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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Anthropometric estimation of body density, fat, and lean body weight in women gymnasts.

Measurements from 44 highly skilled women gymnasts were used to evaluate previously derived equations for estimating body composition and to develop new equations by step-wise linear regression. True composition values were computed from body density (DB). Measures were taken of skeletal diameters (D), circumferences (C) and skin-folds (SF). Equations evaluated were those by Sloan et al. (23), F. Katch and Michael (15), Wilmore and Behnke (28), F. Katch and McArdle (18) and Weltman and V. Katch (26). With exception of the Weltman-Katch equation, correlations between true and estimated LBW's were high (.91 to .95) but underestimated true LBW 1.13 to 3.88 kg. Regression analysis suggested adjustment of ordinate values would give these equations acceptable accuracy for use with women gymnasts. New equations were derived from variables that had been selected by using factor analysis to minimize shared variance. Equations derived were DB - 1.024620 + .002024 Neck C--.001435 Supra-iliac SF--.001039 Juxta-um-bilicus SF (R.806, +/- .0061); Fat = .3798--.5809 Neck C + .3253 Abdominal C + .3007 Supra-iliac SF + .2047 Juxta-umbilicus SF, (R .891, +/- 1.29) and LBW = .3973 Height + .8357 Neck C + .4317 Shoulder C--87.203 (R .923, +/- 1.75).

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Predictors of attainment in rhythmic sportive gymnastics.

Correlates of attainment in rhythmic sportive gymnastics (RSG) were investigated in a cross-sectional study of 106 female gymnasts aged 7-27 years. Physical attributes were obtained by anthropometry and from tests of flexibility, leg power, maximum oxygen uptake and visuo-motor proficiency. Training and psychological measures were derived from self-administered questionnaires that included the Leadership Scale for Sport, Psychological Skills Inventory for Sport, General Health Questionnaire, Sport Competition Anxiety Test, and several questions on sport motivation and enjoyment. Attainment was expressed as competition grade level and mean performance score in 4 competitions. The best correlates of attainment were cumulative and current training time (r = 0.84-0.53). Age, lean body mass and composite measures of flexibility, leg power and visuo-motor proficiency were also significant correlates of attainment (r = 0.69-0.29), as were coach democratic and coach social behaviours (r = 0.41-0.28). The significant positive psychometric correlates of attainment were mental preparation, motivation by creativity, and several dimensions of enjoyment (r = 0.35-0.26); significant negative correlates were recent anxiety-depression and enjoyment of training (r = -0.34-(-)0.32). No previous study has identified the relative contributions of such a comprehensive range of physical, psychological and training measures to performance of a sport.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Gymnast wrist.

Excessive or repetitive loading of an immature joint can lead to premature closure of the growth plate. In gymnastics this event is known as the gymnast wrist, or the Madelung-like deformity. Six new cases are presented. All had an ulnar-plus variance and an increased sagittal angle of the distal radial epiphysis. Five of them preferred to stop their sports career one was successfully treated with an arthroscopic debridement of the TFCC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Clinical effects of four weeks of respiratory muscle stretch gymnastics in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

We developed a program of respiratory muscle stretch gymnastic (RMSG), and measured lung function, exercise capacity, dyspnea, and quality of life before and after 4 weeks of training with this program. Thirteen patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (mean FEVi, 1.24 liters) began the program. They participated in three sessions of RMSG each day. Twelve patients completed all 4 weeks. RMSG significantly (p < 0.01) decreased functional residual capacity (from 4.19 +/- 1.27 to 3.88 +/- 1.03 liters), total lung capacity (from 5.98 +/- 1.35 to 5.66 +/- 1.20 liters), residual volume (from 3.29 +/- 1.16 to 2.89 +/- 0.89 liters), and residual volume as a percent of total lung capacity (from 53.9 +/- 11.2% to 50.6 +/- 9.74%). The distance walked in 6 min increased by an average of 43 +/- 30 meters (+ 15%, p < 0.01). Dyspnea after a 6-minute walk (measured with a 150-mm visual analog scale) decreased significantly (from 65.1 +/- 40.8 to 36.1 +/- 36.8, p < 0.05). Quality of life was measured with the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire of Guyatt, et al., and was found to have improved significantly. Respiratory muscle stretch gymnastics may be useful in pulmonary rehabilitation.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

[Preliminary analysis of the modifications of spinal curves, in extreme amplitudes, observed in rhythmic and athletic gymnastics].

