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PubMed1987

Medical and drug risk factors associated with neuroblastoma: a case-control study.

A matched case-control study of prenatal risk factors for neuroblastoma was conducted, including 104 cases diagnosed over the period 1970-79 in the Greater Delaware Valley. Significantly elevated odds ratios (ORs) were associated with maternal use of a neurally active drug during pregnancy (OR = 2.83), sex hormone exposure 3 months prior to or during pregnancy (OR = 2.25), frequent alcohol consumption during pregnancy (OR = 9.0), and maternal use of diuretic drugs during pregnancy (OR = 5.75). Significantly more case mothers than control mothers reported use of hair coloring products during pregnancy (OR = 3.0). No association was found between cigarette smoking, coffee consumption, or medical irradiation and case-control status.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1991

"Lipomatous" hamartomas and choristomas in inbred laboratory mice.

In a retrospective study, 37 male and 19 female inbred laboratory mice, from 1 to 36 weeks of age, were diagnosed with "lipomatous" hamartomas or choristomas from nearly 10,000 mice examined at necropsy over a 24-month period. Hamartomas and choristomas were found to be rare, noninherited tumor-like conditions that occurred spontaneously in 18 inbred strains of mice with a predominance of the conditions in the C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J strains. Prevalence between strains ranged from 0.6 to 6.2 cases per hundred thousand mice. The 56 cases studied had soft, raised masses that arose on the dorsal midline, primarily above the sutures of the skull. The lesions were prominent on gross examination due to abnormally long hair, change in direction of the hairs, and a change in hair color compared to the normal pelage. Microscopically, the masses consisted of normal adipose tissue in the reticular dermis and subcutis that sometimes extended through the cranial sutures, entering the brain, or expanding into the ventricles. Large masses occasionally contained normal appearing thyroid, intestine, respiratory epithelium lined cysts, squamous epithelial cysts, bone and marrow, cartilage, glands, and angiomatous anomalies. In all cases, the epidermis was intact. Hair follicles were larger in the affected areas of many cases compared to those in adjacent skin. Breeding studies did not yield affected offspring, indicating this is a congenital, noninherited abnormality. This condition resembles "lipomatous" hamartomas, a congenital defect in human beings.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Hair removal using a 5-msec long-pulsed ruby laser.

BACKGROUND: Unwanted hair is a widespread cosmetic problem. Many temporary methods of hair removal exist, with laser hair removal rapidly becoming the most widely used modality. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of a long-pulsed ruby laser for epilation in patients with varying skin types and hair color 6 weeks and 6 months after treatment. METHODS: Seventy-four patients received one to four treatments with a long-pulsed ruby laser (694 nm, 5-msec pulse length, 6 mm spot size, 17.5-32 J/cm2) in different body areas. RESULTS: After a mean number of treatments of 1.98 (range 1-4) the mean clearance was 51-75% after 6 weeks and less than 25% after 6 months. A lower percentage of hair regrowth was observed in the facial region than on the trunk or legs and in dark hair compared to blond hair. CONCLUSION: Laser epilation provides a quick and relatively comfortable, but nonpermanent modality for hair removal with few side effects.

Female↗
PubMed1988

Analytical problems encountered in determining aluminum status from hair in controls and hemodialyzed patients.

The problems involved in evaluating aluminum concentrations in hair are reviewed, especially those concerning removal of contaminating metals, a critical factor. In the few published studies of Al concentrations in hair, acetone was usually used for its removal. Here, its use in the washing sequence was found to give less precise results and higher Al values than the use of isopropanol. With isopropanol, the whole analysis can be done in a single tube. We compared results with those in the literature. We found that the Al concentration in the hair of control subjects was not related to sex or hair color and that there was a highly significant (P less than 0.001) difference between values for control subjects and hemodialyzed patients: 126 (SD 58) nmol/g, n = 49, vs 226 (SD 104) nmol/g, n = 39, respectively.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed2001

Tasco-Forage: II. Monocyte immune cell response and performance of beef steers grazing tall fescue treated with a seaweed extract.

