion in a 20-year-old patient.

Ovarian torsion is an uncommon gynecological emergency that requires prompt recognition and treatment. It may present with nonspecific signs and symptoms, and should be considered in any female with acute abdominal pain. The diagnosis is based on an awareness of the relevant risk factors, the clinical presentation, and a high index of suspicion. Timely investigation and management can make the difference between ovarian loss and salvage--an outcome of great importance in the population of reproductive age females.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1993

Breast cancer in Denmark. Incidence, risk factors, and characteristics of survival.

In Denmark, incidence of female breast cancer remained constant from 1943 to around 1960, whereafter a steady increase has occurred, the level today being about 50% higher than in 1960. No equivalent rise has been observed for breast cancer mortality. Influence of hormonal and dietary factors on breast cancer risk and survival was evaluated in a combined population-based case-control and follow-up study, including 2,445 women, aged less than 70 years, diagnosed with breast cancer in Denmark between 1 March 1983 and 31 August 1984, identified from the files of the nation-wide clinical trial of the Danish Breast Cancer Co-operative Group (DBCG) and the Danish Cancer Registry. The control group was an age-stratified random sample of the general female population, selected from the Central Population Register. Data on risk factors were collected by self-administered questionnaires. Clinical and pathological tumour characteristics derived from DBCG. The case-control analysis confirmed an overall increased risk of breast cancer associated with urban residence, high social status, nulliparity, early age at menarche, late age at natural menopause, hormonal replacement therapy, high dietary fat intake, and high alcohol consumption in a subgroup. It failed to detect an association with age at first childbirth, oral contraceptives, smoking, intake of vegetables, tea, coffee, and sweeteners. Survival was determined by tumour size, skin invasion, number of positive lymph nodes, and grade. There was no relation between survival and reproductive or hormonal factors, dietary variables, alcohol consumption, or smoking. However, a complex relationship may exist between survival and body mass index.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Long-term GnRH agonist treatment for female central precocious puberty does not impair reproductive function.

Depot gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist (GnRHa) therapy is the treatment of choice for patients with central precocious puberty (CPP). It is still unclear whether long-term exposure to GnRHa is associated with impaired reproductive function in adulthood. The present study was performed on 46 women, former CPP patients, 12.5+/-3.7 years after the discontinuation of treatment with depot GnRHa. In a structured interview, we assessed general health status, clinical signs possibly associated with hyperandrogenism, menstrual cycle, gynaecological diseases and reproductive function. It appears that long-term treatment with depot GnRHa is safe and does not impair reproductive function. The risk of former CPP patients to develop hirsutism and/or polycystic ovary syndrome does not seem to be increased compared to the normal population but this issue needs to be addressed in further long-term follow-up studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Reproductive and developmental toxicity study of sodium N-[2-[4-(2,2-dimethylpropionyloxy) phenylsulfonylamino] benzoyl] aminoacetate tetrahydrate (ONO-5046.Na) (2). Study for effects on pre- and postnatal development in rats, including maternal function].

Prenatal and postnatal toxicity of sodium N-[2-[4-(2,2-dimethylpropionyloxy) phenylsulfonylamino] benzoyl] aminoacetate tetrahydrate (ONO-5046.Na), a novel inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase, was studied in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. ONO-5046.Na was injected intravenously at doses of 0, 18.75, 37.5 and 75 mg/kg/day to pregnant rats from day 7 of pregnancy to day 20 after delivery. All pregnant rats were allowed to deliver naturally for postnatal examination of their offspring. No adverse effects on dams were observed in clinical signs, body weight change, food consumption, pregnant, delivery or lactating performances. ONO-5046.Na did not affect the postnatal development of offspring, including birth index, survival index, physical and functional development, motor activity, emotionality, learning ability and reproductive performance. From these results, it is considered that the NOAEL of ONO-5046.Na is 75 mg/kg/day for dams and their offspring.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Increase in numbers of 6-thioguanine-resistant human lymphocytes in short-term culture.

Lymphocytes from healthy young adults and from adolescent patients with cancer were examined for their ability to incorporate [3H]thymidine in short-term culture in the presence of phytohemagglutinin and 6-thioguanine (6-TG). The numbers of labeled nuclei after 72 h in culture were compared to numbers of labeled nuclei after 30 h in culture. The numbers of labeled nuclei in the presence of 6-TG increased 6-65-fold between 30 and 72 h. The increases in number could be accounted for by 3-6 cycles of cell division. The data suggest that 6-TG-resistant peripheral blood lymphocytes are capable of reproduction in short-term culture, but factors other than reproduction may also contribute to increases in numbers of 6-TG-resistant cells.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Vaginal uterine artery ligation avoids high blood loss and puerperal hysterectomy in postpartum hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a novel, effective, and minimally invasive surgical technique for avoiding excess blood loss and hysterectomy in intractable postpartum hemorrhage. Previously described techniques-uterine artery ligation at various levels, hypogastric (internal iliac) artery ligation, uterine compression-all require an abdominal approach. METHODS: This procedure, which is quickly learned, is performable in the delivery room with minimal preparation, with or without bladder retraction. A 2-cm horizontal incision is made in the anterior cervix 1 cm beneath the estimated vaginocervical fold and the bladder reflected in the natural plane. Firm but gentle downward traction on the uterus to the contralateral side of the intended ligature maximizes cephalad and lateral access, permitting bilateral uterine artery ligation from laterally under direct vision and/or indirect transcervical palpation. RESULTS: Between November 1997 and June 2001, 13 women with intractable postpartum hemorrhage chose the vaginal route over laparotomy as a uterus-preserving procedure. Hysterectomy proved necessary in only one case (8%) because of placenta percreta. One woman has since delivered a healthy term infant by cesarean, and uterine vascularization was unimpaired. CONCLUSION: The vaginal route offers a novel, simple, effective, and minimally invasive technique for treating intractable puerperal hemorrhage by uterine artery ligation. Timely intervention avoids hysterectomy and consumption coagulopathy and preserves reproductive potential.

Arteries↗