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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Gasoline and kerosene components in blood--a forensic analysis.

A reliable method to analyse small amounts of fuel components in biological materials, using two simultaneous procedures, head space and solvent extraction methods has been developed. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for qualitative and quantitative determinations. The aliphatic hydrocarbons with carbon numbers of 5 to 8 and aromatics such as benzene, toluene and xylenes were detected in laboratory animals, following exposure to gasoline vapour, using the head space method. Aliphatic hydrocarbons with carbon numbers over 9 as well as the aromatics with carbon number 9 group including cumene, mesitylene, pseudocumene and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene were determined by the solvent extraction method following exposure to kerosene vapour. The lower limits of detection were 0.01 micrograms and 50 pg in gasoline and kerosene components, respectively. The methods were found to be applicable in confirming the cause of human deaths.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Too easily lead? Health effects of gasoline additives.

Octane-enhancing constituents of gasoline pose a number of health hazards. This paper considers the relative risks of metallic (lead, manganese), aromatic (e.g., benzene), and oxygenated additives in both industrialized and developing countries. Technological advances, particularly in industrialized countries, have allowed the progressive removal of lead from gasoline and the increased control of exhaust emissions. The developing world, by contrast, has relatively lax environmental standards and faces serious public health problems from vehicle exhaust and the rapid increase in automobile use. Financial obstacles to the modernization of refineries and vehicle fleets compound this problem and the developing world continues to import large quantities of lead additives and other hazardous materials. Progress in decreasing environmental health problems depends both on the adoption of international public health standards as well as efforts to decrease dependence on the private automobile for urban transport.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1980

Relation of pediatric blood lead levels to lead in gasoline.

Analysis of a large data set of pediatric blood lead levels collected in New York City (1970-1976) shows a highly significant association between geometric mean blood lead levels and the amount of lead present in gasoline sold during the same period. This association was observed for all age and ethnic groups studied, and it suggests that possible exposure pathways other than ambient air should be considered. Even without detailed knowledge of the exact exposure pathways, sufficient information now exists for policy analysis and decisions relevant to controls and standards related to lead in gasoline and its effect on subsets of the population.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1993

Renal cell cancer and exposure to gasoline: a review.

A review of the epidemiology of renal cell cancer is presented. Risk factors for renal cell cancer such as cigarette smoking, obesity, diet, and use of analgesics and prescription diuretics are examined. Although uncommon, occupational risk factors are also reviewed. Studies examining gasoline exposure and renal cell cancer are evaluated, including investigations recently presented at a meeting on this topic. Overall, most studies find no link between gasoline exposure and renal cell cancer; moreover, the experimental evidence that initiated the health concern is no longer considered relevant to humans. Positive associations, however, reported in two recent studies prevent a firm conclusion of no risk for this exposure.

Carcinoma, Renal Cell↗
PubMed1994

The relationship between gasoline composition and vehicle hydrocarbon emissions: a review of current studies and future research needs.

The purpose of this paper is to review current studies concerning the relationship of fuel composition to vehicle engine-out and tail-pipe emissions and to outline future research needed in this area. A number of recent combustion experiments and vehicle studies demonstrated that reformulated gasoline can reduce vehicle engine-out, tail-pipe, running-loss, and evaporative emissions. Some of these studies were extended to understand the fundamental relationships between fuel composition and emissions. To further establish these relationships, it was necessary to develop advanced analytical methods for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of hydrocarbons in fuels and vehicle emissions. The development of real-time techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, laser diode spectroscopy, and atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry were useful in studying the transient behavior of exhaust emissions under various engine operating conditions. Laboratory studies using specific fuels and fuel blends were carried out using pulse flame combustors, single- and multicylinder engines, and vehicle fleets. Chemometric statistical methods were used to analyze the large volumes of emissions data generated from these studies. Models were developed that were able to accurately predict tail-pipe emissions from fuel chemical and physical compositional data. Some of the primary fuel precursors for benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and C2-C4 alkene emissions are described. These studies demonstrated that there is a strong relationship between gasoline composition and tail-pipe emissions.

Gasoline↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gasoline injection.

