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PubMed2001

[Effects of supplementing calcium, iron and zinc on the fetus development and growth during pregnancy].

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study is to determine the effects of supplementing the biscuits fortified with calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) for pregnant women from the 5th month of gestation until delivery on the growth and development of fetus and to explore the best way to improve infant growth. METHODS: A total of 313 healthy and primary pregnant women were enrolled and divided into five study groups based on their order visiting the hospitals for prenatal care. Each woman of the study groups was given three pieces of biscuit fortified with VD, Ca and VD, Ca, Zn and VD (Ca + Zn + VD), Ca, Fe, VC and VD (Ca + Fe + VD), Ca, Fe, VC, Zn and VD (Ca + Fe + Zn + VD), respectively, from the 5th month of gestation until delivery (24 weeks in total) daily. The fortified levels were 10 micrograms Ca from carbonate calcium, 10 mg Zn from lactate zinc, 10 mg Fe from ferrous lactate, and 50 mg VC, respectively. A parturient women was selected from the same hospital as control after one trial subject for each study groups selected. Placenta was weighed and umbilical cord venous blood and placenta tissue samples were collected after delivery for measuring Ca and other trace elements. Body weight and height of the new-born babies were measured. RESULTS: The weight of placenta in control group (551.1 +/- 64.2) g was significantly (P < 0.05) heavier than other trial groups with Ca + Fe + Zn + VD (467.1 +/- 36.6) g, but contents of Ca and other trace elements in placenta of the control group were lower, which probably because of the lower nutrients intake of mothers in control group that would result in a compensation enlargement of placenta to get enough nutrients for fetus from mother. The Hb level in cord venous blood was significantly higher than that of maternal blood. There was no significant difference in activity of alkaline phosphatase between cord venous blood and material blood. The contents of Ca, Fe and Zn in cord venous plasma were all significantly higher than those in maternal plasma. Birth weight and height in Ca + Fe + Zn + VD group were the highest in all the groups, with birth weight of (3.53 +/- 0.33) kg, as compared with (3.28 +/- 0.54) kg in the control group. There was significant correlation between birth weight, weight for age and intake of Ca, Fe and Zn during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Supplementation of Ca + Fe + Zn + VitD during pregnancy is the best way to improve infant development and growth, based on the current Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for pregnant women.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effect of PEG-recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF) on growth and differentiation of the HEL cell line.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Thrombopoietin has been established as the major regulator of megakaryocyte and platelet production. In this study we evaluated the effects of PEG-recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF), a pegylated and truncated form of thrombopoietin, on the growth and differentiation of the HEL cell line. As a model system we chose the pluripotent HEL line that acquires multiple markers of the megakaryocyte/platelet phenotype following treatment with phorbol esters, and, more importantly, expresses the receptor for thrombopoietin (Mpl receptor) at its cellular surface. DESIGN AND METHODS: The effect of PEG-rHuMGDF on HEL proliferation/differentiation was evaluated in a liquid culture assay. RESULTS: Peg-rHuMGDF do not increase the proliferative capacity of HEL cell but, in parallel experiments, HEL cells showed a more mature and differentiated pattern after exposure to the cytokine. Our results show that PEG-rHuMGDF, at the optimal doses of 100-150 ng/mL, is able to induce: 1) morphological changes with the formation of cytoplasmic protrusions; 2) increased ploidy as demonstrated by cytofluorimetric analysis; 3) increased expression of megakaryocyte markers, including glycoprotein IIb-IIIa and the platelet-specific alloantigen (PIA1). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that HEL cells represent a useful model to investigate the differentiative properties of thrombopoietin in the megakaryocyte compartment.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2004

The effects of in ovo rhIGF-I administration on expression of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) during chicken embryonic development.