Effects of applying Tasco-Forage, an Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed-based product prepared by a proprietary process, to endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum [Morgan-Jones and Gams] Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin)-infected and endophyte-free tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were studied in each of 3 yr (1995, 1996, and 1997) in Virginia and in 1996 and 1997 in Mississippi. There were 48 steers at each location in each year (n = 240) in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with two replications at each location. Steers in Virginia were Angus and Angus x Hereford with initial weights of 245 kg (SD = 20), 234 kg (SD = 9), and 265 kg (SD = 5) in yr 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Steers in Mississippi were 3/4 Angus and 1/4 Brahman and weighed 230 kg (SD = 8) and 250 kg (SD = 2) in yr 2 and 3, respectively. Tasco (3.4 kg/ha) was dissolved in water and applied to pastures in April before grazing was begun and again in July at the same rate. The grazing period was from mid-April to late September or mid-October. Total gains were higher (P < 0.05) for steers grazing uninfected than for those grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue. Rectal temperatures were increased (P < 0.05) due to endophyte infection at both locations; Tasco application decreased temperature of steers grazing infected fescue in Virginia (interaction, P < 0.07) but increased temperatures of steers grazing infected fescue in Mississippi (interaction, P < 0.05). Presence of the endophyte resulted in rough hair coats and loss of hair color, but the effect was partially offset (P < 0.05) by Tasco application in Virginia in 1995. Both monocyte phagocytic activity (all years and locations) and major histocompatibility complex class II expression (1995 only) were decreased (P < 0.05) in steers due to endophyte infection, but this effect was reversed (P < 0.05) by application of Tasco to pastures. Application of the extract from A. nodosum seems to have use in alleviating adverse effects of endophyte on immune function and may improve hair coat condition in cattle grazing infected fescue, but effects on rectal temperature varied due to location.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Hair removal with the long pulsed Nd:YAG laser: a prospective study with one year follow-up.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the efficacy, side effects, and the long-term results of a long pulsed Nd:YAG-Laser for hair removal in different hair colors and skin types. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective clinical study with 29 volunteers. Treatment was performed on the lower leg with a long pulsed Nd:YAG-Laser. Five test areas were treated 1-5 times in monthly intervals; one served as control. Follow-up investigations were performed at each session, and 3, 6, and 12 months after the last therapy. No depilatory treatment except shaving was allowed during the time of follow-up. Percentual hair loss, short- and long-term side effects, and pain during the treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: After one month, a hair loss of greater than 50% was found in 44.9% of the areas treated once. With up to five treatments, this percentage increased up to 71.5%. One year after therapy, a greater than 50% hair reduction was still present in 40% of the five-treatment-areas and in 0% of the areas treated only once. There were no permanent side effects despite one small scar after a folliculitis. CONCLUSIONS: The long pulsed Nd:YAG is suitable to remove hair for more than 12 months effectively, although 4-5 sessions are necessary for these results. Blond hair can also be removed, although much less effective. No lasting side effects could be seen. Darker skin types or tanned skin can also be treated without side effects. A cooling may be advisable due to the pain reported by the volunteers.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Selective electro-thermolysis in aesthetic medicine: a review.

The use of radiofrequency (RF) for selective electro-thermolysis has been found to produce a highly efficient thermal effect on biological tissue. Different from optical energy, RF energy is dependent on the electrical properties of the tissue rather than on concentration of chromophores in the skin for selective thermal destruction of targeted sites. Good results have been obtained with systems that use RF current alone for skin resurfacing, with efficacy comparable to laser resurfacing but with potentially more rapid healing. A related adverse effect is pain accompanying the procedure, due to a high depth of penetration. Another technology integrates RF energy together with optical energy (using lower energies of both forms of energies). These systems have shown efficacy in hair removal for all hair colors and skin types, as well as wrinkle reduction; and may reduce the risk of side effects associated with either RF or optical treatments alone. This article discusses the properties of electrical current in medicine and reviews the studies to date that have evaluated RF energy for dermatological applications.

Electrosurgery↗
PubMed1995

Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma: a case-control study.