Injection of petroleum distillates is rare. We recently cared for a man with a long history of drug abuse who attempted intravenous injection with gasoline into a right forearm vein in order to "get high." We believe he accomplished an intramuscular and subcutaneous injection of gasoline which resulted in a severe impairment of the right hand and forearm from damage to the right median, ulnar, and radial nerves.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

MTBE inhaled alone and in combination with gasoline vapor: uptake, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in rats.

The purpose of these studies was to extend previous evaluation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)* tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion in rats to include concentrations more relevant to human exposure (4 and 40 ppm) and to determine the effects of coinhalation of the volatile fraction of unleaded gasoline on the tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of MTBE. Groups of male F344 rats were exposed nose-only for 4 hours to 4, 40, or 400 ppm 14C-MTBE or to 20 or 200 ppm of the light fraction of unleaded gasoline (LFG) containing 4 or 40 ppm 14C-MTBE, respectively. To evaluate the effects of repeated inhalation of LFG on MTBE tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion, rats were exposed for 4 hours on each of 7 consecutive days to 20 or 200 ppm LFG with MTBE (4 or 40 ppm) followed on the eighth day by a similar exposure to LFG containing 14C-MTBE. Subgroups of rats were evaluated for respiratory parameters, initial body burdens, rates and routes of excretion, and tissue distribution and elimination. The concentrations of MTBE and its chief metabolite, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), were measured in blood and kidney immediately after exposure, and the major urinary metabolites-2-hydroxyisobutyric acid (IBA) and 2-methyl-1,2-propanediol (2MePD)-were measured in urine. Inhalation of MTBE alone or as a component of LFG had no concentration-dependent effect on respiratory minute volume. The initial body burdens of MTBE equivalents achieved after 4 hours of exposure to MTBE did not increase linearly with exposure concentration. MTBE equivalents rapidly distributed to all tissues examined, with the largest percentages distributed to liver. The observed initial body burden did not increase linearly between 4 and 400 ppm. At 400 ppm, elimination half-times of MTBE equivalents from liver increased and from lung, kidney, and testes decreased compared with the two smaller doses. Furthermore, at 400 ppm the elimination half-time for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath was significantly shorter and the percentage of the initial body burden of MTBE equivalents eliminated as VOCs in breath increased significantly. These changes probably reflect a saturation of blood with MTBE at 400 ppm and strongly suggest that the uptake and fate of MTBE are notably different at exposure concentrations above and below 400 ppm. Single and repeated coexposure to 20 and 200 ppm LFG with MTBE had opposite effects on the total body burden of MTBE equivalents present at the end of exposures compared with those achieved after 4 and 40 ppm MTBE exposures: 20 ppm LFG increased and 200 ppm LFG significantly decreased the burdens of MTBE equivalents present. The effects of coexposure to LFG on blood levels of MTBE equivalents paralleled the effects on body burden. These differences in overall uptake of MTBE equivalents cannot be attributed to alterations of minute volume. The reason for the increase in overall uptake after 20-ppm LFG exposure is not clear. Decreased MTBE absorption (uptake) after single and repeated coexposure to 200 ppm LFG may be due to a decrease in solubility of MTBE in blood caused by inhalation of other hydrocarbons. Investigations on the blood/air partition coefficient of MTBE in the absence and presence of LFG would be needed to confirm this hypothesis. Single and repeated coexposure to either 20 or 200 ppm LFG significantly decreased the percentage of the initial body burden from MTBE equivalents in tissues, including liver, kidney, and testes, immediately and 72 hours after

Air Pollutants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of gasoline exposure data and assessment. A summary report of work group III.

The overall consensus of the Work Group was that the workshop provided an excellent opportunity for discussion of the scientific issues pertaining to non-occupational exposures to gasoline as it related to public health officials, legal and regulatory agencies, and industrial (workplace) concerns. It was enlightening to discuss the implications of new and existing data and methods for determining the public's exposure to gasoline. The workshop resulted in a list of data needs and a vision of the future research that will be required to aid future users of exposure data.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessing total exposures to gasoline vapor using the source exposure model.