Growth hormone secretion is under the control of a pair of hypothalamic factors, growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and its endogenous ligand represent a novel third method regulating the release of growth hormone. Early chicken embryonic development has been proposed to be independent of GH. However, recent evidence shows that peripheral GH secretion has paracrine/autocrine functions during embryonic development. In the current study, we used the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to determine the expression pattern of the GHSR during embryonic development and the effects of in ovo recombinant human (rh) IGF-I administration on its expression pattern. Eggs were injected once with 100 ng rhIGF-I in 10 mM acetic acid, and 0.1% BSA per embryo on embryonic day 3. Total RNA was isolated from whole embryos on embryonic day (E) 0-6 (n=6 per day), thoracic/abdominal halves of the embryos on E7- E8 (n= 6 per day) and Pectoralis muscle on E9-E20 (n= 4 per day). We found that GHSR expression was low during E0-E4, followed by an increase on E5 and remained constant through E17. GHSR expression then increased on E18 before reducing on E20. A similar pattern was found in the rhIGF-I treated embryos with the exception of a significant increase in GHSR expression on E8. These data indicate that the GHSR may be active in regulating GH secretion during early embryonic development, and upregulation of the GHSR gene following IGF-I administration may have an important role in the determination of postnatal muscle growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Megakaryopoiesis in vitro in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemia: effect of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor in combination with other growth factors.

Pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF) can stimulate megakaryopoiesis in vitro in some myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients. We assessed PEG-rHuMGDF combined with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), interleukin 3 (IL-3), IL6, stem cell factor (SCF) or erythropoietin in 40 MDS, 33 AML and 16 normal bone marrow samples. CD61-positive cells in suspension cultures increased with PEG-rHuMGDF alone in 20/25 RA + RAS, 11/14 RAEB + RAEBt and 29/33 AML cases. Further increases when IL-3 and/or SCF were added to PEG-rHuMGDF occurred in 14/20 RA + RAS, 8/13 RAEB + RAEBt and 18/26 AML cases. CFU-Mk growth was poor overall, but could be enhanced by PEG-rHuMGDF combinations in some patients. Stimulation of megakaryopoiesis by PEG-rHuMGDF can be augmented by IL-3 and SCF in many MDS and AML patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Growth and development: hereditary and mechanical modulations.

Growth and development is the net result of environmental modulation of genetic inheritance. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrogenic, osteogenic, and fibrogenic cells: the first 2 are chiefly responsible for endochondral ossification, and the last 2 for sutural growth. Cells are influenced by genes and environmental cues to migrate, proliferate, differentiate, and synthesize extracellular matrix in specific directions and magnitudes, ultimately resulting in macroscopic shapes such as the nose and the chin. Mechanical forces, the most studied environmental cues, readily modulate bone and cartilage growth. Recent experimental evidence demonstrates that cyclic forces evoke greater anabolic responses of not only craniofacial sutures, but also cranial base cartilage. Mechanical forces are transmitted as tissue-borne and cell-borne mechanical strain that in turn regulates gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and matrix synthesis, the totality of which is growth and development. Thus, hereditary and mechanical modulations of growth and development share a common pathway via genes. Combined approaches using genetics, bioengineering, and quantitative biology are expected to bring new insight into growth and development, and might lead to innovative therapies for craniofacial skeletal dysplasia including malocclusion, dentofacial deformities, and craniofacial anomalies such as cleft palate and craniosynostosis, as well as disorders associated with the temporomandibular joint.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Cell division activity during apical hook development.

Growth during plant development is predominantly governed by the combined activities of cell division and cell elongation. The relative contribution of both activities controls the growth of a tissue. A fast change in growth is exhibited at the apical hypocotyl of etiolated seedlings where cells grow at different rates to form a hook-like structure, which is traditionally assumed to result from differential cell elongation. Using new tools we show asymmetric distribution of cell division during early stages of hook development. Cell divisions in the apical hook were predominantly found in subepidermal layers during an early step of hook development, but were absent in mutants exhibiting a hookless phenotype. In addition, during exaggeration of hook curvature, which is mediated by ethylene, a rapid change in the combined activities of cell division and cell elongation was detected. Our results indicate a fast change in cell division activity during apical hook development. We suggest that cell division together with cell elongation contributes to apical hook growth. Our results emphasize the change in the relative contribution of cell division and cell elongation in a fast growing structure like the apical hook.

Aphidicolin↗
PubMed2004

Divergent selection for shape of growth curve in Japanese quail. 2. Embryonic development and growth.