Trained users of Rhythmic and Athletic Gymnastic, present kinetic spinal vast extents. Analysis, with pasted cutaneous markers, shows that, according to the codified movement, various segments of the vertebral column are requested and realized important displacements. Nevertheless, to have an homogeneous attitude, some subjects request more either lumbar or thoracic segments, of both. To prevent frequent spinal pain, it is important to realize a preliminary subject selection using their total spine and to improve protection by adapted gymnastic.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1983

Overuse syndromes in baseball, tennis, gymnastics, and swimming.

The shoulder is the "center of action" for most sports including those discussed in this article. Overuse problems of the shoulder are the most common group of injuries affecting the athlete involved in baseball, tennis, swimming, and gymnastics. Most of the injuries can be directly related to the mechanics of throwing, swimming, or gymnastics. After diagnosis, treatment is directed at "selective rest" of the injured shoulder and modalities and medications intended to decrease the inflammatory response of the body to stress.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1998

[An increased risk of spinal injury in high performance gymnasts during pubertal growth?].

Elite womens gymnastics has generally been described to induce vertebral overload injuries, especially in the pubertal growth phase. This paper describes the results of a 4-year prospective longitudinal and transversal investigation of German elite womens gymnasts with respect to the spine. The main results are: 1) Pathological changes are detectable by clinical investigation before X-ray abnormalities can be found. 2) A sensitive test is the spine springing test. 3) Functional abnormalities can be detected especially in the lumbosacral region. 4) There were no spondylolyses. 5) Osteochondrotic lesions are frequent. They are concentrated in the dorsolumbar region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Memory for Movement Sequences in Gymnastics: Effects of Age and Skill Level.

The authors studied the performances of 8- to 13-year-old skilled (n = 30) and less skilled (n = 30) gymnasts on a gymnastics routine recall task by examining the role of memorization strategies and imagery ability. Subjects had to reproduce 3 movement sequences presented on videotape. The number of trials needed to achieve correct recall, the strategies employed, and the subjects' imagery ability were analyzed. Recall performance improved with age and skill level. Movement labeling was the most prevalent strategy used; its frequency increased with age, although it did not lead to better recall performance. Performance was higher, however, among subjects with better imagery skills. The role of strategy development in the age-related improvement in memory performance was not clearly demonstrated. The effect of skill level is interpreted in terms of knowledge bases and kinesthetic movement encoding.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Effects of a stress-management program on injury and stress of competitive gymnasts.

20 competitive gymnasts (17 girls, 3 boys; mean age, 14.4 +/- 3.4 yr.) were recruited from two clubs in Auckland, New Zealand. Gymnasts, who had competed at a national or international level, were divided into two groups to examine the effects of a longitudinal stress-management program on injury and stress. Those in the stress-management group took part in 12 1-hr. sessions over 24 weeks, while the control group took part in a placebo program of anthropometric measurements and lectures on nutrition. All participants completed the Life Experiences Survey and Athletic Experiences Survey at baseline, 3 mo., 6 mo. (end of intervention), and 9 mo. (3 mo. after completion of intervention). Injury data were collected prospectively by weekly self-report over the 9-mo. study. Repeated-measures analyses of covariance with age and, where applicable, the baseline measure of the dependent variable entered as covariates, indicated no significant group or group by time effects for the scores on the two surveys, or injury scores. However, given the small sample, the statistical power of the study to detect even large effects was low. Therefore, rather than concluding that the stress-management program had no effect on training hours lost to injury or on stress, upper limits were placed on the magnitude of any effects that might exist. Further research using larger samples is recommended.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Spondylolysis in the female gymnast.