Recent developments in source apportionment modeling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) include receptor modeling (RM) applications to "total" (indoor and outdoor) exposure assessment for source of VOC. Source fingerprints are available for major VOC sources such as gasoline vapor, automobile exhaust, refinery emissions, cleaning solvent vapors, printing inks, and waste-water treatment facilities. The relative proportion of each VOC species in the source fingerprint enables the RM method, through a least squares analysis, to identify each source's presence and quantify its contribution to ambient air concentrations. Sampling periods and locations may be selected to represent microenvironmental exposures. Receptor modeling has direct applicability to determining the relative contribution of gasoline vapors to VOC exposures in the general population.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed2004

Controlling lead concentrations in human blood by regulating the use of lead in gasoline.

After having been emitted at maximum rates in the 1960s and 1970s, lead has become less ubiquitous in industrialized countries as a result of increasingly stringent policies to limit the use of this heavy metal as an anti-knock additive in gasoline. Using a detailed reconstruction of lead emissions in Europe (PbE), of the air concentration of lead in Europe (PbC) and repeated measurements of lead concentrations in human blood (PbB) in Germany since about 1980, we have constructed an empirical model that estimates PbB given PbE. This model is used for 2 purposes: i)To estimate PbB levels for the 1960s and 1970s in Germany, when emissions were maximum and monitoring blood levels had not yet begun. It turns out that PbB peak emissions were reaching a mean level, which health officials considered potentially harmful for fetuses and small children. ii) To estimate how PbB levels may have developed if regulations of the use of lead in gasoline had been implemented differently. In case of no or delayed regulations, the model estimates that PbB levels well beyond the critical level would have emerged. Thus, the regulation instituted in Germany since the 1970s has reduced significant health hazards.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The evaluation of the extent of transporting or "tracking" an identifiable ignitable liquid (gasoline) throughout fire scenes during the investigative process.

Tests have determined that boots or shoes of individuals at a fire scene do not transport sufficient contaminants ("tracking") through the fire scene to produce a positive laboratory result for the presence of gasoline in a fire scene that was not present at the time of the fire. Questions about the validity of forensic laboratory results have been raised on the basis that low-level gasoline residues detected in the laboratory samples could have been the result of transporting the residue by footwear contaminated from the fire scene ("tracking"). The data collected in this study establish that "tracking" does not lead to false-positive laboratory results. Canines trained and experienced in the detection of trace ignitable liquid residues were also utilized in this study. The canine results confirmed that properly trained canines show a higher sensitivity than do standard ASTM laboratory techniques for fire debris analysis. In a few cases, canines responded to contamination, but laboratory testing (which is the definitive indicator) did not produce positive results.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Distribution of sulfur-containing compounds in the gasoline range petroleum products].

A capillary gas chromatography coupled with sulfur chemiluminescence detection (GC-SCD) method has been developed for detailed analysis and group-type characterization of sulfur compounds in gasoline range petroleum products. Chemical treatment of the samples was carried out using selective reactions for group-type classification of compounds. A total of 107 sulfur compounds were tentatively classified and identified based on standard substances and retention rule. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of retention times were no more than 0.25%. The quantitative analysis on major sulfur compounds and total sulfur was carried out based on the linear response of sulfur chemiluminescence detector and the internal standard method. The recoveries were in the range of 96% - 115%. For the sulfur-containing compounds whose concentration exceeded 7 mg/kg, the RSDs of the determination were less than 8.9%. Various types of gasoline were analyzed and their sulfur distributions were investigated using the developed method. The results show that the method can be used to separate, identify and quantitate sulfur-containing compounds.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1991

[Embryotoxic effects of industrial environment pollutants: formaldehyde and gasoline].

Prenatal and postnatal effects of formaldehyde and gasoline were studied. Delay of skeleton development and other prenatal negative effects at levels 0.5 mg/m3 for formaldehyde and 300 mg/m3 for gasoline were noted. Slow-down of motor reflexes and physical development in postnatal time were demonstrated. Embryotoxic tests of environmental pollutants offered to do both as in prenatal so as postnatal periods.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1985

Carburetor priming: a cause of gasoline burn.

Burns as a result of priming carburetors with gasoline resulted in 4% of all burn admissions to the Oregon Burn Center from 1980-1982. The burns most frequently involved the head and neck and upper extremities. Although most of them involved less than 10% of the total body surface area, half of all the injuries included areas of full-thickness tissue loss. This type of preventable accident inflicts substantial morbidity and may be a major financial burden. Professional and public awareness of the risk of serious gasoline burns incurred during carburetor priming should decrease its incidence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Organic lead encephalopathy: behavioral change and movement disorder following gasoline inhalation.

