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PubMed1998

Swimming and self-grooming development of pups nursed by neonatally underfed rats.

Swimming and self-grooming development were analyzed in experimental animals nursed by neonatally underfed dams by a method including the deprivation of both food and sensory cues which provoke long-term altered maternal behavior. Experimental animals obtained from these dams manifested a significant retardation in physical growth, as evidenced by a decrease in body weight and a 1-day delay in ear and eye-opening, as well as a significant delay in swimming ability, escaping from the water and an increase in self-grooming behavior. These alterations of experimental animals may be presumably related with the carelessness in maternal care and altered so-matosensory stimulation given by the neonatally underfed dams to her experimental pups. Data suggest that the poor somatosensory stimulation given by the mother to her pups, the reduced early social interaction or the motivational stage of pups may be important determinants for the development of brain mechanisms underlying reflex activity of the progeny.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Social diffusion of modified louse egg-handling techniques during grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques.

Changes in louse egg-handling techniques during grooming were studied among a free-ranging troop of Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, from 1990 to 1997 at Jigokudani Monkey Park, the Shiga Heights, Nagano prefecture, Japan, where the skills were distributed based on matrilineages. One female altered her louse egg-handling technique from a one-hair combing technique, in which macaques comb a single hair with an egg without first loosening the cement of the egg, to a forefinger nail loosening technique, in which macaques use the nail of the forefinger to loosen an egg before combing. Therefore, louse egg-handling skills were not fixed, but could change. This female's new technique was later adopted by her sister, daughters and granddaughter. Not all elements of the technique were acquired at the same time, however, and individuals varied in when they acquired them. These shifts suggest that the mechanism of acquiring louse egg-handling techniques is information transfer of the partial functions and partial structure of the techniques together with individual learning. One female's initial technique (skin pinching), against which groomees reacted, was replaced by the forefinger nail loosening technique even though the techniques, once mastered, were equally efficient and the new technique was initially less efficient. The social interaction between grooming partners may thus impede the diffusion of the harmful behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Age differences between brides and grooms in Australia.

This one-page article analyzes changes in the age differences between spouses in Australia over the period from 1921 to 1995 using data from official sources. "Over seven decades, the mean age difference between brides and grooms for all marriages in Australia has declined by one year from 3.6 years (grooms 3.6 years older than brides on average) in 1921 to 2.6 years in 1995."

Australia↗
PubMed1990

Effect of chronic D-1 and/or D-2 dopamine antagonist treatment on SKF 38393-induced non-stereotyped grooming.

The effects of chronic D-1 and/or D-2 dopamine (DA) receptor blockade on a putative D-1 DA receptor-mediated behavioral function was studied in rats treated for 21 days with the selective D-1 antagonist SCH 23390, the predominantly D-2 antagonist haloperidol, or the combination of both drugs at the same daily doses. Four days after the last drug dose, the non-stereotyped grooming response to the selective D-1 agonist SKF 38393 increased in SCH 23390-pretreated rats decreased in haloperidol-pretreated rats compared to controls, but remained unchanged in animals receiving both drugs. Underlying DA receptor changes and the resulting imbalance between D-1 and D-2 receptor presumably contribute to these effects, suggesting that the upregulation of one DA receptor subtype may modify the expression of behaviors associated with the other subtype.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1978

Distinct dopaminergic systems in ACTH-induced grooming.

Excessive grooming behavior induced in rats by intraventricular injection of ACTH1-24 was inhibited by selective pharmacological manipulation of two functionally distinct types of dopaminergic terminals (DAe and DAi) in the neostriatum or the nucleus accumbens. It is concluded that when ACTH1-24 produces the behavioral response it modulates the activity of both the DAe and the DAi systems.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1988

Cholinergic mediation in the ventral tegmental area of alpha-melanotropin induced excessive grooming: changes of the dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen.

The effect of alpha-melanotropin (alpha-MSH) on the rat mesolimbic dopaminergic activity was estimated by measuring the changes in dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) and dopamine (DA) endogenous levels in the nucleus accumbens (Ac) and caudate putamen (CP). A marked increase of DOPAC/DA ratios resulting from an increase in DOPAC and decrease in DA levels was found in the Ac 30 and 65 min after bilateral alpha-MSH-injections (1 microgram) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Similar changes were observed in the CP 65 min post-injections. These peptide-induced changes were completely inhibited by a previous VTA injection of atropine (1 microgram), at a dose that totally blocked the alpha-MSH-induced excessive grooming and motor activation. These results confirms that alpha-MSH affects a cholinergic afferent to the VTA which modifies the mesolimbic dopaminergic system involved in the alpha-MSH/ACTH-induced behaviors.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1990

Vasopressin in the septal area of the golden hamster controls scent marking and grooming.