A controlled trial was performed with the purpose of investigating which factors could be considered of significant risk for the development of basal cell carcinoma. A total of 259 cases of basal cell carcinoma diagnosed from July 1991 to July 1992 were compared with 518 controls matched for age and sex. All subjects in both groups were white. Protocol data were submitted to statistical analysis by the chi-square test and by multiple conditional logistic regression analysis and the following conclusions were reached: 1) light skin color (types I and II of the Fitzpatrick classification), odds ratio of 2.8; outdoor work under constant sunlight, odds ratio of 5.0; the presence of actinic lesions due to exposure to the sun, odds ratio of 4.9, are risk factors per se. 2) Type III skin in the Fitzpatrick classification only represents a risk factor when the patient reports a history of intense sunburns, but not in the absence of such a history. 3) Sunburns per se do not represent a risk factor althorig the point made in item 2 of these conclusions is valid. 4) Other suspected risk factors whose significance was not confirmed by multiple conditioned logistic regression analysis were: residence in rural areas, light eyes and blond hair color, extent of the awareness of the "sun x skin cancer" relationship, familial occurrence of skin cancer, excessive exposure to the sun, and freckles appearing in childhood.

Brazil↗
PubMed1993

Risk factors for Wilms tumor. Report from the National Wilms Tumor Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous epidemiologic studies have indicated that several factors may be associated with an increased risk of Wilms tumor including paternal occupational exposures, maternal exposure during pregnancy to cigarettes, coffee or tea, oral contraceptives, hormonal pregnancy tests, hair-coloring products, maternal hypertension, vaginal infection during pregnancy, and higher birth weight of the child. The current study examines the nonoccupational risk factors using questionnaire data from a large national collaborative clinical trial. METHODS: Parents of 200 children registered with the National Wilms Tumor Study and 233 matched controls, identified using telephone random-digit dialing, completed a self-administered questionnaire about a variety of risk factors. RESULTS: As opposed to some previous studies, no association was found for mother's smoking during pregnancy (10+ cigarettes per day; odds ratio [OR] = 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.40-1.34), maternal consumption of coffee or tea during pregnancy (4+ cups per day; OR = 1.31; CI = 0.57-3.01), or hypertension during pregnancy (OR = 0.96; CI = 0.45-2.06). In addition, no association was found in this study for hormone exposure during pregnancy, hair dye use, vaginal infection during pregnancy, or high birth weight. A previously unreported association with a history of household insect extermination was found (OR = 2.16; CI = 1.24-3.75). CONCLUSIONS: In general, the study failed to confirm most of the previously reported maternal risk factors for Wilms tumor. Understanding the possible role of paternal exposures may be the best objective for further research on potential risk factors for Wilms tumor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Risk factors and individual probabilities of melanoma for whites.

PURPOSE: Incidence and mortality of cutaneous melanoma is rising rapidly in the United States; therefore, identifying risk factors for melanoma and integrating them into a clinical and population risk estimation tool may help guide prevention efforts and identify participants for preventive interventions. METHODS: We examined risk factors for melanoma in three large prospective studies of women and men. We observed 152,949 women and 25,206 men free of cancer at baseline for up to 14 years. RESULTS: A total of 535 incident cases of invasive melanoma (444 women and 91 men) were included in the analysis. We combined the three studies to examine risk factors and to build a risk model to calculate melanoma risk score. Older age, male sex, family history of melanoma, higher number of nevi, history of severe sunburn, and light hair color were each associated with significantly elevated risk of melanoma and were included in the final risk prediction. Participants at the highest decile of risk had a more than three-fold increase in risk of melanoma compared with those in the lowest decile (observed relative risk, 3.61; expected relative risk, 4.20). The measure of discriminatory accuracy as summarized by an age-and sex-adjusted concordance statistic of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.58 to 0.65) indicated that the model had reasonable ability to differentiate those who will develop melanoma and those who will remain free from the disease. CONCLUSION: We identified several risk factors for melanoma and developed statistical models with adequate performance and discriminatory accuracy.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Melanocortin-1 receptor gene variants in four Chinese ethnic populations.