In a roentgenographic analysis of the lumbar spine of 100 young female gymnasts engaged in high-level competition, the incidence of pars interarticular defects was 11 per cent; 6 per cent had spondylolisthesis. This is 4 times higher than their non-athletic female peers. It appears that the female athlete may have the same incidence of pars interarticularis defects as the male performing similar activities. Pars defects developing in association with athletic activities may be distinct from those developing in early childhood. A negative lumbosacral roentgenographic series does not completely rule out a developing pars defect. Bone scintography offers an additional tool for evaluating early stress reaction in the pars, and suggests that if the athlete restricts vigorous activity, some will heal without progressing to roentgenographically detectable defects. Low back pain in the young gymnast should be a warning sign. Close scrutiny of pars interarticularis in these young athletes will reveal a high incidence of developing defects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Bone gains and losses follow seasonal training and detraining in gymnasts.

The response of the human skeleton to high magnitude loading and unloading is poorly understood. Our aim was to evaluate changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in a group of intercollegiate gymnasts (n = 8, age = 18.6+/-0.8 years) over 24 months that included two 8-month competitive seasons and two 4-month offseasons. BMD of the hip, spine, and whole body was evaluated by DXA (Hologic QDR-1000/W) at baseline, 8, 12, 20, and 24 months. Results indicated significant seasonal trends in BMD of the femoral neck, trochanter, total hip, lumbar spine, and whole body. Specifically, there was a strikingly consistent pattern of bone density increases over the training seasons followed by clear declines in the offseasons. Increases at the spine were 3.5% and 3.7% followed by declines of 1.5% and 1.3% in the offseasons. Total hip BMD increased 2.3% and 1.9% during the competitive seasons followed by decreases of 1.5% and 1.2% in the offseasons. We observed a significant 24-month increase of 4.3% in spine BMD but no significant overall change at the hip. In conclusion, the human skeleton demonstrated a measurable response to high magnitude loading and unloading that was consistent across bone sites over 24 months of observation.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2005

Talar body fatigue stress fractures: three cases observed in elite female gymnasts.

OBJECTIVE: To introduce and emphasize the clinical and radiological findings of three talar body fatigue stress fractures in competitive athletes. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Clinical and radiographic skeletal records of 24,562 athletes taken between 1962 and 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Among these, 6851 files related to acute foot and ankle injuries or chronic post-traumatic sequelae were found. RESULTS: There were 925 (3.76%) stress fatigue fractures selected from the whole collection. Among these there were three cases (0.32%) of talar body stress fractures diagnosed in elite female gymnasts 15-17 years old. The negative first radiograph become positive 4-6 weeks later. Scintigraphy was positive at an early stage and consistent for the diagnosis. CT and MRI gave positive results 1-2 weeks after the beginning of symptoms which were always greatly diagnostic. CONCLUSIONS: The sports medicine literature lacks reports of talar body fatigue stress fractures. The poor initial sensitivity of radiography makes it problematic to establish an early diagnosis. A wise combination of scintigraphy, CT and MRI has therefore to be relied upon. Familiarity with this rare location for a stress fracture may prevent delayed diagnosis and long-lasting damage, both of which are important factors in competitive athletes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Marrow MR signal abnormality associated with bilateral avulsive cortical irregularities in a gymnast.

Abnormal marrow signal and marrow enhancement have not been described in association with benign avulsive cortical irregularity. We present the case of an 11-year-old gymnast with such findings that partially resolved over time. The marrow MR abnormalities are believed to represent an extension or spectrum of findings associated with avulsive cortical irregularity, and should not instantly suggest infection or malignancy, as has been previously indicated. Careful and close clinical and radiological follow-up is required to confirm its benign course.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1992

The gymnast's wrist: acquired positive ulnar variance following chronic epiphyseal injury.