Microinjection of arginine vasopressin into the lateral septum and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of male hamsters stimulates intense flank marking and flank gland grooming, while microinjections of vasopressin in sites immediately adjacent to these areas or in the lateral ventricle are ineffective. Microinjections of oxytocin, angiotensin II and the behaviorally active C-terminal fragment of vasopressin, metabolite neuropeptide, by comparison, do not stimulate flank marking. Effective sites for vasopressin injection are clearly superimposable upon autoradiographically defined sites of high V1-receptor density. Furthermore, vasopressin-sensitive neurons in the lateral septum and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are necessary for the expression of naturally elicited flank marking since the microinjection of a V1-receptor antagonist into these sites was able to temporarily block flank marking triggered by odors from conspecifics.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Antibacterial properties of saliva: role in maternal periparturient grooming and in licking wounds.

Canine saliva was tested for its bactericidal effects against pathogens relevant to the presumed hygienic functions of maternal grooming of the mammary and anogenital areas and licking of wounds. Both female and male saliva were bactericidal against Escherichia coli and Streptococcus canis but only slightly, and nonsignificantly, bactericidal against coagulase positive staphylococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. E. coli is the cause of highly fatal coliform enteritis of neonatal mammals and E. coli and S. canis are the main pathogens implicated in neonatal septicemia of dogs. The bactericidal effects of saliva would facilitate the hygienic function of maternal licking of the mammary and anogenital areas in protecting newborns from these diseases. E. coli and S. canis along with coagulase positive staphylococcus and P. aeruginosa are among the common wound contaminants of dogs. Wound licking, and the application of saliva, would thus reduce wound contamination by E. coli and S. canis. The resistance of staphylococcus to bactericidal effects of saliva may be a factor in the high frequency (46 percent) with which coagulase positive staphylococcus was isolated from wounds compared with much lower frequency (9-17 percent) with which E. coli and S. canis were isolated.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Abnormalities in grooming behavior and tryptophan hydroxylase activity in the superior colliculi in cats with pontile and frontal neocortical lesions.

Cats with pontile or frontal neocortical lesions display a dissociation of the appetitive and consummatory components of grooming behavior when their body surface is tactually stimulated, an abnormal behavior that waxes and wanes with the seasons of the year. Tryptophan hydroxylase activity is significantly decreased in the superior colliculi of cats with pontile lesions and of cats with frontal neocortical lesions. The results suggest that the change in tryptophan hydroxylase activity is mediated neuronally and is a transneuronal effect on the serotonergic input to the superior colliculi. Pharmacological manipulations of the serotonergic system in normal cats failed to induce the abnormal behavior, indicating that other factors are involved in the genesis of the abnormal behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

REM sleep deprivation decreases the grooming and shaking behaviour induced by enkephalinase inhibitor or opiate withdrawal.

Intraventricular administration of enkephalinase inhibitor, phosphoramidon (1 X 10(-8)-5.6 X 10(-7) moles ICV) induced a behavioural syndrome consisting of excessive grooming with the body scratching as the most prominent symptom and wet-dog-shakes (WDS). The frequency of the phosphoramidon-induced WDS and body scratching were decreased by the pretreatment with the opiate receptor blocking agent, naltrexone (2.9 X 10(-6) moles/kg IP). Both the phosphoramidon-induced WDS in naive rats and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal WDS were decreased in REM sleep deprived rats compared with animals allowed normal sleep (control and stress groups). The results are discussed in light of a possible functional insufficiency of endorphinergic system during REMSD. It has been suggested that this insufficiency might be a background to the increased neuronal excitability during REMSD.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alpha MSH-induced excessive grooming behavior involves a GABAergic mechanism.

It has been shown that MSH administered in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) elicits excessive grooming behavior (EGB) by stimulating an acetylcholinergic pathway. The present work was performed in order to evaluate the possible participation of the GABAergic system in this behavior. VTA injection of GABA antagonist bicuculline stimulated the EGB (55.5 +/- 2.4). In contrast, this effect disappeared if the animals were pretreated with atropine (33.1 +/- 1.5). When bicuculline was injected before a 200 ng/microliters dose of MSH, the EGB increased (87.6 +/- 4.4) in comparison to MSH-treated rats (46.5 +/- 3.2). Our results suggest that GABA, ACh, and MSH interact in the VTA in the induction of EGB; an increase in MSH levels appears to stimulate cholinergic neurons. GABAergic fibers probably modulate the cholinergic discharge at the presynaptic level.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Multiunit bursts in rat pallidum during grooming and stereotyped jaw movements.

Extracellular recordings from the globus pallidus of awake, unrestrained rats showed a distinctive bursting activity during grooming behaviour and in periods of stereotyped jaw movements induced by amphetamine (3 or 5 mg/kg IP) or apomorphine (2 mg/kg SC). During stereotyped licking, there was one burst for each outward movement of the tongue. The bursts were shown to consist of several separate unit spikes firing so as to produce a fusiform envelope of amplitudes, suggesting an ordered recruitment of pallidal neurons related to licking.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1997

BW 723C86, a 5-HT2B receptor agonist, causes hyperphagia and reduced grooming in rats.

