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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Rapid reversed-phase liquid chromatographic determination of patulin in apple juice.

A rapid, simple and economical method using a limited amount of organic solvent is described for the determination of patulin in apple juice. The sample was extracted with ethyl acetate and the extract was cleaned up by extraction with sodium carbonate solution. Patulin was then determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using a MicroPack C18 column and a variable-wavelength UV-Vis detector set at 276 nm. Patulin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were completely resolved by using water-acetonitrile (99:1, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. The detection limit was < 5 micrograms/l and the recovery was 98%.

Beverages↗
PubMed1995

Chromatographic evidence for Amadori product formation in rat liver aminophospholipids.

This work presents data which indicates the presence of Amadori product derived from Maillard reaction in aminophospholipids. The presence of 5-HMF, a stable derivative of acid-treated Amadori product, in the phospholipidic fraction from cell membranes was established by HPLC-UV and subsequent GC/MS analysis. The assay for 5-HMF in rat liver phospholipid revealed the presence of this molecule in membrane phospholipids of euglycemic rats, and showed increased glycation levels in membrane phospholipids from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (p < 0.001). This gives a new insight to cell membrane physiology and physiopathology.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Glycosylated serum proteins and glycosylated hemoglobin in the assessment of glycemic control in insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

To evaluate the relative value of glycosylated serum proteins (GSPs) versus glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in assessing glycemic control in diabetes mellitus, we performed regular monitoring of GSPs and HbA1c in 30 subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) who performed frequent self-glucose monitoring. Analysis of the relationship between patterns of glycemic control and GSPs and HbA1c demonstrated that subjects with IDDM and NIDDM appeared similar when the more traditional indicators of glycemic control such as mean blood glucose level (166.9 +/- 20.9 v 177.4 +/- 39.6 mg/dL) or HbA1c (83.57 +/- 12.8 v 80.24 +/- 15.7 mmol hydroxymethyl furfuraldehyde [HMF]/mol hemoglobin [Hgb]) were used. However, when GSP levels or the standard deviation of mean glucose levels (SDMG) were used to assess glycemic control, higher levels were found in subjects with IDDM (52 +/- 10.3 mg/g protein and 28.59 +/- 7.60 mg/dL) versus NIDDM (44.6 +/- 15.2 mg/g protein and 21.6 +/- 15.9 mg/dL). Using multivariate analysis, GSPs were predictive of SDMG (P = .046), whereas HbA1c added no significant further information (P = .27). Our results suggest that GSPs may be more sensitive than HbA1c assay to the greater fluctuations in blood glucose levels generally associated with IDDM.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Additives to biological substances. V--The stability of lactose as a carrier for Biological Standards.

The stability of freeze-dried lactose has been studied, by accelerated degradation, after being ampouled under the conditions employed for the preparation of International Standards and Reference Preparations and also under less stringent conditions which might facilitate degradation. The possible formation of the reactive product, 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural, has been monitored over a period of 10 years at temperatures up to 56 degrees C. No evidence has been obtained to suggest that the formation of this compound would present a hazard to the stability of standards prepared by the procedures customarily employed.

Drug Stability↗
PubMed1978

Mutagenic activity of furfural in Salmonella typhimurium TA100.

The mutagenic activity of furfural was tested in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. Furfural produced mutations in the TA100 strain, but not in the TA98 strain. A rat-liver microsomal fraction did not increase the mutagenic activity of furfural in either strain. Mutagenic activity of furfural in the TA100 strain was not increased by benzo[alpha]pyrene in the presence of metabolic activation.

Benzopyrenes↗
PubMed1985

In vitro and occupational induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes with furfuryl alcohol and furfural.

Sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in human lymphocytes were studied using the FPG technique in order to determine the cytogenetic effect of furfural and furfuryl alcohol. The induction of SCEs was also investigated in workers occupationally exposed to these solvents that are commonly used in the manufacture of furoic resins. The results obtained from the in vitro treatments show that furfural increased the number of SCEs, while furfuryl alcohol did not. In exposed workers, neither of these solvents increased the spontaneous frequency of SCEs per metaphase.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation in Drosophila melanogaster of the mutagenic potential of furfural in the mei-9a test for chromosome loss in germ-line cells and the wing spot test for mutational activity in somatic cells.

The mutagenic potential of furfural was evaluated by means of the chromosome loss test in germ cells and the wing spot test in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. The chromosome loss test was carried out employing repair-proficient as well as repair-deficient females. Males carried the compound Y chromosome, BSYy+. Two routes of administration were used: injection and feeding of adult males. Genetic damage was demonstrable after matings of treated males with females carrying the excision repair-deficient mutant mei-9a. The somatic mutation and recombination test was carried out treating 72-h transheterozygous mwh+/+flr3 larvae. Acute treatment of larvae was chosen as the method of exposure. Evidence indicates that furfural induces somatic damage as measured in the wing spot test.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

A review of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in parenteral solutions.