There is strong relationship between melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene variants and human hair color and skin type. Based on a sequencing study of MC1R gene in 50 individuals from the Uygur, Tibetan, Wa and Dai ethnic populations, we discuss the occurrence of 7 mc1r variants consisting of 5 nonsynonymous sites (Val60Leu, Arg67Gln, Val92Met, Arg163Gln and Ala299Val) and 2 synonymous sites (C414T and A942G), among which C414T and Ala299Val were reported for the first time. Confirmation and analysis were also made of 122 individuals at three common point mutations (Val92Met, Arg163Gln, A942G) using PCR-SSCP. The frequency of Arg163Gln variant varies in the four ethnic populations, with percentage of 40%, 85.0%, 66.2% and 72.7%, respectively, while those of Val92Met and A942G are roughly similar in these four populations. The different environments, migration and admixture of various ethnic groups in China might have impact on the observed frequency of Arg163Gln.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk factors for astrocytic glioma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the brain in young children: a report from the Children's Cancer Group.

We conducted a matched case-control study to investigate risk factors for the two most common types of brain tumors in children, astrocytic glioma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). Since the study focused on gestational exposures, we restricted it to young children because these exposures would be expected to act early in life. Parents of 155 astrocytic glioma cases, 166 PNET cases, and controls identified by random digit dialing completed telephone interviews. Few associations occurred with the hypothesized risk factors, which were gestational exposure to alcohol, hair coloring products, farms, and substances containing N-nitroso compounds (passive smoking, makeup, incense, new cars, pacifiers, baby bottles, beer). Of the products studied that contain N-nitroso compounds, only beer was associated with a significantly increased risk of either tumor type [odds ratio (OR) for PNET = 4.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-22.1; P = 0.04]. Elevated ORs for PNET were observed for farm residence of the mother during the pregnancy (OR = 3.7; 95% CI, 0.8-23.9; P = 0.06) and of the child for at least a year (OR = 5.0; 95% CI, 1.1-46.8; P = 0.04). Significant associations with astrocytoma were observed for mother's use of kerosene (OR = 8.9; 95% CI, 1.1-71.1; P = 0.04) and birth by Caesarean section (OR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-3.2; P = 0.03). History of miscarriage was associated with a lower risk of PNET (OR = 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9; P = 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2004

Is high mole count a marker of more than melanoma risk? Eczema diagnosis is associated with melanocytic nevi in children.

BACKGROUND: The number of melanocytic nevi is the best single marker of increased melanoma risk. In a previous study, adults with severe eczema were reported to have significantly fewer nevi than adults without eczema. OBSERVATIONS: In a nested case-control design within a randomized, controlled interventional trial of additional sun protection vs standard care in 269 children, a history of eczema was reported by the parents of 44 (16%) of the children. More nevi were found in children with a parental report of previous eczema diagnosis than in children without reported eczema (median, 7.5 nevi vs 5.0 nevi; P =.01). Eczema diagnosis was most significantly associated with more melanocytic nevi in children with lightly pigmented skin (8.5 nevi vs 6.0 nevi; P <.001). In multivariate logistical regression analysis, including assessment of hair color, sun protection practices, and study assignment (intervention vs standard care), eczema status remained significantly predictive of nevi number in children (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to a previous study that associated severe eczema with fewer nevi in adults, in the present study children with a reported history of eczema had more nevi than children without a reported history of eczema.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2006

Hair depigmentation during chemotherapy with a class III/V receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

BACKGROUND: Hair pigmentation is regulated by several factors including the interaction of the ligand stem cell factor (SCF) with its class III receptor tyrosine kinase, c-kit. An interruption of SCF/c-kit signal transduction results in hair depigmentation. OBSERVATIONS: A 69-year-old white woman developed hair depigmentation and fine-textured hair while being treated with the phase I chemotherapeutic agent GW786034, a class III/V receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Discontinuation of therapy resulted in a reversal of these hair changes. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with oral GW786034 resulted in reversible hair depigmentation and change in hair growth rate and texture, which were most likely due to an incomplete inhibition of SCF/c-kit signaling, although the exact mechanism is unknown. It would be intriguing to investigate topical tyrosine kinase inhibitors as a treatment for unwanted body hair.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Effect of neonatal phototherapy on melanocytic nevus count in children.