The 5-HT2B receptor agonist, BW 723C86 (10 and 20 mg/kg s.c.), increased the time spent in feeding behaviour of freely-fed rats in observation cages over 15 min. BW 723C86 (20 and 50 mg/kg s.c. 30 min pre-test) also modestly increased food consumption of freely-fed rats over 1 and 2 hr, but not 4 hr, in their home cages. This action was at least partly mediated centrally, as it was reproduced by i.c.v. infusion of 1 and 10 micrograms in freely-fed rats. The effect is also likely to be 5-HT2B receptor-mediated, as no hyperphagic response to BW 723C86 (20 mg/kg s.c. 30 min pre-test) was observed in freely-fed rats pretreated with the 5-HT2C/2B receptor antagonist SB 206553 (1, 3, 20 or 40 mg/kg p.o. 1 hr pre-test) while the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, WAY 100635 (0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg s.c. 30 min pre-test), had no effect. Systemic (1, 10 and 20 mg/kg s.c. 30 min pre-test) but not i.c.v. (1-30 micrograms) BW 723C86 also reduced the frequency of grooming bouts of rats in observation cages. BW 723C86 given either s.c. (1-20 mg/kg 30 min pre-test) or i.c.v. (1-30 micrograms) did not cause hypolocomotion, penile erection, oral dyskinesias or hyperthermia, behaviours associated with administration of the 5-HT2C/2B receptor agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), and are thus likely to involve-5-HT2C receptor activation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prepubertal genital grooming and penile erections in relation to sexual behavior of rats.

The development of genital grooming (GG) and spontaneous penile erections (SPE) was evaluated in socially housed male rats from 25 to 47 days of age, and their sexual behavior was tested from 42 to 74 days of age. GG was the first behavior that appeared (27 days of age) prior to SPE (44 days of age). The values of frequency and duration of GG and SPE showed a gradual increase as puberty was reached. The mean age in which copulatory responses were first observed were: 54.5 days of age for mounts, 55 days of age for intromission and 59 days of age for ejaculation. The proportion of GG bouts that were followed by SPE showed a gradual increase throughout the recording days. A high correlation was found between the early onset and higher frequency of GG and an early onset of sexual behavior. Similarly, higher frequency and/or longer duration of SPE were correlated with an early onset and a better performance of sexual behavior. These results are consistent with previous studies, which suggest an important role of GG on the manifestation of sexual behavior; moreover, considering the high correlation between the occurrence of SPE and sexual behavior, it is possible that, as GG, SPE play an important role in the readiness of adult male rats for reproduction.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Grooming.

Although cats are low-maintenance pets, routine grooming provides medical benefits and enhances the interaction between pet owner and cat. The methods of restraint, necessary equipment, clipping and bathing procedures, and special situations are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

TNF-alpha expressed in the brain of transgenic mice lowers central tyroxine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and alters grooming behavior.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine involved in a wide range of biological effects both in physiological and non-physiological conditions. It is also produced in the central nervous system (CNS) where it has been implicated in reparative processes after traumatic injuries and in CNS demyelination, neurodegeneration and inflammation. Using transgenic mice (Tg-m) expressing TNF-alpha specifically in the CNS, we showed that the overexpression of this cytokine reduced tyroxine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-ir) in the caudate-putamen and in the dorsomedial hypothalamic areas and impaired grooming behavior. We also showed that this behavior is increased following anti-nerve growth factor injection. These findings support the hypothesis, proposed by others, that TNF-alpha is involved in the degenerative processes which occur in Parkinson's disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A genetic basis for obsessive grooming.

Excessive grooming behaviors, cleansing rituals, and self-mutilation are important features of a range of neuropsychiatric diseases including obsessive compulsive (OC)-spectrum disorders. In this issue of Neuron, Greer and Capecchi (2002) report that Hoxb8 mutant mice exhibit this behavioral phenotype. These Hoxb8 mutants will be valuable in exploring the genetics and pathophysiology of OC-spectrum disorders as well as strategies for their treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Participation of the cholinergic system in the excessive grooming behavior induced by neuropeptide (N) glutamic acid (E) isoleucine (I) amide (NEI).

The neuropeptide (N) glutamic acid (E) isoleucine (I) amide (NEI) injected into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or intraventricularly (icv) induces excessive grooming behavior (EGB) and motor activity (MA). Here, we studied whether the cholinergic system is involved in the NEI-induced behavior. The present results demonstrate that atropine, a general muscarinic antagonist, injected icv previous to NEI, suppresses the behavior provoked by icv injections of the peptide, whereas the prior icv injection of dyhidro-beta-erythroidine, a general nicotinic antagonist, did not affect the EGB and MA induced by the peptide. From the experimental evidence, it is suggested that NEI may act specifically on a cholinergic afferent to dopaminergic cells. Also, the results appear to indicate that a neural target, different from the dopamine system, may be activated by the peptide to elicit behavioral changes, such as EGB.

Animals↗