The chemical formation, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and certain other decomposition products found in parenteral solutions are reviewed. Heat sterilization-induced hexose decomposition to furan derivatives is promoted at low pH. Based upon infusion studies with rats and dogs, HMF does not appear to be acutely toxic at concentrations ordinarily encountered in parenteral infusion solutions (e.g., 10 mg/liter). Dosages of parenterally administered HMF exceeding 75 mg/kg body wt have led to some toxic effects, including increased activity of hepatic enzymes, altered serum-protein fractions, increased relative spleen weight, and hepatic fatty degeneration. Approximately 50% of parenterally administered HMF is oxidized and eliminated by the kidneys. From a clinical standpoint, the amount of HMF formed as a result of the heat sterilization of parenteral solutions containing hexoses does not seem to pose any significant toxicologic problem.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The role of mutagenicity testing in the ecotoxicological evaluation of industrial discharges into the aquatic environment.

An important task of ecotoxicology is to provide data for use by governments as a scientific basis for regulating the discharge of potentially hazardous substances into the environment. The criteria on which such regulations are based include biological and chemical degradability, bioavailability (accumulation) and toxicity, the latter manifesting itself in a reduced ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. There are also arguments for including the mutagenicity of chemicals in these criteria. In the past decade many studies have revealed the contamination of water and the atmosphere by mutagens originating in human activities and having observable effects on organisms in these environments. The extent to which this mutagenic stress can alter ecosystems as a whole is not yet known, but if mutagens are shown to cause major changes, mutagenicity is clearly an important ecotoxicological criterion. In the meantime its use must be based on the actual damage caused to organisms by mutagens and on the rising concern over a novel ecological phenomenon that might be named 'increased mutagenic stress'. A detailed report on the ecotoxicological case history of the discharge from a nitrofuran factory demonstrates the role of mutagenicity tests in the evaluation of effluents. As well as being toxic to algae, the discharge was found to be mutagenic in the Ames test. Toxicity and mutagenicity were used as criteria in studies of the biodegradability of the offending substances in a chemostat, as well as in studies to monitor the success of detoxification attempts. In the chemostat the mutagens did not appear to be very degradable but the algal toxicity decreased by 90%. Detoxification was reasonably successful for the mutagens in contrast to the algal toxicants.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1988

Influence of water activity and reaction temperature of ribose-lysine and glucose-lysine Maillard systems on mutagenicity, absorbance and content of furfurals.

The effect of water activity (aw 0.98, 0.84 and 0.60) and reaction temperature (100, 120, 140 and 160 degrees C) on the mutagenic activity of the Maillard reaction products in heated ribose-lysine and glucose-lysine model systems, was investigated. In the ribose-lysine system, heated at 100 degrees C, the mutagenic activity of the mixture increased as the water activity was lowered. On the contrary, no dependence between mutagenic activity and water activity was observed in the glucose-lysine system. At higher temperatures, in both systems, the presence in the browned mixtures of an antibacterial activity interfering with the bacterial mutagenicity assay was observed. Under all the conditions tested, the ribose-lysine system turned out to be the most reactive by producing higher levels of mutagens. Furthermore, in this system, the antimicrobial interference was more easily detectable. In the model systems used, the browning reaction mixtures were analysed for their absorption spectrum between 200-460 nm, and for the accumulation of furfurals. The results obtained showed that, at temperatures between 120 and 140 degrees C there is a correlation among reaction temperature, absorbance at 420 and around 280 nm, mutagenic activity of the mixture and the level of furfurals. Changes in the levels of furfurals can be related to changes in mutagenicity of the browned mixtures.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1989

Effect of storage on mutagenicity, absorbance and content of furfural in the ribose-lysine maillard system.

The stability with time of browned mixtures characterized by different water activities (aw 0.98, 0.84 and 0.60) and heating temperatures (100, 120, 140 and 160 degrees C) was analysed using the ribose-lysine model system. The results obtained demonstrated the occurrence, during storage, of changes both in the composition of the browned mixtures and in their mutagenic properties, as detected with the Ames test. Only the browned mixtures obtained at 100 degrees C showed a progressive increase in mutagenicity during storage, matched by an increase in ultraviolet and visible light absorbance and of furfural content. In the browning mixtures characterized by a more advanced stage of the Maillard reaction, in which mutagenic activity had initially been found to be undetectable, such activity became evident during storage.

Food Analysis↗
PubMed1991

Reaction of furfural and methylfurfural with DNA: use of single-strand-specific nucleases.

The furans, furfural and methylfurfural, are dietary mutagens that are present in various food products and beverages. AT base-pair-depleted calf thymus DNA was prepared by the action of pea seed single-strand-specific nuclease on native DNA. Compared with furan-treated native DNA, furan-treated AT-depleted DNA showed a reduced rate of S1 nuclease hydrolysis and a reduced formation of single-strand breaks, as determined using an alkaline unwinding assay. These results indicate that furfural and methylfurfural primarily react with AT base pairs in duplex DNA, and demonstrate the usefulness of single-strand-specific nucleases in such studies.

Animals↗