BACKGROUND: Melanocytic nevus is the strongest risk factor for the development of cutaneous melanoma. Fair skin and exposure to UV light, especially in childhood, are correlated with the development of childhood nevi. OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of blue light neonatal phototherapy used to treat hyperbilirubinemia in nevus acquisition in childhood. DESIGN: Case-control prospective study. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-eight children were included in this study. Selection criteria included the following: age, 8 to 9 years; and skin type, less than IV by Fitzpatrick classification (ie, brown, always tans, rarely burns). The case group consisted of 18 children exposed to neonatal phototherapy (mostly intensive phototherapy) retrospectively found by review of consecutive neonatal medical records at Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France. The control group was composed of 40 nonexposed children consecutively recruited from a public school in the same geographic area. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total body nevus count in children, phenotypic characteristics, solar exposure, and demographic data were assessed by the same dermatologist. RESULTS: A comparison of both groups showed that the number of nevi larger than 2 mm was significantly higher in the exposed group. The mean (SD) nevus count was 3.5 (3.05; median, 3.0) per child in the exposed group, compared with 1.45 (1.99; median, 1.0) per child in the nonexposed group (P(mean) = .02 and P(median) = .01). Multivariate analysis confirmed these results, with a statistically significant correlation with nevus count, especially with nevi 2 to 5 mm in greatest diameter. The association between neonatal phototherapy and nevus count was not significant for nevi smaller than 2 mm or larger than 5 mm. Solar exposure, especially during vacations, was strongly associated with total nevus count and all nevus sizes (2-5 mm, <2 mm, and >5 mm). At univariate analysis, hair color was significantly associated with nevus size smaller than 2 mm (P(mean) = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Intensive neonatal phototherapy is a strong risk factor for nevus development in childhood. While childhood development of nevi is correlated with fair skin and solar light exposure, and having many nevi is a recognized risk factor in persons with melanoma, we must be careful not to equate childhood nevi development in response to neonatal phototherapy with an individual's risk of developing melanoma. The treatment of hyperbilirubinemia remains neonatal phototherapy. Exposed children should undergo dermatologic preventive measures and surveillance for the development of melanoma.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Trypsin-induced follicular papilla apoptosis results in delayed hair growth and pigmentation.

Programmed cell death is a controlled process that leads to the elimination of single cells via apoptosis. Programmed cell death is fundamental to development, morphogenesis, and homeostasis. Proteases play a major role in the death process. We have previously shown that a serine protease, secreted by a keratinocyte cell line, can induce apoptosis in numerous cell lines. Here we show that serine proteases can induce cell death in vivo as well. Using a synchronized hair growth mouse model, we show that topical trypsin treatment following depilation induces cell death at the follicular papilla. This results in delaying hair growth and pigmentation. We speculate that trypsin might affect a receptor-mediated signaling pathway that leads to follicular papilla cell death.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Ultrastructure of human scalp hair shafts as revealed by freeze-substitution fixation.

Human scalp hair is important as a diagnostic clue to many diseases, in medical jurisprudential investigations, and also as a subject of cosmetic treatments. While many ultrastructural studies of the human hair root including the hair follicle have been reported, few studies have been done on the human hair shaft. We report here the ultrastructure of human scalp hair shafts prepared by a rapid-freezing technique followed by freeze-substitution fixation that allows the observation of fine cell structures. Healthy scalp hair shafts from Japanese females 12-13 years of age were rapid-frozen and then freeze-substituted in OsO4-acetone. In addition, this technique was applied to the study of some changes of the hair shafts (i.e., hair damaged by thioglycolic acid cold permanent waving and white hair). By this method, the hair shaft was rapid-frozen throughout without appreciable ice damage although the hair shaft was nearly 100 microm in diameter. The rapid-freezing technique resulted in excellent preservation of the ultrastructure of the hair shafts: lamellar structures in the cuticle and fine fibrous ultrastructures in the cortex were observed without chemical treatments. Thioglycolic acid treatment affected the ultrastructure of both the cuticle and the cortex. Except for the absence of melanin granules, no significant differences in the ultrastructure were observed between white hair and black hair. The rapid-freezing technique followed by freeze-substitution fixation appears to be the most reliable approach for the morphological evaluation of fully keratinized cells and tissues.

Adolescent↗