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PubMed2000

Interaction structure of husbands' and wives' disclosure of marital conflict to their respective best friend.

Husbands' and wives' conversations with their respective best friend (N = 88) were coded to assess spouses' and friends' mutual influence in regulating support and interference with regard to spouses' marriage and to assess the impact of spouses' sex and marital satisfaction on the conversation processes. Dissatisfied husbands and wives expressed fewer positive and more negative views of marriage than satisfied husbands and wives and the friends in the 2 groups. There were no group and no sex differences in interference sequences. There were group and sex differences in support sequences. Friends of satisfied wives and those of dissatisfied husbands were more likely than satisfied wives and dissatisfied husbands to get support for their positive views of marriage. The findings are discussed with reference to the specific effects of outsiders' support and interference on satisfied and dissatisfied spouses.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The association of current smoking behavior with the smoking behavior of parents, siblings, friends and spouses.

AIMS: To examine the association of current smoking behavior of adolescents and young adults with the smoking behavior of their parents, siblings, friends and spouses. DESIGN: Using survey data from a large twin-family sample, the association between the smoking behavior of participants and that of their family members, friends and spouses was investigated by calculating the relative risk. To disentangle sex and age differences, calculations were carried out separately for males and females and for three different age groups: 12-15, 16-20 and 21-40 years old. FINDINGS: The smoking behavior of the participants was significantly influenced by the smoking behavior of parents, siblings and friends, but all relative risks decreased with age. No differences in relative risk were found between having older or younger smoking siblings. Within each age group, the relative risk to smoke when having a smoking friend was comparable to the relative risk to smoke when having a smoking same-age and same-sex sibling. For the older participants, the relative risk to smoke was higher for monozygotic (MZ) twins with a smoking co-twin than for dizygotic (DZ) twins with a smoking co-twin. Most findings were sex-dependent: same-sex smoking family members influenced smoking behavior more than opposite-sex family members. The significant association of the smoking behavior of spouses decreased with age, which suggests that assortment for smoking is based on similarity at the time dating began. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the importance of both social and genetic influences on smoking behavior, with genetic influences increasing with the age of the participant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Implementing change: becoming baby-friendly in an inner city hospital.

The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative of the United Nations Children's Fund and the World Health Organization dramatically raises breastfeeding rates when implemented. To date, only 27 of the 16,000 Baby-Friendly hospitals worldwide are located in the United States. Barriers to becoming Baby-Friendly in the United States include the strength of the infant formula industry, suboptimal clinician knowledge, and the need to implement significant change throughout an institution. This paper describes how Boston Medical Center, an inner-city teaching hospital in Boston with approximately 1800 births per year, overcame numerous obstacles and, in December 1999, became the first Baby-Friendly hospital in Massachusetts.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2002

Baby friendly hospital practices: cesarean section is a persistent barrier to early initiation of breastfeeding.

BACKGROUND: Documented barriers to the implementation of Step 4 of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, which relates to early initiation of breastfeeding, have not considered the impact of operative intervention in delivery on achievement of the goal. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that hospital practices in the immediate postpartum period that are associated with operative intervention in delivery can affect first mother-infant contact and initiation of breastfeeding. METHODS: In a prospective, longitudinal study, a sociodemographically representative sample of 203 primiparous women was recruited. Participants were interviewed at 2 days postpartum in metropolitan hospitals in Melbourne, Australia, and medical records were inspected. At 8 months postpartum 81 percent of participants completed a postal questionnaire. Three mode-of-delivery groups (spontaneous vaginal delivery, instrumentally assisted vaginal delivery and cesarean section) and 4 hospital-of-delivery groups (including one accredited Baby Friendly Hospital) were compared. RESULTS: Two way ANOVA revealed that women who had a cesarean section experienced a significant delay in initiating breastfeeding compared with women giving birth vaginally, with or without instrumental assistance (p < 0.001). Significant differences in this aspect of care were also observed among hospitals, with the Baby-Friendly hospital performing significantly better than the other three hospitals (p < 0.001). An effect due to mode of delivery alone was demonstrated that could not be abolished by differences in hospital practices (p = 0.231). Nevertheless, shorter elapsed time between birth and initiation of breastfeeding was not significantly associated with continuation of breastfeeding at 8 months postpartum (p = 0.642). CONCLUSIONS: The findings confirmed that cesarean section was a significant barrier to the implementation of Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative Step 4 and that hospital practices were amenable to changes that enabled its implementation regardless of the mode of delivery.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1994

Retroviral integration within the Fli-2 locus results in inactivation of the erythroid transcription factor NF-E2 in Friend erythroleukemias: evidence that NF-E2 is essential for globin expression.