A 15 year old boy was evaluated in the psychiatric emergency room for the acute onset of "confusion,"insomnia, headache, and shaking of one week's duration. Two days later hallucinations, formication and a movement disorder emerged characterized by action tremor, myoclonus, chorea and ataxia. Further history revealed inhalation of gasoline for its euphoric effects. Plasma lead levels were in the toxic range. Chelation therapy reversed the clinical symptoms. Behavioral changes and a movement disorder in the context of gasoline inhalation are highly suggestive of organic lead encephalopathy. Recognition of this syndrome is important as chelation therapy is effective.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gasoline-contaminated ground water as a source of residential benzene exposure: a case study.

In a private residence using gasoline-contaminated ground water (approximately 300 micrograms/l benzene), a series of experiments were performed to assess the potential benzene exposures that may occur in the shower stall, bathroom, master bedroom, and living room as a result of a single 20-min, shower. Integrated fixed site SUMMA TM-polished canister and Tenax GC air samples were collected in the target microenvironments over 20, 60, and 240 min. periods. These results were compared with the long-term personal Tenax GC samples (6 h) and grab samples collected with glass, gas-tight syringes at 0, 10, 18, 20, 25, 25.5, and 30 min. Maximum benzene concentrations occurred in the shower stall (758-1670 micrograms/m3) and bathroom (366-498 micrograms/m3) during and immediately after the shower. Inhalation exposures in the shower stall during the 20-min. shower were 2.1-4.9 times higher than corresponding 20-min, bathroom exposures. The total benzene dose resulting from the shower was estimated to be approximately 281 micrograms, with 40% via inhalation and 60% via the dermal pathway. This total is 2 to 3.5 times higher than the mean inhalation dose received during a concurrent 6 h occupation of the house. These results indicate that domestic use of gasoline-contaminated water can produce relatively high benzene exposures that vary significantly according to an individual's proximity to the water use zone. The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It has been subjected to Agency review and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The entire experiment was reviewed and approved by the Research Triangle Institute Human Subjects Review Committee.

Air Pollution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health effects of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in gasoline in Alaska.

OBJECTIVES: This ecologic study assessed whether there was a change in health status in Alaska in the winter of 1992-93 after the introduction of MTBE in gasoline. Methyl tertiary butyl ether(MTBE) is used as a fuel oxygenate in the United States and in Europe. In the winter of 1992-93 MTBE was added to gasoline in the cities of Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska. The program was discontinued in Fairbanks in December, 1992, but continued in Anchorage until February 28, 1993. METHODS: Outpatient visits for state employees and dependents (n = approximately 28,000) living in Alaska were compared over three winters by analyzing health insurance claims. RESULTS: Odds ratios were calculated. The odds ratios indicated that the winter of 92-93 was not statistically different from previous winters in numbers of claims for upper respiratory illness, bronchitis, headache, or asthma in either Anchorage or Fairbanks. CONCLUSION: There was no increase in claims for respiratory illness in either city after introduction of MTBE.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2004

Occupational exposure to diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and risk of lung cancer among Finnish workers.

BACKGROUND: Studies on engine exhausts and lung cancer have given inconsistent results. METHODS: Economically active Finns were followed-up for lung cancer during 1971-95 (33,664 cases). Their Census occupations in 1970 were converted to exposures to diesel and gasoline engine exhausts with a job-exposure matrix. The relative risks (RRs) for cumulative exposure (CE) were defined by Poisson regression, adjusted for smoking, asbestos, and quartz dust exposure, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: RR for engine exhausts among men did not increase with increasing CE. In women, RR for gasoline engine exhaust was 1.58 (95% CI 1.10-2.26) in the CE-category of 1-99 mg/m(3)-y and 1.66 (1.11-2.50) among those with > or =100 mg/m(3)-y (lag 20 years). With a lag of 10 years RR for the middle/highest diesel exhaust category in women was 1.42 (0.94-2.13). CONCLUSIONS: Occupational exposure to engine exhausts was not consistently associated with lung cancer in this study, possibly due to low exposure levels.

Adult↗