Five cases of symptomatic acquired positive ulnar variance are described. All cases occurred due to premature physeal closure of the growth plate in teenage girl gymnasts. All cases demonstrated ulnocarpal impingement, for which we describe a clinical test. Arthroscopic assessment of the wrist allowed us to assess the integrity of the TFCC (triangular fibrocartilaginous complex) and decide on the most appropriate surgery. Two patients needed distal ulna recession and one needed shaving for a TFCC perforation, with a good result.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Oscillators in the human body and circular-muscle gymnastics.

There is a growing body of literature about the role of oscillators in the living body, and about the interactions between different oscillators. Considering the importance of endogenous oscillators in regulating the body's functions, and the existence of 'dynamical diseases', diseases of control systems which involve oscillators in the body, a way to mend dysfunctioning oscillators seems to be needed. Circular-muscle gymnastics, a method of physical activity which has been developed in Israel, reveals some phenomena which may point in a promising direction. Some of these phenomena call to mind known facts and theories about oscillators and their effects.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Orthotic effect of a stabilising mechanism in the surface of gymnastic mats on foot motion during landings.

The purpose of this study was to examine two hypotheses: (a) mat hardness affects foot motion during landing; (b) the influence of a surface stabilising interface integrated in a mat on foot motion is detectable. Two studies were carried out: In the first one, six female gymnasts performed barefoot landings from different falling heights onto three mats having different hardness. In the second study, a stabilising mechanism was integrated in the surface of three new mats with different hardness. Three high speed video cameras (250Hz) captured the motion of the left leg and foot. These were modelled by means of a four rigid body system. The maximal eversion at the ankle joint was not influenced by the different mats (hard: 4.6 degrees +/-1.9 to 9.3 degrees +/-3.4, medium: 3.1 degrees +/-2.7 to 7.4 degrees +/-3.5, soft: 4.8 degrees +/-2.1 to 8.4 degrees +/-3.5). The soft mat without the stabilised surface showed higher eversion values (p<0.05) between forefoot and rearfoot (medial joint: hard: 5.1 degrees +/-3.2 to 7.3 degrees +/-3.3, medium: 6.9 degrees +/-3.1 to 7.5 degrees +/-2.9, soft: 12.7 degrees +/-4.1 to 13.4 degrees +/-3.3; lateral joint: hard: 8.5 degrees +/-3.1 to 9.7 degrees +/-1.1, medium: 9.5 degrees +/-2.6 to 11.2 degrees +/-3.3, soft: 12.1 degrees +/-2.3 to 15.7 degrees +/-3.3). For the mats with the surface stabilising interface, the different hardness did not cause any significant differences in maximal eversion values at the medial (hard: 1.5 degrees +/-3.3 to 5.5 degrees +/-4.5, medium: 1.3 degrees +/-3.5 to 5.1 degrees +/-3.6, soft: 0.7 degrees +/-4.9 to 5.4 degrees +/-4.2) nor at the lateral (hard: 11.3 degrees +/-4.2 to 17.3 degrees +/-4.2, medium: 12.3 degrees +/-4.8 to 17.1 degrees +/-3.7, soft: 11.5 degrees +/-4.6 to 17.1 degrees +/-4.3) forefoot joints. The structure of the mat and the consequent deformation hollow did not influence the kinematics of the ankle joint during landings, but it influenced the motion at the medial and the lateral forefoot joints. By means of a stabilised surface, it is possible to reduce the influence of mat deformation on the maximal eversion between forefoot and rearfoot.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

An unusual case of urinary retention in a competitive gymnast.

Hydrocolpos is the accumulation of blood behind an imperforate hymen. Patients often present in early adolescence with cyclic abdominal pain. We present the case of an elite gymnast who, after 6 months of symptoms and a series of incorrect diagnoses, was diagnosed with hydrocolpos. It is likely that the patient's extraordinary training regimen contributed to the difficulty in diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Kienböck's disease in a 14-year-old gymnast: a case report.

Kienböck's disease is rare in children and there are few reports and therapeutic recommendations in the literature about this condition. We report a case of a 14-year-old female gymnast for whom nonsurgical treatment was followed by complete healing within 12 months. Repeated computed tomography scans provided a sequential coronal, sagittal, and transverse illustration of the progressive healing of the lunate.

Adolescent↗