Activation of either Fli-1 or Spi-1 members of the ets family of transcription factors as a result of retroviral insertion and mutational inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene play essential roles in the multistage erythroleukemias induced in mice by various strains of Friend virus. We have previously identified another common site for provirus integration, designated Fli-2 (Friend leukemia integration 2), in some erythroleukemia clones induced either by Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) or by the polycythemia-inducing strain of Friend virus complex (FV-P). Here we show that genomic sequences adjacent to Fli-2 correspond to the coding region of the erythroid-specific DNA binding protein NF-E2 p45. In one erythroleukemia cell line the expression of NF-E2 p45 is undetectable due to proviral integration in one allele and loss of the other allele. The complete loss of NF-E2 p45 in this cell line is associated with a drastic reduction in expression of the alpha- and beta-globin genes that were partially restored by reintroduction of the NF-E2 p45 gene. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence that NF-E2 gene is essential for globin transcription and suggest that perturbation in expression of this transcription factor may contribute to erythroleukemia progression.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Assessing intimacy with the best friend and the sexual partner during adolescence: the PAIR-M inventory (Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationship).

The present study had 3 goals: (a) to provide a preliminary investigation of the dimensions involved in the capacity for intimacy toward the best friend and the sexual partner during adolescence; (b) to determine whether the specific areas of the capacity for intimacy toward the best friend are the same as toward the sexual partner; and (c) to consider the usefulness of conceiving the capacity for intimacy as a multidimensional concept. Canadian high school students (N = 465; 257 girls, 208 boys) completed a questionnaire on the capacity for intimacy, best friend version; 232 of them completed the partner version of the questionnaire. Factorial analysis on the best friend version of the questionnaire identified 3 factors: Social Intimacy, Positive Intimacy, and Negative Intimacy. Factorial analysis on the partner version of the questionnaire identified 4 factors: Social Intimacy, Positive Intimacy, Negative Intimacy, and Sexual Intimacy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Problems ascertaining friend controls in a case-control study of lung cancer.

Willingness of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients to volunteer names of friends as potential control subjects was assessed from August through December 1988 in a case-control study at the National Cancer Institute and Naval Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland. Friend controls appeared ideal to examine a genetically determined metabolic characteristic and lung cancer risk, since potentially confounding characteristics could be matched and cooperation should be high. Only 11 of 23 cases named at least one friend. Cases interviewed during the second study month were most likely to volunteer names. Either the recency of the diagnosis of a highly fatal disease or the referral to a tertiary care research hospital may have contributed to the reluctance of cases to volunteer names. No characteristic was identified that might offer a means to increase referral of friend controls.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1993

Friends of adolescent suicide attempters and completers.

Friends of adolescent suicide attempters and suicide completers were compared with students who had low exposure to suicide on a range of preexposure, concurrent, and outcome variables. Subjects who were friends of both suicide attempters and completers (N = 84) differed significantly from the low-exposure group (N = 554) on most variables examined. Friends of suicide completers only (N = 68) and attempters only (N = 92) did not differ from one another; however, the latter group reported significantly higher levels of current depression and suicidal behavior than the low-exposure group. Greater attention needs to be paid to friends of suicide attempters in the development and evaluation of suicide prevention strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Founding friends: families and institution building in early 19th century Philadelphia.