1. Embryonic growth and development were analysed using meat type lines of Japanese quail, HG and LG, divergently selected for shape of the growth curve. A total of 1020 embryos of generations 9, 10 or 13 were used for analysis. 2. Considerable inter-line differences were observed in the rate of embryonic development. When compared to HG, LG embryos appeared to be developmentally accelerated during the first 42 h of incubation (larger blastoderm diameter, more somites and higher frequency of more advanced Hamburger-Hamilton stages) as well as at the end of the prenatal period (more embryos with the yolk sac inside the body cavity, shorter incubation period). This corresponded with the trend in postnatal development. 3. Embryonic growth of both lines exhibited an exponential trend. However, considerable inter-line differences were noted in the rate of embryonic growth. Initial growth retardation compensated subsequently by a higher growth rate of HG vs LG quail, characterised the lines after hatching. The same growth pattern repeated three times during the prenatal period (between d 0 and 3, 3 and 8, and 8 and 16). 4. The repeated occurrence of transient decreases in growth rate of the developmentally delayed HG line could be associated with a delayed onset of genetically determined physiological functions mediating utilisation of nutrient supply. 5. Hence, different shapes of growth curves in two genotypes with similar growth potential reveal inter-line differences in physiological age persisting during the whole ontogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The energetics of embryonic growth and development. I. Oxygen consumption, biomass growth, and heat production.

A quantitative phenomenological model to describe the relationships between biomass growth rate, oxygen consumption, and heat production in developing embryos has been developed and tested using a wide range of experimental data. The model employs generalized material and energy balances, principles of enzyme kinetics, and an overall metabolic model scheme based on known biochemical principles. The phosphorylation concentration ratio of ATP and ADP occurs naturally and becomes a significant parameter in the analysis. The model is applied to the growth of Escherichia coli, Oryzias latipes, chick spinal cord, and whole chicken eggs. Excellent agreement between the model and the experimental data is obtained. In a succeeding paper (Part II) environmental effects and growth efficiency are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[LH-RH agonist in subjects treated with growth hormone for somatotropin deficiency. Development of growth velocity and prediction of body height].

The final adult height in patients with growth deficiency treated with growth hormone has been shown to depend upon pubertal development. This is mainly related to the shortening of puberty duration and accelerated bone maturation. A long acting analogue of gonadoliberin, Trp-6-GnRH, has been given to 17 patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency in order to delay pubertal progression. In seven of these patients, GH treatment and the analogue of Gn-RH were initiated simultaneously. The other 10 patients had been treated for more than one year with hGH at the onset of the analogue. Mean duration of treatment was 17 months. Annual growth rate was low in all cases. Statural progression was parallel to the delayed bone maturation without change in the ratio of statural maturation to bone maturation. No significant change in height prediction was observed after the combined treatment. Combination of the long-acting analogue of gonadoliberin, Trp-6-Gn-RH, with growth hormone in GH-deficient patients does not seem to be an appropriate way to improve final height after the onset of spontaneous puberty.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Growth and development of children in Cuba].

During the years 1972 to 1974, a great scale study was carried out on development and growth taking at random a stratified sample of multiple stages of 50,311 children from birth to 20 years. Fifteen anthropometric dimensions were considered and evaluation was made of sexual development in both sexes. In girls, the age of menarche was registered. An X-ray of the hand was taken to 10% of the sample. One year later, 30% of the sample was X-rayed again to determine speed of growth. Response of the population was close to 94%. The importance of a national system of growth is recognized, together with the colaboration of the orgaism of masses to achieve these purposes. Information related with some of measurements reported is offered and comments related with these findings are made.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Patterns of ovarian growth and development in cattle with a growth hormone receptor deficiency.

Nutritionally induced changes in growth hormone (GH) and IGF-I are associated with decreased ovarian function and may partially explain infertility and anestrus in undernourished cattle. The reproductive importance of GH and IGF-I was tested in cattle with a GH receptor deficiency (GHRD) that have reduced blood IGF-I. Blood was collected daily for plasma, and ovaries were examined daily by ultrasonography for 3 wk during an estrous cycle (estrus = d 0) in GHRD (n = 8) and control (n = 8) cattle. On d 18, blood samples were collected every 10 min for 6 h to measure LH. The GHRD cattle had fewer small antral ovarian follicles (2 to 5 mm, P < .01). After estrous cycle d 5, the first-wave dominant follicle stopped growing in GHRD but continued growing in controls (P < .001). Size of the CL was equivalent for GHRD and controls until d 5, after which CL development slowed in GHRD (P < .01). Likewise, plasma progesterone concentrations were less in GHRD (P < .001). During the luteal phase, GHRD cattle failed to develop follicles greater than 10 mm in diameter (endocrine status x day, P < .05). Size and rate of growth of preovulatory follicles, plasma estradiol, plasma FSH, and plasma LH (d 18 bleed) were similar in GHRD and controls. In conclusion, an important role for GH, GH receptor, and IGF-I in ovarian function was supported because GHRD cattle had distinctly different patterns of ovarian development compared with control cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Absence of complementation in non-allelic mutants of Dictyostelium discoideum with defects in the transition from growth to development.