BACKGROUND: Nurses have always had an interest in the relationships among families, clinicians, and healthcare institutions. This case study of the Friends Asylum for the Insane in early 19th century Philadelphia examines the historical roots of these relationships. METHODS: Data sources are archival documents about the male founders of the Friends Asylum, its constituent families, and the committees responsible for the creation and the maintenance of the institution. RESULTS: Families seeking a temporary respite from day-to-day turmoil created The Friends Asylum in Philadelphia. The Friends Asylum allowed them to continue to explore the processes that ultimately gained them an enduring identity as members of the newly emerging middle-class. DISCUSSION: These data suggest that the Asylum served individuals limited in their capacity for the self-control needed for a new kind of middle-class identity and those families vulnerable to the demands made by the roots of this new identity. For individuals, it provided a place that replicated the intimate domestic ideal. And for families, it allowed the sharing of care-taking responsibilities with kin who wanted the insane out of the home, but not out of the family. CONCLUSION: In the early 19th century, families presented clinicians not just with dilemmas, but with solutions that carried substantial cultural weight. This study suggests that theoretical innovations in healthcare might draw from the transformations in normative rules about domestic, work, and social roles. It suggests that nurses remain aware of the possibility that it may not be nurses who empower patients; it may be patients who empower nurses.

Christianity↗
PubMed2004

Is your perinatal practice mother-friendly? A strategy for improving maternity care.

The purpose of the questionnaire, "Is Your Perinatal Practice Mother-Friendly?" is to provide health practitioners with an evidence-based tool that can be used to improve maternity care. The Mother-Friendly Childbirth Initiative is a consensus document promoting a wellness model of maternity care that was developed by the Coalition for Improving Maternity Services (CIMS) and ratified by major childbirth organizations and leading authorities in maternity care. By complying with the "Ten Steps of Mother-Friendly Care," a hospital or practice can be designated as "mother-friendly." The questionnaire enables health care providers to apply the Ten Steps to their maternity practice or services.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Being friendly and informal: reflected in nurses', terminally ill patients' and relatives' conversations at home.

The aspect of the study discussed is part of the analysis of audio-recorded, naturally occurring conversations between symptom control team (SCT) nurses, terminally ill cancer patients and their relatives in their own homes over a 3-month period. Using an ethnographic, extended case-study approach, four 'role formats' were identified as consistently used by the SCT nurses to carry out their work through conversation, one of them being 'friendly and informal'. The SCT nurses explicitly made it known to patients and their relatives that they intended to be 'friendly and informal'. How such a claim was translated into practice, both non-conversationally and through conversation, is the focus of this paper. Being 'friends' and being 'friendly and informal' with patients and clients is frequently advocated in medical and nursing literature, but how this is achieved in practice and the responses of patients seems unstudied. Therefore, the analysis discussed in this paper opens up for critical reflection an unquestioned, taken-for-granted aspect of practice where it is demonstrated how 'friendliness and informality' are conveyed through chatting and how it differs from 'formal' conversations.

Communication↗
PubMed1982

Newly isolated Friend cell lines are blocked at the same stage of erythroid differentiation as established clones.

Friend erythroleukemia cells, a widely used in vitro model of murine erythropoiesis, express prior to induction, a state of erythroid differentiation similar to that of the early erythroblast in vivo. To investigate whether this uniform and stable epigenetic state was the result of a selection in long-term culture for the corresponding cell type, 29 new cell lines were isolated from the hemopoietic organs of DBA/2 mice infected with Friend virus and were analyzed without delay for the expression of several erythroid traits. All the lines examined displayed levels of expression of the markers indistinguishable from those displayed by established Friend cell clones. Thus, newly isolated Friend cell lines appear to be blocked at essentially the same stage of erythroid differentiation as established clones. This indicates that the expression of several characteristic erythroid markers is remarkably stable in vitro and does not result from long-term selection. In contrast, the capacity of these cells to respond to chemical inducers varies considerably from clone to clone and with time in culture.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Do obese women have poorer social relationships than nonobese women? Reports by self, friends, and coworkers.

Both theory and research suggest that obese women may have relatively poor social relationships even if their self-reports about their relationships do not differ from the reports of nonobese women. Seventy-seven obese and 78 nonobese women completed self-report measures of social anxiety, social self-esteem, social competence, social network size, and perceived social support from friends and family. Friends and coworkers also rated these women on the same measures. The self-reports of obese and nonobese women did not differ significantly on any of these social measures, and ratings from friends and coworkers of obese women were not different from ratings of nonobese women by friends and coworkers. These results suggest that obese women may be able to overcome prejudice against obese people in their relationships with others.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Antisocial boys and their friends in early adolescence: relationship characteristics, quality, and interactional process.

This study examines the close friendships of early adolescent boys in relation to antisocial behavior. 186 13-14-year-old boys and their close friends were interviewed, assessed at school, and videotaped in a problem-solving task. Similarity was observed between the demographic characteristics and antisocial behavior of the boys and their close friends. There was a tendency for the close friends of antisocial boys to live within the same neighborhood block and to have met in unstructured, unsupervised activities. Direct observations of interactions with close friends revealed a reliable correlation between antisocial behavior, directives, and negative reciprocity. Positive interactions within the friendship were uncorrelated with antisocial behavior and relationship quality. Implications of these findings for clinical and developmental theory are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences in developmental links among antisocial behavior, friends' antisocial behavior, and peer rejection in childhood: results from two cultures.

This study addressed gender differences in the developmental links among antisocial behavior, friends' antisocial behavior, and peer rejection. High and increasing, moderate, and low antisocial developmental trajectories were identified among 289 Dutch children, ages 7 to 10, and 445 French-Canadian children, ages 9 to 12. Only boys followed the high trajectory. These boys had more deviant friends and were more often rejected than other children. A minority of girls followed the moderate antisocial behavior trajectory. These girls had fewer deviant friends than moderate antisocial boys, but moderate antisocial boys and girls were equally likely to be rejected. The influence of friends and poor peer relations plays a crucial but different role in the development of antisocial behavior among boys and girls.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1987

Friends in family therapy: use of a neglected resource.

This article describes a rationale and methodology for expanding the therapeutic system to include clients' friends. Relevant literature and clinical research validate the resourcefulness of friends in dealing with the problems and developmental struggles from childhood to young adulthood. Examples are used to illustrate how consultation with friends can bridge generation gaps, provide positive peer pressure, foster increased perspective-taking and empathy for all members of the family, challenge family enmeshment, provide support for the client in the therapeutic process, and provide helpful child-management suggestions to parents based on the friends' experiences.

Child↗
PubMed1989

The Friend legacy: from mouse to man.

The origins of retrovirology began in the primordial laboratories of Ellermann and Bang and of Rous in the first decade of the twentieth century. More than 40 frustrating years were to elapse before this early work with chickens was to lead to experiments with mice, made possible by the use of inbred strains and catalyzed by the observations of Dalldorf and of Gross that newborn animals were susceptible targets for pathogenesis by, respectively, Coxsackie viruses, and polyoma and retroviruses. Seminal observations by Charlotte Friend that retroviruses caused neoplasia in adult mice and her studies investigating the properties and pathogenesis of the Friend leukemia virus, as well as the role of the host immune response in development of disease, helped lay the groundwork of modern retrovirology. The use of retroviruses to study cell differentiation became the foundation on which many more recent discoveries rest. Above all, the information supplied by Friend and her colleagues and investigators in other laboratories finally enabled unequivocal isolation of the first human retroviruses long after most investigators had given up hope of finding such agents in man. Moreover, the techniques developed and the rapid characterization of these newly discovered human pathogens enabled the isolation of human immunodeficiency virus, the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is a challenge to current investigators to extend and expand upon the original work of Friend concerning the pathogenesis of retroviruses, as only a fuller understanding of the complex virus-host disease patterns induced by these viruses will ultimately lead to their control and prevention.

Genetics↗
PubMed1991

Adolescent health behaviour and similarity-attraction: friends share smoking habits (really), but much else besides.

Smoking habits and related attitudes were assessed in a sample of 4059 11- to 16-year-olds who also identified their best friends from among their fellow respondents. Subjects' responses were directly collated with those of their friends and indicated a clear covariation of smoking status (controlling for sex and age) as anticipated from previous research in which adolescents have been asked to report on the smoking habits of their friends. Such covariation, however, was not specific to smoking habits, but generalized to related measures of attitude and normative beliefs, alcohol use, health locus of control, school performance, spending habits and socio-economic status. Similarities on these other attributes were much the same, whether or not friends shared each others' smoking habits. It is concluded that these data argue against a simplistic view of unidirectional 'peer group influence' and invite an interpretation of friendship choice based on multiple dimensions of similarity.

Adolescent↗