In Dictyostelium discoideum, growth and development are mutually exclusive and the transition between the two phases of the life cycle is regulated by the environment. This regulation is disturbed in HBW3, a chemically induced mutant with an unknown molecular defect. The mutant develops rapidly and expresses developmental markers during growth. Here we show that HBW3 fails to complement another mutant which has a similar phenotype: a targeted knock-out of the gdt1 gene. We further show that both mutations are recessive and that both are located on chromosome III, suggesting that the two mutations might be allelic. Molecular analysis, however, demonstrates that the gdt1 gene is not mutated in HBW3. Thus, although a wild-type copy of each gene is present in diploid cell lines, the defects due to the recessive mutations synergize to produce a detectable phenotype. The phenotypic similarities and differences between the two mutants are discussed.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Effect of zinc supplementation on development and growth of Chilean infants.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation on growth and development during infancy. DESIGN: We randomized 150 term neonates of low socioeconomic status to receive supplemental zinc 5 mg/d (SG) or a lactose placebo (PG); 112 completed a 1-year follow-up. All were breast-fed and given cow milk formula after weaning; solid foods and iron were added at 5 months. Anthropometry measured monthly, psychomotor development (PDI), mental development (MDI), and behavior including motor quality factor were assessed by Bayley Scales at 6 and 12 months. The groups were comparable in maternal characteristics, birth weight, home environment, and mother-infant interaction. RESULTS: No effects of zinc on weight, length, and weight for length at 12 months were found controlling for sex and breast-feeding. The mean PDI (SG: 84.5 +/- 11.5 vs PG: 87.6 +/- 9.9) and MDI (90.9 +/- 10.5 vs 88.9 +/- 9.1) were similar; however, 46 of 52 infants in the PG scored <100 in MDI vs 42 of 57 in the SG (P <.05). A smaller proportion of the SG, 2 of 57, scored low in motor quality factor at 6 months compared with the PG, 8 of 52 (P =.02). The mean at 12 months for the SG was 31.9 +/- 2.8 and for the PG 30.8 +/- 2.9 (P <.05); zinc supplementation entered the multiple regression at 12 months (P =.037). CONCLUSIONS: Zinc supplementation may have a beneficial effect on mental development and motor quality behavior of healthy term infants.

Child Development↗
PubMed1977

Normal growth and development: current concepts.

Human growth and development are a continuum starting at conception. Prenatal growth can only be estimated at present but is an important consideration in an evaluation of a child's developmental status. Postnatal growth can be assessed for size attained (distance curve) or change over time (velocity curve). Velocity curves truly reflect the pattern of growth in stature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The role of connective tissue growth factor in skeletal growth and development.

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a secreted, extracellular matrix-associated protein that regulates diverse cellular functions in different cell types. CTGF gene belongs to a larger CCN gene family that also includes Cyr61 and NOV. It modulates many cellular functions, including proliferation, migration, adhesion, and extracellular matrix production, and it is involved in many biological and pathological processes. CTGF has special importance in skeletal development. During Meckel's cartilage development, CTGF acts as a down-stream molecule of TGFbeta to stimulate cell-cell interactions and the expression of condensation-associated genes. CTGF promotes endochondral ossification and articular cartilage regeneration. During the healing of experimental bone fracture, CTGF was expressed in periosteal cells and hypertrophic chondrocytes. It promotes the proliferation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts. CTGF is a down-stream mediator for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in osteoblast-induced proliferation. It also regulates signaling through the Wnt pathway, in accord with its ability to bind to the Wnt co-receptor LDL receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6). Constitutive expression of CTGF was shown to inhibit both BMP-9- and Wnt3A-induced osteogenic differentiation.

Animals↗